Английская Википедия:Euphorbia cupularis

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Euphorbia cupularis, referred to by the common name dead-man's tree (Шаблон:Lang-zu) is a succulent tree or shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It is found in South Africa and Eswatini.Шаблон:Sfn

Description

Файл:Synadenium arborescens color lithograph.jpg

Color lithograph of E. cupularis

The dead-man's tree is very poisonous.Шаблон:Sfn Like all Euphorbia the sap or "latex" is harmful, and that of E. cupularis gives off an irritating vapour. Contact with the eye can cause considerable destruction and with the mouth a rash, swelling, and peeling of the skin.Шаблон:Sfn John Medley Wood, a Natal botanist, said the plant must be handled with caution. After "covering his face, keeping at arms length from the plant, and carefully washing hands and face...felt the effects on the eyelids, nostrils, and lips for several hours..."Шаблон:Sfn However, those cultivating the plant at Kew Gardens frequently handle the plant without feeling any effects.Шаблон:SfnSeedlings start non-toxic and become toxic after some damage. Touching it without harming it disables its toxic properties.

Zulu legend and myth

The Zulu name for the tree is umdlebeШаблон:Sfn and its toxic properties are described in their oral tradition. In 1828 Zulu Kingdom troops attacked the lands of Soshangane to their north. Messengers returning to King Shaka are said to have reported:Шаблон:Poemquote

Shaka's half-brother Dingana returned secretly from the campaign to assassinate him, leaving many of the other warriors to die Шаблон:Verse translation

The Zulu also refer to E. cupularis as umbhulelo: a harmful poison or medicine used in a trap,Шаблон:Sfn of which umdlebe is one, or an ingredient of one.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Used by witches,Шаблон:Sfn it is usually considered wholly vile, any association with umdlebe is proof the person in question is an umthakathi: Шаблон:Sfn one who secretly uses evil medicine or charms.Шаблон:Sfn

Missionary Henry Callaway, living near the Umkomazi River recorded stories of the magical and spiritual power of the umdlebe treeШаблон:Sfn in The Religious System of the Amazulu.Шаблон:Sfn He guesses the tree is "probably a kind of aspen" and reminds him of the upas of Java, but that "much that is said about it is doubtless fabulous and wholly untrustworthy."Шаблон:Sfn

An additional report appeared in an 1882 note in the journal Nature written by Reverend G. W. Parker, a missionary in Madagascar.Шаблон:Sfn He describes two types: a small, shrub-like form, and a larger tree with two layers of bark—a dead outer layer, and a new living layer that grows beneath it; both are described as having red and black fruit and brittle, glossy, lanceolate leaves. Parker notes the umdhlebe is reported to grow in a variety of habitats, but to prefer rocky ground and that due to superstition, the area around the tree is never inhabited despite often being fertile'.Шаблон:Sfn

Responding to Parker's letter, a writer identified only as 'H.M.C.' proposed that the word 'umdhlebe' is a derivative of the Zulu root hlaba, and speculated that the legend may have its origin in accounts of one or more members of the spurge family.Шаблон:Sfn

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book