Английская Википедия:European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

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The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. However, the charter does not provide any criterion or definition for an idiom to be a minority or a regional language, and the classification stays in the hands of the national state.

The preparation for the charter was undertaken by the predecessor to the current Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, the Standing Conference of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe because involvement of local and regional government was essential. The actual charter was written in the Parliamentary Assembly based on the Congress' Recommendations. It only applies to languages traditionally used by the nationals of the State Parties (thus excluding languages used by recent immigrants from other states, see immigrant languages), which significantly differ from the majority or official language (thus excluding what the state party wishes to consider as mere local dialects of the official or majority language) and that either have a territorial basis (and are therefore traditionally spoken by populations of regions or areas within the State) or are used by linguistic minorities within the State as a whole (thereby including such languages as Yiddish, Romani and Lemko, which are used over a wide geographic area).

Some states, such as Ukraine and Sweden, have tied the status of minority language to the recognized national minorities, which are defined by ethnic, cultural and/or religious criteria, thereby circumventing the Charter's notion of linguistic minority.

Languages that are official within regions, provinces or federal units within a State (for example Catalan in Spain) are not classified as official languages of the State and may therefore benefit from the Charter. On the other hand, Ireland has not been able to sign the Charter on behalf of the Irish language (although a minority language) as it is defined as the first official language of the state. The United Kingdom has ratified the Charter in respect to (among other languages) Welsh in Wales, Scots and Gaelic in Scotland, and Irish in Northern Ireland. France, although a signatory, has been constitutionally blocked from ratifying the Charter in respect to the languages of France.

The charter provides many actions state parties can take to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages. There are two levels of protection—all signatories must apply the lower level of protection to qualifying languages. Signatories may further declare that a qualifying language or languages will benefit from the higher level of protection, which lists a range of actions from which states must agree to undertake at least 35.

Protections

Countries can ratify the charter in respect of its minority languages based on Part II or Part III of the charter, which contain varying principles. Countries can treat languages differently under the charter, for example, in the United Kingdom, the Welsh language is ratified under the general Part II principles as well as the more specific Part III commitments, while the Cornish language is ratified only under Part II.

Part II

Part II of the Charter details eight main principles and objectives upon which States must base their policies and legislation. They are seen as a framework for the preservation of the languages concerned.

• Recognition of regional or minority languages as an expression of cultural wealth.
• Respect for the geographical area of each regional or minority language.
• The need for resolute action to promote such languages.
• The facilitation and/or encouragement of the use of such languages, in speech and writing, in public and private life.
• The provision of appropriate forms and means for the teaching and study of such languages at all appropriate stages.
• The promotion of relevant transnational exchanges.
• The prohibition of all forms of unjustified distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference relating to the use of a regional or minority language and intended to discourage or endanger its maintenance or development.
• The promotion by states of mutual understanding between all the country's linguistic groups.

Part III

Part III details comprehensive rules, across a number of sectors, by which states agree to abide. Each language to which Part III of the Charter is applied must be named specifically by the government. States must select at least thirty-five of the undertakings in respect to each language. Many provisions contain several options, of varying degrees of stringency, one of which has to be chosen "according to the situation of each language". The areas from which these specific undertakings must be chosen are as follows:

• Education
• Judicial authorities
• Administrative authorities and public services
• Media
• Cultural activities and facilities
• Economic and social life
• Transfrontier exchanges

