Английская Википедия:Evelyn Mase
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox person Evelyn Ntoko Mase (18 May 1922 – 30 April 2004), later named Evelyn Rakeepile, was the first wife of the South African anti-apartheid activist and the future president Nelson Mandela, to whom she was married from 1944 to 1958. Mase was a nurse by profession.
Born in Engcobo, Transkei, Mase was orphaned as a child. She moved to Johannesburg to train as a nurse, and there met and married Mandela. Living together in Soweto, they raised four children, three of whom—Thembekile, Makgatho, and Makaziwe—survived into adulthood. She trained to be a midwife while working as a nurse. In the 1950s, her relationship with Mandela became strained. He was becoming increasingly involved in the African National Congress and its campaign against apartheid; Mase eschewed politics and became a Jehovah's Witness. She also accused him of adultery with several women, an accusation corroborated by later biographies, and of being physically abusive, something he always denied. They separated in 1956. She initially filed for divorce, but did not go through with the legal proceedings. In 1958, Mandela, who was hoping to marry Winnie Madikizela, obtained an uncontested divorce from Mase.
Taking the children, Mase moved to Cofimvaba and opened a grocery store. She generally avoided publicity, but spoke to South African reporters when Mandela was released from prison after 27 years in 1990. Deepening her involvement with the Jehovah's Witnesses, in 1998 she married a businessman, Simon Rakeepile. She died in 2004 following a respiratory illness. Her funeral attracted international media attention and was attended by Mandela, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, and Mandela's third wife, Graça Machel.
Early life
Evelyn Mase was born in 1922 in Engcobo, Transkei.Шаблон:Sfnm Her father was a mineworker and her mother was his second wife; they had six children,Шаблон:Sfnm three of whom died in infancy.Шаблон:Sfn Mase's father died when she was still a child.Шаблон:Sfnm Mase's mother then died when she was 12,Шаблон:Sfnm leaving her under the care of her older brother, Sam Mase.Шаблон:Sfn A devout Christian, Sam had a close friendship with former schoolmate Walter Sisulu;Шаблон:Sfn they were cousins, as their mothers were sisters.Шаблон:Sfn In 1928, Sisulu moved to the Soweto area of Johannesburg, obtaining a house in the Orlando East township. Sam joined him there and, becoming politicised, encouraged Sisulu to read left-wing literature.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1939, Evelyn joined her brother and Sisulu in Johannesburg. She trained as a nurse in the city's non-European hospital at Hillbrow, fulfilling the wishes of her late mother that she would enter that profession.Шаблон:Sfn There, she befriended Walter's girlfriend Albertina, whom he met in 1941 and married in 1944.Шаблон:Sfn Mase was a bridesmaid at the Sisulus' wedding.Шаблон:Sfn Writing in his later autobiography, Nelson Mandela recounted that the Sisulus treated Mase "as if she was a favorite daughter".Шаблон:Sfn At the hospital she worked alongside Rosemary Mda, the wife of anti-apartheid activist A. P. Mda.Шаблон:Sfn
Marriage and life with Mandela
When the Sisulus moved to a larger home, they gave their old house to Sam.Шаблон:Sfn Evelyn and Sam continued to visit the Sisulus at their new house, 7372 Orlando West, meeting their lodger, Nelson Mandela.Шаблон:Sfnm At this point he was studying law at the University of Witwatersrand.Шаблон:Sfn Mandela later related that at that time, Mase was "a quiet, pretty girl from the countryside".Шаблон:Sfn She later informed Fatima Meer that "I think I loved him the first time I saw him",Шаблон:Sfn and they started dating after a few days.Шаблон:Sfn Within several months, Mandela proposed marriage to Mase, delighting her brother and the Sisulus.Шаблон:Sfnm Their civil wedding took place on 5 October 1944 at Johannesburg's Native Commissioner's Court. There were no traditional Xhosa elements in the ceremony; they could not afford a wedding feast.Шаблон:Sfnm
The newly married couple had little money;Шаблон:Sfn Mase earned 18 pounds a month from nursing while Mandela worked part-time.Шаблон:Sfn They moved into a room at the house of Evelyn's sister Kate, where they lived alongside her husband Mgudlwa, a clerk at City Deep Mines, and two children. They did not pay rent, but shared what money they had.Шаблон:Sfnm Mase later claimed that their relationship in these early years was happy,Шаблон:Sfn commenting that "Everyone we knew said that we made a very good couple."Шаблон:Sfnm
