Английская Википедия:Evergreen Point Floating Bridge

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The Evergreen Point Floating Bridge, also known as the 520 Bridge and officially the Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge, carries Washington State Route 520 across Lake Washington from Seattle to its eastern suburbs. The Шаблон:Convert floating span is the longest floating bridge in the world, as well as the world's widest measuring Шаблон:Convert at its midpoint.

The bridge opened in April 2016 and replaced another floating bridge of the same name at the site, which was Шаблон:Convert shorter.

Background

The original Evergreen Point Floating Bridge, also named for state governor Albert D. Rosellini, opened on August 28, 1963, carrying the four-lane State Route 520 (at the time designated temporarily as the Evergreen Point branch of Primary State Highway 1 until the 1964 state highway renumbering). The Шаблон:Convert floating span consisted of 33 pontoons and cost $24.7 million to construct (equivalent to $Шаблон:Formatprice in 2024);Шаблон:Inflation-fn the bridge carried four lanes of traffic, separated by a curb that was later replaced with a simple Jersey barrier; at the center was a drawspan that opened for large vessels traversing the lake. The original bridge would also close to traffic during sustained wind gusts of Шаблон:Convert or higher for more than 15 minutes.

Due to increased traffic generated by rapid growth of the Eastside area, bridge replacement was explored as early as 1969, when building a parallel span was explored and rejected. The Eastside is also served by the Interstate 90 floating bridges completed in 1940 and 1989, carrying traffic across Mercer Island to and from Bellevue.

The original Evergreen Point Floating Bridge was designed before the implementation of modern earthquake engineering standards, with vulnerabilities in its hollow support structures that could have failed in a major earthquake. Additionally, near the end of its lifetime, vibrations induced by storm surges and strong winds were able to compromise the aging drawspan, anchor cables, and pontoons, leading to structural failure in a major storm. Even if the storms were below the maximum threshold for failure to occur, Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) would still close the floating bridge to traffic. Although the original bridge carried two lanes of traffic in each direction, it did not include shoulders or pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure. The lack of a shoulder led to traffic congestion in the event of an accident, which would block one or two lanes in a given direction and block emergency services from accessing the bridge.

Planning

Planning of the replacement bridge started in 1997 with a cross-lake study conducted by the state Department of Transportation.Шаблон:Rp The study followed several others in the late 20th century to find solutions to traffic on the SR 520 floating bridge, with most proposals rejected after heavy opposition from communities on both ends of the bridge.

The final environmental impact statement for the project was issued in 2011, allowing for construction of the pontoons to begin the following year.

Funding

Funding was allocated to major phases of the project at different times. The western portions of the project, in the City of Seattle, were the last to be funded.Шаблон:Rp The $4.5 billion in funding comes largely from the state gas tax earmarked for highways, tolling, and Federal highway funds.

In 2014, the budget for the project was increased by $250 million to cover cost overruns.

Construction

Файл:New 520 bridge August 2015 02 cropped.jpg

New (left) and old (right) bridges in 2015 showing difference in decks: old road surface is directly on pontoons laid end-to-end, but new road surface is raised above pontoons laid perpendicular to road.

The first stage of the SR 520 floating bridge replacement project was the construction of 77 concrete pontoons in 2011 and 2012 by Kiewit-General-Manson at two purpose-built facilities in Aberdeen and Tacoma. The pontoons were floated to the bridge on Lake Washington via the Lake Washington Ship Canal. Pontoon assembly and fastening, to form the floating bridge's deck, began in 2014 and concluded in July 2015.

In 2012, WSDOT identified cracks and other problems with the first batch of completed pontoons, estimating that it would cost $400 million to repair cracks and other flaws that would bring down the bridge's predicted lifespan below the desired 75 years. The problems stemmed from shortcuts allegedly taken by contractorsШаблон:Citation needed to complete pontoons to meet set deadlines; the proposed solutions to fix the pontoons included adding high-tension steel cables and post-tensioning of the concrete. A floating, Шаблон:Convert cofferdam was launched in November 2013 to assist in repairs of the pontoons, functioning as a portable drydock that wrapped around parts of the pontoons. The repairs were made by contractors from December 2013 to June 2014 and cost a total of approximately $208 million, using up the majority of the program's reserve funds. As a result of the pontoon issues, the estimated opening of the bridge was pushed back from December 2014 into 2016.

