Английская Википедия:Eshmunazar II

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Eshmunazar II (Шаблон:IPA-ar; Phoenician: 𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍𐤏𐤆𐤓, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Lit) was the Phoenician king of Sidon (Шаблон:Reign). He was the grandson of Eshmunazar I, and a vassal king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Eshmunazar II succeeded his father Tabnit I who ruled for a short time and died before the birth of his son. Tabnit I was succeeded by his sister-wife Amoashtart who ruled alone until Eshmunazar II's birth, and then acted as his regent until the time he would have reached majority. Eshmunazar II died prematurely at the age of 14. He was succeeded by his cousin Bodashtart.

Eshmunazar II came from a lineage of priests of the goddess Astarte, and his rule saw a strong emphasis on religious activities. He and his mother Amoashtart built temples in various parts of Sidon and its neighboring territories. During his reign, King Cambyses II of Persia rewarded Sidon for its military contributions to his campaign against Egypt by granting Sidon additional territory. Eshmunazar II is primarily known from his sarcophagus, which features two Phoenician inscriptions; it is currently housed in the Louvre Museum.

Etymology

Eshmunazar is the Romanized form of the Phoenician theophoric name Шаблон:Script, meaning "Eshmun helps".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Eshmun was the Phoenician god of healing and renewal of life; he was one of the most important divinities of the Phoenician pantheon and the main male divinity of the city of Sidon.Шаблон:Sfn

The name is also transliterated as: ʾEšmunʿazor,Шаблон:Sfn ʾšmnʿzr,Шаблон:Sfn Achmounazar,Шаблон:Sfn Ashmounazar,Шаблон:Sfn Ashmunazar,Шаблон:Sfn Ashmunezer,Шаблон:Sfn Echmounazar,Шаблон:Sfn Echmounazor,Шаблон:Sfn Eschmoun-ʿEzer,Шаблон:Sfn Eschmunazar,Шаблон:Sfn Eshmnʿzr,Шаблон:Sfn Eshmunazor,Шаблон:Sfn Esmounazar,Шаблон:Sfn Esmunasar,Шаблон:Sfn Esmunazar,Шаблон:Sfn Ešmunʿazor,Шаблон:Sfn Ešmunazar,Шаблон:Sfn Ešmunazor.Шаблон:Sfn

Historical context

a map of the Persian Achaemenid empire
Map showing Phoenicia within the Persian Achaemenid Empire (Шаблон:Circa)

Sidon, which was a flourishing and independent Phoenician city-state, came under Mesopotamian occupation in the ninth century BC. The Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (Шаблон:Reigned) conquered the Lebanon mountain range and its coastal cities, including Sidon.Шаблон:Sfn In 705 BC, King Luli, who reigned over both Tyre and Sidon,Шаблон:Sfn joined forces with the Egyptians and Judah in an unsuccessful rebellion against Assyrian rule.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was forced to flee to Kition, on the neighboring island of Cyprus, upon the arrival of the Assyrian army headed by Sennacherib. Sennacherib placed Ittobaal on the throne of Sidon and imposed an annual tribute.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn Elayi believes that Ittobaal was of royal Sidonian lineage, a family line driven out of power by the reigning Tyrian kings.Шаблон:Sfn When Abdi-Milkutti ascended to Sidon's throne in 680 BC, he also rebelled against the Assyrians. In response, the Assyrian king Esarhaddon captured and beheaded Abdi-Milkutti in 677 BC after a three-year siege; Sidon was stripped of its territory, which was awarded to Baal I, the king of rival Tyre and a loyal vassal to Esarhaddon.Шаблон:Sfn

Sidon returned to its former prosperity while Tyre was besieged for thirteen years (586–573 BC) by the Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar II.Шаблон:Sfn After the Achaemenid conquest in 529 BC. Phoenicia was divided into four vassal kingdoms: Sidon, Tyre, Byblos and Arwad.Шаблон:Sfn Eshmunazar I, a priest of the Phoenician goddess Astarte, and the founder of his eponymous dynasty, became king around the same time.Шаблон:Sfn During the early Persian period (539–486 BC), Sidon rose to power, becoming Phoenicia's preeminent city.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Sidonian kings began an extensive program of mass-scale construction projects attested in the funerary inscription on the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II and the dedicatory Bodashtart inscriptions found on the foundations of the Temple of Eshmun's monumental podium.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Reign

Chronology and length of reign

Файл:Bull protome capital from the Temple of Eshmun.jpg
Achaemenid-inspired bull protome column capital from the Temple of Eshmun, Lebanon

Eshmunazar is believed to have reigned in the later half of the sixth century BC, during the Persian Achaemenid Period of Sidon's history, from Шаблон:Circa until his premature death Шаблон:Circa.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The absolute chronology of the kings of Sidon from the dynasty of Eshmunazar I onward has been much discussed in the literature; traditionally placed in the course of the fifth century BC, inscriptions of this dynasty have been dated back to an earlier period on the basis of numismatic, historical and archaeological evidence. An examination of the dates of the reigns of these Sidonian kings has been presented by the French historian Josette Elayi, who shifted away from the use of biblical chronology.Шаблон:Sfn Elayi placed the reigns of the descendants of Eshmunazar I between the middle and the end of the sixth century BC.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Elayi used all of the documentation available at the time,Шаблон:When including inscribed Tyrian seals,Шаблон:Sfn and stamps excavated by the Lebanese archaeologist Maurice Chehab in 1972 from Jal el-Bahr, a neighborhood in the north of Tyre.Шаблон:Sfnm Elayi also used Phoenician inscriptions discovered by the French archaeologist Maurice Dunand in Sidon in 1965,Шаблон:Sfn and conducted a systematic study of Sidonian coins.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Temple building and territorial expansion

A moss covered stone throne with sphinxes and cloven feet. Behind the throne are moss-covered bare ashlar walls.
Throne of Astarte at the Temple of Eshmun in Bustan-el-Sheikh in the vicinity of Sidon, Lebanon. The temple by the Ydll source is mentioned in line 17 of the inscription of the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II.