Mase became pregnant, and on 23 February 1946 she gave birth to a son, Thembekile, at Bertram's Nursing Home.Шаблон:Sfnm Requiring greater space, the couple moved to a two-roomed house at 719 Orlando East for several months before relocating to 8115 Orlando West circa early 1947, where they paid rent of 17 shillings and 6 pence a month.Шаблон:Sfnm The accommodation was basic, with a cement floor, tin roof, and a bucket toilet;Шаблон:Sfnm it was in the black residential area that later became known as Soweto.Шаблон:Sfn Both Mandela's mother Nosekeni, and his sister Leabie, came to live with them; Nosekeni got on well with Evelyn.Шаблон:Sfnm
Mase gave birth to her second child, a daughter named Makaziwe, in 1947. Makaziwe was in poor health and died nine months later.Шаблон:Sfnm Mase later noted the cause of death as meningitis.Шаблон:Sfn A third child, the son Makgatho Lewanika, was born in August 1950.Шаблон:Sfnm
In 1953, Mase decided to upgrade her nursing certificate so that she could become a midwife, enrolling at the King Edward VII Hospital in Durban.Шаблон:Sfnm This meant that she was away from her home for several months, during which time her children were cared for by Mandela's mother and sister.Шаблон:Sfnm Mandela visited her in Durban at least once,Шаблон:Sfn staying in the home of Fatima and Ismail Meer.Шаблон:Sfn Fatima later recalled Mase as being "a simple person, a good person, nice, very sociable; very easy to get to know and very easy going".Шаблон:Sfn When Mase returned to Johannesburg in late 1953, she was pregnant, subsequently giving birth to a second daughter, whom the Mandelas also named Makaziwe in honour of their first daughter.Шаблон:Sfnm This daughter's birth reaffirmed Mase's faith in the Anglican beliefs that had dwindled over the course of her marriage.Шаблон:Sfn She gave this new child the second name of Phumla ("God has rested her soul").Шаблон:Sfn
Growing marital tensions
Mandela became increasingly interested in political activism in the early 1950s, adopting an African nationalist ideology and joining the banned African National Congress (ANC).Шаблон:Sfn In his autobiography, published in 1995, Mandela alleged that Mase wanted him to abandon this activism, resulting in them having many arguments about his political activities.Шаблон:Sfn Leabie also noted that Evelyn "didn't want to hear a thing about politics".Шаблон:Sfn Mase was not wholly apolitical; she attended meetings of the ANC Women's League with Albertina, dressing in the colours of the ANC (green, black, and yellow) for many of their events.Шаблон:Sfn She also joined the nursing union.Шаблон:Sfnm
While Mandela became increasingly politicised, Mase converted to the Jehovah's Witnesses and publicly distributed their magazine, The Watchtower.Шаблон:Sfnm She also made her two sons distribute copies in the township around their home.Шаблон:Sfnm Mandela later noted that Mase urged him to convert, but that he refused.Шаблон:Sfnm He recalled that although he "found some aspects of the Watch Tower's system to be interesting and worthwhile, I could not and did not share her devotion. There was an obsessional element to it that put me off. From what I could discern, her faith taught passivity and submissiveness in the face of oppression, something I could not accept."Шаблон:Sfn Mandela also claimed that they argued over their respective attempts to promote their views to their children; Mandela encouraging them to embrace African nationalist opinions and Mase seeking to convert them into Jehovah's Witnesses.Шаблон:Sfnm
In his autobiography, Mandela claimed that he would often attend political meetings late at night and that this led Mase to accuse him of having an extra-marital affair.Шаблон:Sfnm He implied that these accusations were untrue.Шаблон:Sfn This account, written shortly after his release from a 27-year imprisonment but before his election as President of South Africa, may have aimed to avoid damaging his heroic reputation.Шаблон:Sfn Later biographers highlighted further evidence that suggested Mase's accusation of adultery was correct; Mandela admitted to fellow activist Mac Maharaj that during the early 1950s he had led "a thoroughly immoral life".Шаблон:Sfn Several biographers, including David James Smith and Martin Meredith, argued that while married to Mase, Mandela was having affairs with both his secretary, Ruth Mompati, and with the ANC activist Lillian Ngoyi.Шаблон:Sfnm At one point, Mase warned Mandela that if he ever brought Mompati back to their house again she would pour boiling water over her.Шаблон:Sfnm There were rumours among those close to Mandela that Mompati bore him a child;Шаблон:Sfn Smith believed that Mompati's son, Mompati Neo Matsuone, who was born in April 1955, was Mandela's.Шаблон:Sfn Mase told Walter Sisulu about the affairs; this angered Mandela, who did not want news of his infidelity shared with others.Шаблон:Sfn Nosekeni disapproved of her son's behaviour and because of this, Smith argued, she returned to the Transkei.Шаблон:Sfn Leabie suspected that the marriage was being damaged by umuthi (witchcraft).Шаблон:Sfn