Construction of the bridge deck, beginning with the eastern approach in Medina, began in March 2012.

In March 2015, two construction accidents on the bridge slowed construction for reevaluation of safety measures: a contractor was killed after a high fall on the east highrise; and a crane-lifted load of steel pipes swung out of control into a King County Metro bus and an overhead highway sign.

The bridge deck was lifted into place in August 2015, and the final concrete pour was finished in October 2015, completing the bridge deck.

Design

The new bridge was designed to be more stable in stronger winds and raised the bridge deck much higher above the surface of the lake than the old bridge. Unlike the original floating bridge, where the road surface is directly on pontoons connected end-to-end, the new bridge featured pontoons laid north–south, perpendicular to the direction of vehicular traffic, and a road surface on a platform raised Шаблон:Convert above the water. This design now includes shoulders and a protected pedestrian and bicycle path across the viaduct.

Maintenance building

The bridge features advanced monitoring devices and new maintenance facilities. Beneath the bridge is a three-story high brick building used to control and monitor various life support and utility systems on the bridge. A backup generator sits on the ground level to power all systems in case of power loss. Behind the back wall of the building lies a massive retaining wall built in response to steep hills.

Pontoons and anchors

The floating bridge is laid atop 77 concrete pontoons that float above the water and are secured by 58 anchors to the lake bottom.

Of the pontoons, 21 are longitudinal pontoons that support the deck and structure and are Шаблон:Convert and weigh Шаблон:Convert; 54 smaller supplemental pontoons, weighing Шаблон:Convert, are used to stabilize the weight of the bridge; and two "cross" pontoons, weighing Шаблон:Convert, are sited at each end of the floating span at transitional spans, which connect the deck to fixed bridges and approaches using hinges to move up to Шаблон:Convert for fluctuations in lake water levels moving the pontoons. All the pontoons are designed with watertight compartments that are monitored remotely with sensors to detect leaks that could lead to catastrophic failure.

The bridge's 58 anchors all feature Шаблон:Convert, Шаблон:Convert steel cables and are divided into three types: 45 Шаблон:Convert fluke anchors used in softer soils deep in the lakebed; eight Шаблон:Convert gravity anchors used in solid soils nearer to the shore; and five Шаблон:Convert, Шаблон:Convert drilled shaft anchors used in conjunction with the gravity anchors to prevent navigation hazards.

To ensure storm resistance in the event of water seeping into the pontoons, each pontoon is outfitted with a leak detection system with a float switch that sits about 3 inches off the floor. If the pontoon is breached, an alarm will sound inside the maintenance building. From there, a pump can be lowered into the chamber and controlled from the deck above.

Bridge deck

The bridge deck is made of 776 precast concrete sections that are elevated Шаблон:Convert above the concrete pontoons that forms the lower deck which essentially creates "a bridge on top of a bridge". Unlike the older bridge, maintenance vehicles can now access the pontoons from beneath the upper roadway deck without interrupting traffic. According to a project engineer on the site, the deck had to be structurally isolated from the main support structure using a damping system to ensure seismic resistance up to a magnitude 9 earthquake to comply with local building codes. The original deck design called for three support columns but was later revised to two due to aesthetic issues. Moreover, the lighting mounted on top of the deck had to be positioned to minimize light pollution as well as its effect on aquatic habitat.

Layout

The bridge has two general purpose lanes and one high-occupancy vehicle lane (HOV lane) per direction. It includes shoulders and a Шаблон:Convert pedestrian/bicycle path on the north side, unlike the 1963 bridge. Congestion on the old bridge was blamed on lack of shoulders, where disabled vehicles would cause severe backups. Шаблон:AnchorOrnamental elements include four sentinel towers rising Шаблон:Convert above the bridge deck at the approaches, and belvederes on the north side.

