Английская Википедия:Event of the mubahala

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Shia Islam The event of the Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang-ar) was an aborted attempt to resolve a theological dispute between Muslims and Christians circa 632 CE by invoking the curse of God upon the liars. These debates took place in Medina, located in the Arabian Peninsula, between a Christian delegation from Najran, a city in South Arabia, and the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who proposed this solution probably when their discourse had reached a deadlock concerning the nature of Jesus, human or divine.

The Christian delegation withdrew from the challenge and negotiated a peace treaty, either immediately, or when Muhammad arrived for the Шаблон:Transl with his family, according to the majority of Islamic traditions. This episode has been linked to certain verses of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam, particularly verse 3:61. The event is particularly significant for Shia Muslims because Muhammad was accompanied to the Шаблон:Transl by his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn, who are pivotal to Shia beliefs. At the time, this event must have raised their religious rank as the partners of Muhammad in his prophetic claims.

Etymology

The word Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) is derived from the root verb Шаблон:Transl, which means 'to curse', while the noun Шаблон:Transl can mean either 'the curse' or a scarcity of water.Шаблон:Sfn The word Шаблон:Transl can also mean 'withdrawing mercy from one who lies or engages in falsehood'.Шаблон:Sfn The act of Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit) thus involves swearing a conditional curse, for instance, "May I be cursed if...," together with a purifying oath.Шаблон:Sfn As a last resort, Шаблон:Transl remains a lawful option to resolve disputes in Islamic jurisprudence (Шаблон:Transl).Шаблон:Sfn

Event

With the rise of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the Islamic prophet Muhammad wrote to nearby personages around the year 9 AH (631Шаблон:Ndash632 CE) and invited them to Islam.Шаблон:Sfn One such letter was apparently addressed at the bishops of the Christian community of Najran.Шаблон:Sfn A delegation of Najrani Christians later arrived in Medina to meet with Muhammad in 8,Шаблон:Sfn 9,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn or 10 AH,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn perhaps to ascertain his claims to prophethood.Шаблон:Sfn In view of their weak ties with the Sasanian Empire, these and other Christians of the south were probably in a position to independently negotiate with Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn By one account, the delegation was led by Abd al-Masih, Abu al-Harith ibn Alqama, and Sayyid ibn al-Harith.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn There a peace treaty was finally reached by which the Christians agreed to pay an annual poll-tax (Шаблон:Transl) but were not required to convert to Islam or partake in Muslims' military campaigns,Шаблон:Sfn and remained in charge of for their own affairs.Шаблон:Sfn This was perhaps the first such treaty in Muslim history,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but also resembled the treatment of Christians elsewhere by Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn It was not until the caliphate of Umar (Шаблон:Reign) that the Christians of Najran were expelled from the Arabian Peninsula.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Transl

In Medina, Muhammad and the Christian delegation may have also debated the nature of Jesus, human or divine, although the delegation ultimately rejected the Islamic belief that Jesus was human,Шаблон:Sfn as represented by verse 3:59 of the Quran, which acknowledges the miraculous birth of Jesus but rejects the Christians' belief in his divinity, "Truly the likeness of Jesus in the sight of God is that of Adam; He created him from dust, then said to him, 'Be!' and he was."Шаблон:Sfn Indeed, this and some other verses of the third chapter (Шаблон:Transl), perhaps even its first seventy to eighty verses,Шаблон:Sfn are said to have been revealed to Muhammad on this occasion.Шаблон:Sfn Among these is verse 3:61, sometimes known as the verse of Шаблон:Transl, which instructs Muhammad to challenge his opponents to Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:Sfn perhaps when the debate had reached a deadlock.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Blockquote

The following verse 3:63, "And if they turn away, then God knows well the workers of corruption,"Шаблон:Sfn has been interpreted as the subsequent rejection by the Christian delegation of Шаблон:Transl, that is, the Islamic belief in the oneness of God.Шаблон:Sfn