According to Mandela's autobiography, in 1955 Mase presented him with an ultimatum: he had to either give up his political activism or she would leave him. He chose the latter option.Шаблон:Sfnm The Sisulus were upset by this, and Walter tried talking to Mandela about it; this angered him.Шаблон:Sfnm According to his autobiography, in December 1956, the police arrested Mandela and imprisoned him for two weeks before he was allowed out on bail. Returning home, he found that Mase had left him and taken their children with her.Шаблон:Sfnm At this point, Mandela stated, Mase temporarily moved in with her brother.Шаблон:Sfn Scrutinising this account of events, Smith noted that this chronology did not match that from other sources, and that, as far as he could tell, "that scene [of Mandela coming out of prison to find his wife had left him] never happened".Шаблон:Sfn
Divorce
Records indicate that it was Mase who initiated divorce proceedings.Шаблон:Sfn She lodged a particular of claims report at the Native District Court in May 1956, in which she stated that she was seeking a divorce because Mandela had repeatedly physically assaulted her.Шаблон:Sfn In her report, Mase made no allegation of adultery against her husband.Шаблон:Sfn Instead, she claimed that Mandela had deserted her in February 1955 and then physically assaulted her in July, August, and October of that year, and again in February 1956 after she refused to leave their house.Шаблон:Sfn She added that in March 1956 he had threatened to kill her with an axe unless she left his house. She stated that she then took refuge with a neighbour before moving in with her brother.Шаблон:Sfn Mase's claims of assault were never subjected to scrutiny in court;Шаблон:Sfn Smith later noted that it is "entirely possible that Evelyn imagined all those stories of assault, out of malice or revenge, but the fact she alluded to them outside the divorce papers and that the neighbours were involved, lends at least some credence to her account".Шаблон:Sfn As part of her claim, Mase sought custody of her children, formal separation from Mandela, and a £50 monthly maintenance payment from him.Шаблон:Sfn
Mandela responded to Mase's report with his own petition, filed in August 1956. There, he denied her claims of assault.Шаблон:Sfn He also informed his friend, the ANC activist Ahmed Kathrada, that the only time he had used physical force against his wife was when she was threatening him with a red hot poker and he had to disarm her.Шаблон:Sfn In his 1956 petition, Mandela did not seek custody of his daughter but did so for his two sons, arguing that they would be better off living with him as their school was only 150 yards from his home, as opposed to two miles from Sam Mase's house.Шаблон:Sfn He also argued that, as his mother was living with him, he was in a better position to care for his sons than Mase, who was working full-time.Шаблон:Sfn He also claimed that his children were presently looking dirty and neglected at Sam Mase's overcrowded home, where Evelyn and her children were cohabiting with Sam, his wife, and their four children.Шаблон:Sfn
Mase and Mandela separated, although the former continued to regard herself as married.Шаблон:Sfn Before the hearing, Mandela received custody of their sons with visitation by Mase. In November 1956, Mase withdrew her petition for divorce, for reasons unknown.Шаблон:Sfn Smith thought that Mase was hoping for reconciliation with her husband, while Mandela wanted to avoid a public divorce hearing which would damage his standing in the ANC.Шаблон:Sfn Their children went back and forth between the two homes over the coming months.Шаблон:Sfn Mandela later acknowledged that their children were emotionally traumatised by the separation.Шаблон:Sfnm
After Mandela met Winnie Madikizela and embarked on a relationship with her, he filed for a divorce from Mase,Шаблон:Sfnm which Mase did not contest.Шаблон:Sfn Their marriage was formally dissolved on 18 March 1958.Шаблон:Sfn Mase was granted custody of all three children; Mandela agreed to pay her a £50 lump sum and then a monthly maintenance stipend of £15.Шаблон:Sfn Mase took much of the furniture from their Orlando home and the title deeds to a plot of land Mandela owned in Umtata.Шаблон:Sfn In his autobiography, Mandela noted that his first wife "was a very good woman, charming, strong and faithful, and a fine mother. I never lost my respect for her, but in the end we could not make our marriage work."Шаблон:Sfn His close comrade, Maharaj, noted that Mandela always spoke respectfully of Mase after their divorce.Шаблон:Sfn Similarly, Mase told Fatima Meer that Mandela had been "a wonderful husband and a wonderful father".Шаблон:Sfn
