Английская Википедия:Esperanto Braille
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox writing system Шаблон:Esperanto sidebar
The Esperanto language has a dedicated braille alphabet. One Esperanto braille magazine, Esperanta Ligilo, has been published since 1904, and another, Aŭroro, since 1920.
Alphabet
The basic braille alphabet is extended for the print letters with diacritics. The circumflex is marked by adding dot 6 (lower right) to the base letter: Шаблон:Braille cell ĉ, Шаблон:Braille cell ĝ, Шаблон:Braille cell ĥ, Шаблон:Braille cell ĵ, Шаблон:Braille cell ŝ. Therefore, the letter ĵ has the same form as the unused French/English Braille letter Шаблон:Braille cell w; to write a w in a foreign name, dot 3 is added: Шаблон:Braille cell w [1] (see next section). Esperanto ŭ is made by reflecting u, so that dot 1 becomes dot 4: Шаблон:Braille cell ŭ. The alphabet is thus as follows.[2]
Contracted braille is in limited use.[3]
Transcribing foreign letters
Beside the basic-Latin foreign letters q, w, x, y, there are dedicated letters for the umlauted vowels that occur in print German, ä, ö, ü:
| Шаблон:Braille cell q |
Шаблон:Braille cell w |
Шаблон:Braille cell x |
Шаблон:Braille cell y |
Шаблон:Braille cell ä |
Шаблон:Braille cell ö |
Шаблон:Braille cell ü |
Additional accented letters in other languages are handled by separate braille cells for the diacritics. These do not have a one-to-one correspondence with print:
| Шаблон:Braille cell ◌́ (and ő, ű from ö, ü) |
Шаблон:Braille cell ◌̀, ◌̄ |
Шаблон:Braille cell ◌̃ |
Шаблон:Braille cell ◌̂, ◌̌ |
Шаблон:Braille cell ◌̈, ◌̇ |
Шаблон:Braille cell ◌̊, ◌̆ |
Шаблон:Braille cell ◌̧, ◌̨, ◌̣, ◌̩ |
Шаблон:Braille cell ◌̸, ◌̵, etc. |
These conventions are used for foreign names adapted to Esperanto Braille. Unassimilated text in another braille alphabet is indicated by the code Шаблон:Bc.
Punctuation
- Single punctuation
The apostrophe and abbreviation point are both transcribed Шаблон:Bc, which is distinct from the period/stop, Шаблон:Bc. A series of colons, Шаблон:BcШаблон:BcШаблон:Bc, is a common dinkus for dividing sections of texts.
- Paired punctuation
| Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell (outer quotes) |
Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell (inner quotes) |
| Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell ( ... ) |
Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell [ ... ] |
Quotation marks in print Esperanto are highly variable, and tend to follow the conventions of the country a text is published in. This is irrelevant for printing in braille.
Numbers
The apostrophe/abbreviation point Шаблон:Bc is used to group digits within numbers, like the comma in English. In both print and braille Esperanto, the comma is used as the decimal mark, so:
- print English 100,000.00
- = print Esperanto 100 000,00
- = braille Шаблон:Bc.
Formatting
Capitals are only marked for proper names. They are not used at the beginning of a sentence.
| Шаблон:Braille cell (digit) |
Шаблон:Braille cell (caps) |
Шаблон:Braille cell (emph.) |
Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell.. (span emphasis) | ||
| Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell (alternative span emphasis) |
Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell (foreign braille text) | ||||
For emphasis (bold or italics in print), a simple Шаблон:Bc is used to mark each of one to three words. For longer emphatic text, there are two formats: Either a colon precedes the simple emphatic sign, Шаблон:Bc, and an additional sign Шаблон:Bc is placed before the last emphasized word, or the sign Шаблон:Bc is placed before and after the emphasized text.
In contracted (grade 2) braille, a different sign is used for capital letters, Шаблон:Bc (dot 6). As in most braille orthographies, proper names are not contracted, and words preceded by this sign are not contracted in Esperanto Braille.
References
External links
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Esperanta stenografio, Nizhny Novgorod, 2003
