Английская Википедия:Evenki grammar
This article outlines the grammar of the Evenki language in both Cyrillic and Latin scripts.
Morphology notes
Vowel harmony
Like other Tungusic languages, Evenki employs vowel harmony. There are two rows ("first and second row") with two effectively neutral vowels, Шаблон:Lang (i) and Шаблон:Lang (u).[1]
| First row | Second row | Neutral |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang a |
Шаблон:Lang ə |
Шаблон:Lang i |
| Шаблон:Lang e |
Шаблон:Lang u | |
| Шаблон:Lang o |
- Syllables containing first row vowels can only be followed by another syllables that contain first row vowels: Шаблон:Lang (anaktad’aran), Шаблон:Lang (əməktəd’ərən), and Шаблон:Lang (soŋoktod’oron).
Nouns
Pluralization
There are some rules of forming Evenki plurals:[2]
- The plural suffixes -л (-l) after vowels or -ил (-il) after consonants are usually used.
- бур (bur) : бурил (buril) "islands"
- дю̄ (ʒū) : дю̄л (ʒul) "yurts"
- However, after -н (-n), -р (-r) is used instead and the final consonant before the suffix is removed.
- орон (oron) : орор (oror) "deers"
- Some nouns use -сал (-sal) in addition to the previous two suffixes. Notice that this suffix also removes -н (-n) from the stem.
- киран (kiran) : кирасал (kirasal) "eagles"
- There are also some irregular plurals of kinship terms:
- амын (amin) : амтыл (amtil) "fathers"
- эмын (emin) : эмтыл (emtil) "mothers"
- акин (akin) : акнил (aknil) "older brothers"
- экин (ekin) : экнил (eknil) "older sisters"
- нэкун (nəkun) : нэкнил (nəknil) "younger brothers, younger sisters"
- аса (asa) : асил (asil) "women"
- хунаг (hunag) : хунил (hunil) "girls"
Cases
Шаблон:Expand section Evenki nouns are inflected for 13 cases: nominative, accusative, accusative indefinite, dative, illative, locative, prosecutive (longitudinal), directional locative, directional prosecutive, deferred, initial, instrumental, and joint cases.[3]
| Case | Suffix | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -∅ (no marker) -∅ |
|
| Accusative[4] | Шаблон:Lang -va/-və/-vo/-ma/-mə/-mo |
Nouns in Шаблон:Lang (-n) may use forms in Шаблон:Lang and remove the last consonant before the suffix (Шаблон:Lang (oron) → Шаблон:Lang (oromo) "deer") |
| Accusative indefinite[5] | Шаблон:Lang -ja/-jə/-jo/-a/-ə/-o |
Nouns in Шаблон:Lang (-n) may use one of the last three forms (Шаблон:Lang (oron) → Шаблон:Lang (orono) "deer") |
| Dative[6] | Шаблон:Lang -du/-tu |
Nouns ending in voiceless consonants may use the form Шаблон:Lang (-tu) (Шаблон:Lang → Шаблон:Lang "for (the) lake") |
| Illative[7] | Шаблон:Lang -tiki/-tki |
Nouns ending in vowels may use the form Шаблон:Lang (-tki) (Шаблон:Lang → Шаблон:Lang "to (the) sheep") |
Possession
Шаблон:Expand section Evenki nouns can also be inflected for possession, where a possessive suffix is attached to the noun based on features of the noun which possesses it.[8][9][10]
| Final element in the stem → | Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person ↓ | Vowel | Most consonants | Nasal -n | -l | -r | ||
| Singular | 1st person | Шаблон:Lang -v |
Шаблон:Lang -iv |
Шаблон:Lang -mī |
Шаблон:Lang -vī | ||
| 2nd person | Шаблон:Lang -s |
Шаблон:Lang -is |
Шаблон:Lang -nī |
Шаблон:Lang -lī |
Шаблон:Lang -rī | ||
| 3rd person | Шаблон:Lang -n |
Шаблон:Lang -in | |||||
| Plural | 1st person | exclusive | Шаблон:Lang -vun |
Шаблон:Lang -mun |
Шаблон:Lang -vun | ||
| inclusive | Шаблон:Lang -t |
Шаблон:Lang -it |
Шаблон:Lang -ty | ||||
| 2nd person | Шаблон:Lang -sun |
Шаблон:Lang -nun |
Шаблон:Lang -lun |
Шаблон:Lang -run | |||
| 3rd person | Шаблон:Lang -tyn | ||||||
References