Languages protected under the Charter

Countries that have ratified the Charter, and languages for which the ratification was made
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 25 January 2002 Assyrian German Greek Kurdish Russian Ukrainian Yezidi
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 28 June 2001 Burgenland Croatian (in Burgenland) Slovene (in Carinthia and Styria) Hungarian (in Burgenland and Vienna) Czech (in Vienna) Slovak (in Vienna) Romani (in Burgenland)
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 21 September 2010 Albanian Czech German Hungarian Italian Ladino Polish Romani Romanian Rusyn Slovak Slovenian Turkish Ukrainian Yiddish
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 5 November 1997 Czech German Hungarian Boyash Romanian Istro-Romanian Italian Romani Rusyn Serbian Slovakian Slovenian Ukrainian
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 26 August 2002 Armenian Cypriot Maronite Arabic
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 15 November 2006 Slovak (parts II and III, across the whole territory) Polish (part II; and part III in Moravia-Silesia, in districts Frydek-Místek and Karviná) German (part II and part III in Cheb, Karlovy Vary, Sokolov, Liberec, Ústí nad Labem, Český Krumlov, Opava and Svitavy) Romani (part II only) Moravian Croatian (part II only)
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 8 September 2000 Faroese (in the Faroe Islands) German (in Southern Jutland) Greenlandic (in Greenland) Romani (across Denmark, under part II)
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 9 November 1994 Inari Sami Karelian North Sami Romani Skolt Sami Swedish Tatar Yiddish
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 16 September 1998 Danish (in Schleswig-Holstein) Upper Sorbian (in the Free State of Saxony) Lower Sorbian (in Brandenburg) North Frisian (in Schleswig-Holstein) Saterland Frisian (in Lower Saxony) Romani (across Germany) Low German (part III in Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein); (part II in Brandenburg, Northrhine-Westphalia and Saxony-Anhalt)
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 26 April 1995 Armenian Boyash Romanian Bulgarian Croatian German Greek Polish Romani Romanian Rusyn Serbian Slovak Slovene Ukrainian
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 18 November 1997 No regional or minority languages
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 22 June 2005 No regional or minority languages
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 15 February 2006 Albanian Bosnian Croatian Romani
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 2 May 1996 Frisian (in Friesland, under part III) Limburgish (in Limburg, under part II) Low Saxon (across the Netherlands, under part II) Papiamento (on Bonaire under part III) Romani (across the Netherlands, under part II) Yiddish (across the Netherlands, under part II)
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 10 November 1993 Kven/Finnish (part II only) Lule Sami North Sami Romani Romanes South Sami
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 12 February 2009 Armenian Belarusian Czech German Karaim Kashub Lemko Lithuanian Romani Russian Slovakian Tatar Ukrainian Yiddish
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification 29 January 2008 Albanian (Part II only) Armenian (Part II only) Greek (Part II only) Italian (Part II only) Macedonian (Part II only) Polish (Part II only) Romani (Part II only) Rusyn (Part II only) Tatar (Part II only) Yiddish (Part II only) Bulgarian (Part III only) Croatian (Part III only) Czech (Part III only) German (Part III only) Hungarian (Part III only) Russian (Part III only) Serbian (Part III only) Slovak (Part III only) Turkish (Part III only) Ukrainian (Part III only)
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 15 February 2006 Albanian Bosnian Bulgarian Bunjevac Croatian Czech German Hungarian Macedonian Romani Romanian Rusyn Slovakian Ukrainian "Vlach"
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 5 September 2001 Russian Serbian Bulgarian Croatian Czech German Hungarian Polish Romani Rusyn Ukrainian Yiddish
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 4 October 2000 Croatian German Hungarian Italian Romani Serbian
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 9 April 2001 Amazigh in Melilla Aragonese, luenga propia in Aragon Aranese Asturian language, present in Asturias; and in part of Leon, Zamora, Salamanca, Cantabria and Extremadura (recognized in Asturias, Castile and León) Basque (official in the Basque Country and part of Navarre) Catalan, official in the Balearic Islands and Catalonia; llengua pròpia in Aragon. Valencian (A dialect of Catalan, official in Valencia) Galician, present in Galicia; and in part of Asturias, Leon and Zamora provinces (official in Galicia) Leonese
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 9 February 2000 Finnish Meänkieli Lule Sami North Sami South Sami Romani Yiddish
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 23 December 1997 Franco-Provençal French German Italian Romansh Yenish
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification: 19 September 2005 Armenian Belarusian Bulgarian Crimean Tatar Gagauz German Greek Hungarian Karaim Krimchak Moldovan Polish Romani Romanian Russian Rusyn Slovakian Yiddish Ukraine does not specify languages by name, but rather ratifies on behalf of "the languages of the following ethnic minorities of Ukraine
Шаблон:Flagcountry ratification : 27 March 2001. Cornish (Article 2, Part II only (Article 7)) Irish (Articles 2 and 3, Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14, with reservations)) Scots (Articles 2 and 3, Part II only (Article 7)) Ulster-Scots (Articles 2 and 3, Part II only (Article 7)) Scottish Gaelic (Articles 2 and 3, Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14, with reservations)) (British Nationality Act 1981, Schedule 1, Article 1(1)(c)[1], and the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 [2]) Welsh (Articles 2 and 3, Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14, with reservations)) (Welsh Language Act 1967 (repealed 21.12.1993) [3] and the Welsh Language Act 1993 [4]) Шаблон:Flagcountry (extension : 23 April 2003 (declaration dated 22 April 2003) The Government of the United Kingdom declares [on 23 April 2003] that the Charter should extend to the Isle of Man, being a territory for whose international relations the Government of the United Kingdom is responsible. 27/03/2001) Manx Gaelic (Article 2, Part II only (Article 7))

See also

• European languages
• Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
• Languages of the European Union
• Linguistic rights
• List of Linguistic Rights in Constitutions (Europe)
• Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights

External links

• European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages text
• More information on the treaty
• Charter website
• Eurolang (News agency about minority languages in Europe)
• Explanatory Report on the Charter
• lexpress.fr Шаблон:In lang
• Application of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Doc. 12881