Английская Википедия:Euro English

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Euro English,Шаблон:Sfn Euro-EnglishШаблон:Sfn or European English, less commonly known as EU English, Continental English and EU Speak, is a group of dialects of the English language as used in Europe, based on common mistranslations and the technical jargon of the European Union (EU) and the native languages of its non-native, English-speaking population. It is mostly used among EU staff, expatriates and migrants from EU countries, young international travellers (such as exchange students in the EU's Erasmus programme) and European diplomats with a lower proficiency in the language.

History

The usage of the English language in Europe progressed through the 19th century, when the British Empire inherited colonies elsewhere in Europe such as Malta, Cyprus, Gibraltar, Menorca, Heligoland, and the Ionian Islands, the latter three in modern-day Spain, Germany, and Greece respectively.

The term "Euro English" was first used by Carstensen in 1986 to denote the adoption of anglicisms in Europe.Шаблон:Sfn

The enlargement of the European Union over several decades gradually diluted the influence of two of the EU's working languages (German and French). The development of the Erasmus Programme created a new class of mobile young Europeans who needed a lingua franca to communicate across Europe, and English usually filled that role.Шаблон:Sfn

In 2006, Mollin rejected the idea that Euro-English existed as an independent variety of English amongst European academics at the time.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Forche (2012), 'The question whether the appropriation of English by non-native speakers in Continental Europe is giving rise to a potential European variety of English has not yet been resolved.'Шаблон:Sfn In his test group of Erasmus students, Forche found more evidence of Euro-English than Mollin did amongst European academics.Шаблон:Sfn Many of the features suggested to be characteristic of Euro-English could be identified as learners' mistakes, although there are some nativisation tendencies.Шаблон:Sfn Although these young mobile Europeans had a greater potential to shape a continental norm, they appeared to use English mostly for pragmatic reasons rather than as a language they strongly identified with, and there was still not enough evidence to conclude Euro-English constituted an independent variety.Шаблон:Sfn

Euro-English was heavily influenced and dominated by British English, due to the United Kingdom's having been an EU member state between 1973 and 2020. However, the UK's withdrawal in early 2020 means that the EU's scope of native English dialects has been mostly reduced to the varieties of Hiberno-English spoken in the Republic of Ireland; one source believes that this will allow room for Romance languages to have more of an influence on Euro-English. There is also a possibility of a Romance language replacing English. After the UK withdrew from the EU, the Government of France wanted to encourage greater use of French as a working language.

Mannoni (2021) found that both the Euro English as found in European Union law, as well as legal Chinese in Mainland China, were 'hybrid languages'.Шаблон:Sfn

Euro English in computers

The Unicode Common Locale Data Repository Project had drafted/defined "en-150" for English in Europe.

EU DGT style guide

The Directorate-General for Translation of the EU has a style guide for the English language to help write clear and readable, regular English. It is based on British English and does not represent a guide for a distinct EU variant of English, merely mentioning EU-specific terminology as a distinguishing feature. The guide recommends avoiding very colloquial British terms. This style guide defines the thousand separator as space or as a comma, and the plural of euro as euro.

Grammar

Conjugation

Non-native English speakers frequently drop the third person singular suffix (-s). For example: he often call meetings.

Speakers of Euro English, in particular those from Eastern Europe, may use the progressive aspect with stative predicates, such as saying Шаблон:Lang instead of I come from Spain. This is atypical in Standard English, but it is permissible in Euro English.

Deixis

Шаблон:See also A construction that appears with very high frequency in European speakers of English is, for example, Euro English Шаблон:Lang, as opposed to Standard English there were five people at the party. Such constructions introduce a type of mandatory "clusivity" to the English language, in which the speaker always signifies whether they are a part of some bigger group.

Euro English also features slightly more frequent usage of the indefinite personal pronoun one, such as in Шаблон:Lang. This mirrors the more frequent usage of such pronouns in European languages, but is also sometimes used as third-person reflexive pronouns, such as with French Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, Scandinavian sig and sin, German Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, etc.

Inflection

Some words are given a plural with a final "s" in Euro-English, such as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, to match similar words in European languages (such as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang in French), while this pluralisation is ungrammatical in British or American English.

Register

Шаблон:See also It is extremely frequent among European speakers of English to prefer the singular they in formal contexts, whereas native English speakers in the US and UK have historically considered it an informal colloquialism.Шаблон:Dubious This mirrors the usage of "singular plurals", in terms of levels of formality, in European languages, such as French Шаблон:Lang, German Шаблон:Lang, older Spanish Шаблон:Lang, Danish and Norwegian Шаблон:Lang, even though all of these examples are strictly used in the second person.

Vocabulary

Standard English	Euro English	Origin
Current	ActualШаблон:Sfn	The English adjective actual has undergone semantic shift and is now a false friend (cf. cognates in German Шаблон:Lang, Dutch Шаблон:Lang, French Шаблон:Lang, Romanian/Spanish/Catalan/Galician Шаблон:Lang, Portuguese Шаблон:Lang, Italian Шаблон:Lang, Czech Шаблон:Lang, Polish Шаблон:Lang).
To plan (for), include, provide (for)	To foresee	French Шаблон:Lang.
Bureaucracy	Berlaymont
Conditions	Conditionality
Six months	Semester
He has retired to his office	He has retired to his cabinet	Unknown
Deadline	Delay	Unknown
Planning	Planification	Formed in imitation of a Romance language; compare French Шаблон:Lang, Spanish Шаблон:Lang.
To refrain from doing something	To hop over	Used in Nordic countries.
To be naive	To be blue-eyed	Used in Nordic countries (and is understood by German speakers).
To overcharge	To salt

The English plural of the word euro was first defined as euro without a final s, before becoming euros with a final s.

See also

• African English
• English as a lingua franca
• Glossary of European Union concepts, acronyms, and jargon
• International English

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book

Further reading

• English in the European Union – Worlds of English (2/4), Open University
• Шаблон:Cite magazine
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• Euro-English, English in the European Union. Teti Musmeci, Marina Foti
• The Allusionist podcast with Helen Zaltzman