Participants

Файл:Madina trip 154.jpg
The Mubahala Mosque in Medina, present-day Saudi Arabia

By some reports, the delegation did not accept the challenge and instead negotiated a peace treaty with Muhammad, either because they thought possible that he was truthful in his claims,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn or because they were intimidated by the military might of Muslims.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This is reported by the Sunni exegete Muqatil ibn Sulayman (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn and by the Sunni historian Ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in) in his Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn In a tradition cited by Muqatil, Muhammad reflects hypothetically that he would have taken with him to the Шаблон:Transl his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, their two sons, namely, Hasan and Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn Sa'd writes that two leaders of the delegation later returned to Medina and converted to Islam,Шаблон:Sfn which might explain their earlier refusal of the Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn

Yet according to other reports, Muhammad did appear for the occasion of Шаблон:Transl, accompanied by his family, as instructed by the verse of Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn apparently at the Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit) in the Baqi' Cemetery, later renamed to Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Those who accompanied him are often identified as Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Such reports are given by the Shia-leaning historian Ibn Ishaq (Шаблон:Died in) in his Шаблон:Transl, the Sunni exegete al-Razi (Шаблон:Died in) in his Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:Sfn the Sunni traditionist Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (Шаблон:Died in) in his canonical Шаблон:Transl, the Sunni traditionist Hakim al-Nishapuri (Шаблон:Died in) in his Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:Sfn and the Sunni exegete Ibn Kathir (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn This indeed appears to be the majority view in exegetical works.Шаблон:Sfn Here, the Islamicist Wilferd Madelung (Шаблон:Died in) argues that the term 'our sons' (Шаблон:Transl) in the verse of Шаблон:Transl must refer to Muhammad's grandchildren, namely, Hasan and Husayn. In that case, he continues, it would be reasonable to include also in the event their parents, namely, Ali and Fatima.Шаблон:Sfn

Ahl al-Kisa

Some traditions about the Шаблон:Transl add that Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak, and the five have thus become known as the Ahl al-Kisa (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On the same occasion, Muhammad may have defined his Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit) as Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,Шаблон:Sfn including the canonical collections Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:Sfn and Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, some have suggested that these claims were possibly later additions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At any rate, the inclusion of these four by Muhammad, as his witnesses and guarantors in the Шаблон:Transl ritual,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn must have raised their religious rank within the community.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Significance in Shia Islam

Файл:آیه مباهله.jpg
Verse 3:61 of the Quran, also known as the verse of Шаблон:Transl, inscribed in the shrine of Husayn in Karbala, located in Iraq

That Muhammad was accompanied to the Шаблон:Transl by the above four is also the Shia view,Шаблон:Sfn and Shia sources are unanimous that the term 'our sons' (Шаблон:Transl) in the verse of Шаблон:Transl refers to Hasan and Husayn, the term 'our women' (Шаблон:Transl) therein refers to Fatima, and that the term 'ourselves' (Шаблон:Transl) is a reference to Ali.Шаблон:Sfn By contrast, most reports presented by the Sunni exegete al-Tabari (Шаблон:Died in) are silent about the matter, whereas some other Sunni authors agree with the Shia reports.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The verse of Шаблон:Transl is often cited by Shia scholars to support their claims concerning the prerogatives of the Ahl al-Kisa.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In particular, if the word 'ourselves' in the verse is a reference to Ali and Muhammad, as Shia authors argue, then the former naturally enjoys a similar authority as the latter.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Likewise, the Shia exegete Muhammad H. Tabatabai (Шаблон:Died in) contends that the participation of these four, to the exclusion of other Muslims, necessitates their partnership with Muhammad in his prophetic claims, for otherwise there could have been no negative consequence to their participation as the verse of Шаблон:Transl targets only the liars.Шаблон:Sfn

Eid of the Шаблон:Transl

Eid of the Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) is the Shia commemoration of the Шаблон:Transl with the Najrani Christians, celebrated annually on 21,Шаблон:Sfn or 24 Dhu al-Hijja of the Islamic calendar,Шаблон:Sfn although the date in the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year because the former calendar is lunar and the latter is solar. The equivalent Gregorian date to 24 Dhu al-Hijja is shown below for a few years.[1]

Islamic year 1440 1441 1442 1443
Eid of Шаблон:Transl 14 August 2020 3 August 2021 23 July 2022 12 July 2023[2]

See also

Шаблон:Columns-list

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Columns-list

Шаблон:Characters and names in the Quran Шаблон:Muslimholidays

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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