Post-divorce
With her children, Evelyn moved to Cofimvaba in the Eastern Cape, where she opened a grocery shop.Шаблон:Sfnm She was assisted in obtaining the shop from its white owners by Kaiser Matanzima, a local politician who was Mandela's kinsman.Шаблон:Sfn When it came to raising her children, Mase was a disciplinarian influenced by her religious values; she for instance forbade them to watch films.Шаблон:Sfn After Mandela was arrested in August 1962, he was interned in a Johannesburg prison. Mase travelled there to meet with him, but Mandela refused to see her.Шаблон:Sfn Mase's son, Thembekile, became a bootlegger and ran an illegal shebeen; Mase disapproved of this but did not turn down the money it generated, which helped to pay for Makgatho and Makaziwe's education in Swaziland.Шаблон:Sfn Due to the apartheid restrictions, Mase could not visit her children when they were studying there.Шаблон:Sfn In January 1969, when he was 24, Thembekile was killed in a car accident while driving home from Durban. From prison, Mandela wrote Mase a letter trying to comfort her.Шаблон:Sfnm This was the first contact Mase had had with Mandela since their divorce.Шаблон:Sfn
Winnie Mandela later claimed that despite rumours of discord with Mase, the two had a good relationship.Шаблон:Sfn She said that she had tried to encourage good relations with Mase and her children, telling her own two children, Zenani and Zindziswa, that they should refer to her predecessor as "Mama Evelyn".Шаблон:Sfn Some members of Mase's family believed that Winnie was preventing them from receiving financial support that Mandela had arranged for them;Шаблон:Sfn moreover, some blamed Winnie for breaking up Mandela's first marriage, although Mandela had already separated from Mase before meeting Winnie.Шаблон:Sfn There remained some ill-feeling between Mase's family and Winnie's into later decades. The former felt that they had been disposed and written out of public narratives about Mandela's life; the latter felt that Mase's children sometimes used Mandela's name for their own financial and political advancement.Шаблон:Sfn Mase's children also expressed some bitterness to Mandela himself.Шаблон:Sfn
Amid growing speculation that Mandela would be released from prison in 1990, Mase pinned a notice to the gate of her house asking media to leave her alone.Шаблон:Sfn One reporter, Fred Bridgland, did manage to obtain an interview. Mase was angry at the way Mandela's release was being anticipated, believing that it was being treated like the second coming of Christ and proclaiming: "How can a man who has committed adultery and left his wife and children be Christ? The whole world worships Nelson too much. He is only a man."Шаблон:Sfn After Mandela became South Africa's first black president following the 1994 general election, Mase again spoke to a journalist, noting that when she was going door to door to spread the Jehovah's Witness message, she often saw Mandela's picture adorning people's walls. She stated that Mandela's "strength has come from God" and that "God uses people to do his work even if they are not righteous."Шаблон:Sfn
In 1998 Mase married the retired Soweto businessman Simon Rakeepile, who was also a Jehovah's Witness.Шаблон:Sfnm He insisted that she took his surname, perhaps because he did not want to live under the shadow of the famous Mandela name.Шаблон:Sfn In later years, Mase became a Pioneer, a position within the Jehovah's Witness organisation necessitating greater commitment to the religion.Шаблон:Sfn She died on 30 April 2004,Шаблон:Sfn having suffered from a respiratory illness.Шаблон:Sfnm She was survived by Makaziwe and Makgatho,Шаблон:Sfn and by her second husband.Шаблон:Sfn Her body was buried at West Park Cemetery.Шаблон:Sfn Mandela attended the funeral along with Winnie Madikizela and his third wife, Graça Machel.Шаблон:Sfnm In March 2009, the Soweto Heritage Trust opened the township home where Mandela and Mase had lived together as a tourist attraction named Mandela House.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite web
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- Шаблон:Cite web
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- Шаблон:Cite book
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