Английская Википедия:Eskimo yo-yo
Шаблон:Short description An Eskimo yo-yoШаблон:Efn or Alaska yo-yoШаблон:Efn (Шаблон:Lang-esu;[1] Шаблон:Lang-ik) is a traditional two-balled skill toy played and performed by the Eskimo-speaking Alaska Natives, such as Inupiat, Siberian Yupik, and Yup'ik. It resembles fur-covered bolas and yo-yo. It is regarded as one of the most simple, yet most complex, cultural artifacts/toys in the world.[2][3] The Eskimo yo-yo involves simultaneously swinging two sealskin balls suspended on caribou sinew strings in opposite directions with one hand. It is popular with Alaskans and tourists alike.[4] This traditional toy is two unequal lengths of twine, joined together, with hand-made leather objects (balls, bells, hearts) at the ends of the twine.[5]Шаблон:Efn
The object of the Eskimo yo-yo is to make the balls circle in opposite directions at the same time. Each cord is a different length to allow the balls to pass without striking one another,[6][7] and the balls are powered by centripetal force (as they rise the performer pumps down, while they fall the performer pumps up).[8] This basic trick may be referred to as the "Eskimo orbit", and the orbit may be performed vertically, horizontally, or (horizontally) above one's head.[9] Other tricks or patterns include atypical beginnings and wrapping and/or bouncing the strings around a part of one's body and then continuing with the orbit. A three-ball version of the Eskimo yo-yo also exists, and this requires all three balls to be moving at the same time.[10]
The objects at the end of the string are made in a variety of shapes, ranging from seals, ptarmigan feet and dolls, to miniature mukluks and simple balls.[4][7] The handle may be wood, bone, or ivory,[11] as well as baleen. Many are plainly decorated; others display elaborate decorations, fine beadwork, and intricate details.[4] The Eskimo yo-yo is bola, toy, and art form all rolled into one. One of their most popular forms of the Alaska Native art are yo-yos. Also, this is a popular tourist art found in gift shops across Alaska.[4] Some shops carry only Native-made pieces, while others, according to Alysa Klistoff, carry imitation pieces made in China.[4] See: Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990. Much like the spinning top (e.g. Maxwell's top), the yo-yo may also be used to demonstrate visual properties such as optical rotation[12] and circular dichroism.[13]
Though the early history of the Eskimo yo-yo is not recorded, Eskimos maintain that this game originated as an important and widely used hunting tool made simply with sinew and bones, the bola.[4][14][15] It possibly evolved on St. Lawrence Island from the similarly constructed sinew and rock bolas used in bird hunting.[16]
See also
- Astrojax
- Blanket toss
- Clackers
- Eskimo bowline
- Euler top
- Gyroscope
- Meteor (juggling)
- Poi (performance art)
- Whirly tube
Footnotes
References
Further reading
- Kiana, Chris (1986). Eskimo Yo Yo Tricks: 50 Tricks Instructional Book with Eskimo Customs & Legends Paperback. H&K. ASIN: B00P0GWUDE.
- Kiana, Chris (1997). Alaska Eskimo Yo-Yo. VHS. Takotna Video, Alaska Eskimo Yo-Yo Company Inc. ASIN: B000UFSP8E.
- Kiana, Chris (2009). Chris Kiana's Educational Eskimo Yo-yo. DVD. Takotna Video, Alaska Eskimo Yo-Yo Company Inc.
External links
- ↑ Liz Atseriak, Igarta and Brunk, Cara (1998). Yuuyuuk [Eskimo yo-yo]. Lower Kuskokwim School District. ASIN: B01FWT5PY4. Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ Kiana, Chris (2004/2016). Original 100 Alaska Eskimo Yo-Yo Stratagems: Instructional Book. Publication Consultants. ASIN: B007SNYM38. Шаблон:ISBN/Шаблон:ISBN. Шаблон:Pages needed
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web and "Keynote Speaker: Christopher (Chris) J. Kiana, M.B.A., MA-RD, Ph.D., candidate", WCSpeakers.com (accessed: December 01 2016).
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 Klistoff, Alysa J. (2007), Weapon, Toy, or Art? The Eskimo yo-yo as a commodified Arctic bola and marker of cultural IdentityШаблон:Dead link. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Шаблон:OCLC.
- ↑ Doogan, Mike (1993). How to Speak Alaskan, Шаблон:Page needed. Epicenter. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ "Eskimo Bolo Шаблон:Webarchive", ToysfromthePast.com. Accessed: November 29, 2016.
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Morrow, Phyllis (1987). Making the best of two worlds: an anthropological approach to the development of bilingual education materials in southwestern Alaska, p.206, n.1. Cornell.
- ↑ Walton, Sandra J. "An Inuit yo-yo", Science Experiments on File (FOFWeb.com/onfiles/SEOF), p.2.
- ↑ Kiana, Chris. Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAnchorageне указан текст - ↑ Gill, S. J. (1961), "A demonstration of optical rotation with an "Eskimo yo-yo"". Journal of Chemical Education 38 (5): 263. Шаблон:Subscription required
- ↑ Meloan, Clifton E. and Gere, Dennis (1977), "The use of an Eskimo yo-yo to demonstrate circular dichroism and optical rotation". Journal of Chemical Education 54 (9): 577. Шаблон:Subscription required
- ↑ "Juanita Tukrook", CommunityCelebration.org. ("First Nation Inupiak elder. Born in Fairbanks, Alaska in a small village called Tanana along the Arctic slope."): "Even when we catch ducks, we use this for a feather duster or you know something in the house. We try to use all parts of the animal. This is um...made from seal and this is called ah...Alaskan yo-yo, Eskimo yo-yo. And this is how you work it. But this is some of the toys I played with growing up." Accessed November 29, 2061.
- ↑ Donachy, Jack & Barbra (October 8, 2013. "Inupiat (Eskimo) Yo-Yo with Polar Bear Fur", CutterLight.com. Accessed November 29, 2016.
- ↑ Applegate Krouse, Susan and Howard, Heather A. (2009). Keeping the Campfires Going: Native Women's Activism in Urban Communities, p.103, n.4 (cites Lee, Molly. "Strands of Gold", Anchorage Daily News (We Alaskans). October 17, 1999, 18-13.). University of Nebraska Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