The kings of Sidon held priestly roles in addition to military, judicial and diplomatic responsibilities.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Some locally minted coins display scenes suggesting that the Sidonian kings actively participated in religious ceremonies.Шаблон:Sfn Eshmunazar II descended from a line of priests; his father Tabnit and his grandfather Eshmunazar I were priests of Astarte, in addition to being kings of Sidon, as recorded on Tabnit's sarcophagus inscriptions.Шаблон:Efn Eshmunazar II's mother was also a priestess of Astarte as illustrated on line 14 of her son's sarcophagus inscriptions.Шаблон:Sfn The construction and restoration of temples and the execution of priestly duties served as promotional tools used by Sidonian monarchs to bolster their political power and magnificence, and to depict them as pious recipients of divine favor and protection.Шаблон:Sfn This royal function was manifested by Eshmunazar II and his mother Queen Amoashtart through the construction of new temples and religious buildings for the Phoenician gods Baal, Astarte, and Eshmun in a number of Sidon's neighborhoods and its adjoining territory.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In recognition of Sidon's naval warfare contributions, the Achaemenids awarded Eshmunazar II the territories of Dor, Joppa, and the Plain of Sharon.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn

Succession and death

Phoenician kingship was lifelong and hereditary.Шаблон:Sfn The responsibilities and power of the position were passed down to the king's child or another member of their family when they died. The royal ancestry and lineage of Sidonian kings was documented up to the second- or third-degree ancestor, as evidenced by lines 13 and 14 of Eshmunazar II's sarcophagus inscription.Шаблон:Sfn Queen mothers held political power and exercised in the form of association with political acts and co-regency.Шаблон:Sfn Eshmunazar II's father, Tabnit I, ruled for a short time and died before the birth of his son; he was succeeded by his sister-wife Amoashtart, who assumed the role of regent during the interregnum. Eshmunazar II died aged 14 during the reign of his overlord, Cambyses II of Achaemenid Persia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After his death, Eshmunazar II was succeeded by his cousin Bodashtart.Шаблон:Sfn

Eshmunazar II's sarcophagus

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Multiple image The sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II is one of the only three Ancient Egyptian sarcophagi found outside Egypt; the other two belonged to Eshmunazar's parents, Tabnit and Amoashtart.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was likely carved in Egypt from local amphibolite for a member of the Egyptian elite, and captured as booty by the Sidonians during their participation in Cambyses II's conquest of Egypt in 525 BC.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The sarcophagus has two sets of Phoenician inscriptions, one on its lid and a partial copy of it on the sarcophagus trough, around the curvature of the head.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The sarcophagus was discovered on 19 January 1855,Шаблон:Sfn as treasure-hunters were digging in the grounds of an ancient cemetery in the plains south of the city of Sidon. It was found outside a hollowed-out rocky mound locally known as Magharet Abloun ('The Cavern of Apollo'), a part of a large complex of Achaemenid era necropoli.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The discovery is attributed to Alphonse Durighello, an agent of the French consulate in Sidon, who informed and sold the sarcophagus to Aimé Péretié, an amateur archaeologist and the chancellor of the French consulate in Beirut.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The sarcophagus was first described,Шаблон:Sfn and acquired by Honoré Théodoric d'Albert de Luynes, a French aristocrat who donated it to the French state.Шаблон:Sfn The sarcophagus of King Eshmunazar II is housed in the Louvre's Near Eastern antiquities section in room 311 of the Pavillon Sully. It was given the museum identification number AO 4806.Шаблон:Sfn

The inscriptions of the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar are written in the Phoenician language, in the Phoenician script. They identify the king buried inside, tell of his lineage and temple construction feats and warn against disturbing him in his repose.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The inscriptions also state that the "Lord of Kings" (the Achaemenid King of Kings, probably Cambyses II)Шаблон:Sfn granted the Sidonian king "Dor and Joppa, the mighty lands of Dagon, which are in the Plain of Sharon" in recognition of his deeds.Шаблон:Sfn The deeds in question probably relate to the contribution of Eshmunazar to the Egyptian campaign of Cambyses II.Шаблон:Sfn Copies of the inscriptions were sent to scholars across the world, and well-known scholars of the time,Шаблон:Sfn including German orientalists Heinrich Ewald and Emil Rödiger,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn as well as the French orientalist Salomon Munk, published translations of them.Шаблон:Sfn

Genealogy

Eshmunazar II was a descendant of Eshmunazar I's dynasty. Eshmunazar I's son Tabnit succeeded him. Tabnit had a child, Eshmunazar II, with his sister Amoashtart. Tabnit died before the birth of Eshmunazar II, and Amoashtart ruled in the interlude until the birth of her son, then was co-regent until he reached adulthood.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

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See also

Notes

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References

Citations

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Bibliography

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Further reading

Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:Succession box Шаблон:S-end

Шаблон:Achaemenid rulers Шаблон:Rulers of the Ancient Near East

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