Английская Википедия:Ethical socialism

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use Oxford spelling Шаблон:Socialism sidebar Шаблон:Social democracy sidebar Ethical socialism is a political philosophy that appeals to socialism on ethical and moral grounds as opposed to consumeristic, economic, and egoistic grounds.Шаблон:Sfn It emphasizes the need for a morally conscious economy based upon the principles of altruism, cooperation, and social justice while opposing possessive individualism.Шаблон:Sfn

In contrast to socialism inspired by historical materialism, Marxist theory, neoclassical economics, and rationalism which base their appeals for socialism on grounds of economic efficiency, historical inevitability, or rationality, ethical socialism focuses on the moral and ethical reasons for advocating socialism.Шаблон:Sfn It became the official philosophy of several socialist parties.Шаблон:Sfnm

Ethical socialism has some significant overlap with Christian socialism,Шаблон:Sfn Fabianism,Шаблон:Sfn guild socialism,Шаблон:Sfn liberal socialism,Шаблон:Sfn social-democratic reformism,Шаблон:Sfnm and utopian socialism.Шаблон:Sfn Under the influence of politicians like Carlo Rosselli in Italy, social democrats began disassociating themselves from orthodox Marxism altogether as represented by Marxism–Leninism,Шаблон:Sfn embracing an ethical liberal socialism,Шаблон:Sfn Keynesianism,Шаблон:Sfn and appealing to morality rather than any consistent systematic, scientific or materialist worldview.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Social democracy made appeals to communitarian, corporatist, and sometimes nationalist sentiments while rejecting the economic and technological determinism generally characteristic of both economic liberalism and orthodox Marxism.Шаблон:Sfn

Overview

Ethical socialism can be traced back to the utopian socialists, especially Henri de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier, but also anarchists such as the French socialist Pierre-Joseph ProudhonШаблон:Sfn as well as Italian revolutionaries and socialists such as Giuseppe GaribaldiШаблон:Sfnm and Giuseppe Mazzini.Шаблон:Sfnm Those utopian socialists, one of the first currents of modern socialist thought, presented visions and outlines for imaginary or futuristic ideal societies, characterized by the establishment of a moral economy, with positive ideals based on moral and ethical grounds being the main reason for moving society in such a direction.Шаблон:Sfn Before Marxists established a hegemony over definitions of socialism, the term socialism was a broad concept which referred to one or more of various theories aimed at solving the labour problem through radical changes in the capitalist economy. Descriptions of the problem, explanations of its causes and proposed solutions such as the abolition of private property or supporting cooperatives and public ownership varied among socialist philosophies.Шаблон:Sfn

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Clement Attlee, prime minister of the United Kingdom (1945–1951)

The term ethical socialism initially originated as a pejorative by the Marxian economist Rosa Luxemburg against Marxist revisionist Eduard Bernstein and his socialist reformist supporters, who evoked neo-Kantian liberal ideals and ethical arguments in favour of socialism.Шаблон:Sfn Self-recognized ethical socialists soon arose in Britain such as the Christian socialist R. H. Tawney and its ideals were connected to Christian socialist, Fabian, and guild socialist ideals.Шаблон:Sfn Ethical socialism was an important ideology within the British Labour Party.Шаблон:Sfn Ethical socialism has been publicly supported by British prime ministers Ramsay MacDonald,Шаблон:Sfn Clement Attlee,Шаблон:Sfn and Tony Blair.Шаблон:Sfn While Blair described New Labour as a return to ethical socialism, several critics accused him of completely abandoning socialism in favour of capitalism.Шаблон:Sfn

Ethical socialism had a profound impact on the social democratic movement and reformism during the later half of the 20th century, particularly in Great Britain.Шаблон:Sfnm Ethical socialism is distinct in its focus on criticism of the ethics of capitalism and not merely criticism of the economic, systemic, and material issues of capitalism.Шаблон:Sfn When the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) renounced orthodox Marxism during the Godesberg Program in the 1950s, ethical socialism became the official philosophy within the SPD. The decision to abandon the traditional anti-capitalist policy angered many in the SPD who had supported it.Шаблон:Sfn Some such as Ian Adams also argue that this was an abandonment of the classical conception of socialism as involving the replacement of the capitalist economic system and make a distinction between classical socialism and liberal socialism.Шаблон:Sfn

Themes

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R. H. Tawney, founder of ethical socialism

R. H. Tawney denounced self-seeking amoral and immoral behaviour that he claimed is supported by capitalism.Шаблон:Sfn Tawney opposed what he called the "acquisitive society" that causes private property to be used to transfer surplus profit to "functionless owners", i.e. capitalist rentiers.Шаблон:Sfn However, he did not denounce managers as a whole, believing that management and employees could join in a political alliance for reform.Шаблон:Sfn Tawney supported the pooling of surplus profit through means of progressive taxation to redistribute these funds to provide social welfare (including public health care, public education, and public housing)Шаблон:Sfn and the nationalization of strategic industries and services.Шаблон:Sfn He supported worker participation in the business of management in the economy as well as consumer, employee, employer and state cooperation in regulating the economy.Шаблон:Sfn

Although Tawney supported a substantial role for public enterprise in the economy, he stated that where private enterprise provided a service that was commensurate with its rewards that was functioning private property, then a business could be usefully and legitimately be left in private hands.Шаблон:Sfn Thomas Hill Green supported the right of equal opportunity for all individuals to be able freely appropriate property, but claimed that acquisition of wealth did not imply that an individual could do whatever they wanted to once that wealth was in their possession.Шаблон:Sfn Green opposed "property rights of the few" that were preventing the ownership of property by the many.Шаблон:Sfn

Ethical socialism was advocated and promoted by former British prime minister Tony Blair,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn who has been influenced by John Macmurray, himself influenced by Green.Шаблон:Sfn Blair has defined ethical socialism with similar notions promoted by earlier ethical socialists such as emphasis on the common good, rights, and responsibilities, and support of an organic society in which individuals flourish through cooperation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Blair, the Labour Party ran into problems in the 1960s and 1970s when it abandoned ethical socialism and believes that the party's recovery required a return to the ethical socialist values last promoted by the Attlee government.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, Blair's critics (both inside and outside Labour) have accused him of completely abandoning socialism in favour of capitalism.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

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References

Footnotes

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Bibliography

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Further reading

Шаблон:Social democracy Шаблон:Socialism

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