Public transportation

Public transportation and high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) use were incorporated in the bridge design. The bridge includes HOV lanes with priority for transit. A 2008 WSDOT report included five core bus rapid transit routes proposed by Sound Transit connecting the Eastside (Kirkland, Redmond, and Bellevue) to Downtown Seattle and the University District, with a base frequency of 15 minutes, increasing up to 7 minutes at peak times.Шаблон:Rp

Existing freeway bus stations (also known as "flyer stops") on the Eastside at Evergreen Point and Yarrow Point were rebuilt and moved from the freeway's shoulder to the median, accompanied by landscaped lids with parking and lawns, in 2014 for increased compatibility with the bridge's planned HOV lanes.

The bridge was engineered to accommodate a Link light rail extension with two options (both requiring 30 additional pontoons): one option would be Шаблон:Convert wide with two lanes each direction, plus light rail to replace the HOV lanes; the other Шаблон:Convert option would retain the HOV lanes, two general purpose lanes in each direction, and add light rail.

Tolling

Electronic tolling with the "Good to Go" system on the old bridge began in 2011; tolling on the new bridge was in place from its opening in 2016. The tolls are projected to generate $1.2 billion by 2056 to pay off bonds for the project as well as bridge operations and maintenance, debt service, future repairs, insurance, and deferred sales tax. The toll varies by time of day as well as day of week and applies in each direction. Rates are reviewed annually to cover all operational costs and debt service. For standard two axle passenger vehicles, the rate tops out Шаблон:As of at $4.30 during commuting hours ($2 additional for pay by mail) from a minimum of $1.25 between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. Major holidays are assessed at the weekend rate. More than two axle vehicles are surcharged $2.15 per axle.

Opening and removal of old bridge

Файл:Evergreen Point Floating Bridge eastbound from HOV lane.jpg

Eastbound view from the floating portion of the bridge

The new bridge was dedicated on April 2, 2016, in a ceremony presided over by Governor of Washington Jay Inslee and attended by an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 people. The ceremony also included a community fun run and walk on the bridge, and a bicycle ride hosted by the Cascade Bicycle Club on the bridge and the Interstate 5 express lanes the following day. As part of the opening ceremonies, the bridge was certified as the world's longest floating bridge by Guinness World Records, at Шаблон:Convert long; the bridge took the record from the previous Evergreen Point Floating Bridge, which is Шаблон:Convert shorter in length.

Traffic on the new bridge was shifted over in two stages, beginning with westbound traffic on April 11 and ending with eastbound traffic on April 25. Initially, the bridge narrowed from 6 lanes to 4 lanes at the end of the floating span, over Шаблон:Convert east of the Montlake Boulevard interchange, and was not fully traversable for bicyclists and pedestrians. The new westbound approach bridge opened in August 2017, with later revisions to extend the HOV lane towards the Montlake interchange. The bridge's multi-use bike and pedestrian path partially opened in July 2016, with access to the completed sections for an "out-and-back" experience, and fully opened on December 20, 2017.

Shortly after the opening of the bridge's westbound lanes, the Washington State Transportation Commission proposed increasing toll rates to introduce nighttime tolling by 2017. The toll rate increase and nighttime toll was approved by the commission and implemented on July 1, 2017.

The old bridge was planned to be decommissioned by floating away pontoons to an industrial site in Kenmore for disposal and recycling; in March 2016, the city rejected the plan, citing the possible release of toxins in the pontoon's concrete. The pontoons were sold to a recycling company based in Gig Harbor which plans to reuse the individual pontoons for floating decks and other projects. An unaffiliated contest was held in 2012 seeking ideas for the 33 pontoons of the old bridge, with solutions ranging from a "floating High Line" to partial submersion for walking paths. The first pontoon of the old bridge to be disassembled was towed through the Lake Washington Ship Canal in July 2016. As of December 2020, several pontoons of the old bridge are anchored in the Pitt River, in Pitt Meadows, British Columbia, Canada.

Awards

In April 2017, the bridge project was awarded the 2017 Grand Conceptor Award from the American Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC).

External links

• SR 520 Bridge Replacement and HOV Program Шаблон:Webarchive
• SR 520 Project Library
• Project Booklet