Английская Википедия:Expressways of Vietnam

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox highway system

Файл:Cao toc Cau Gie Ninh Binh.JPG
Hanoi–Ninh Bình Expressway, part of the North–South Expressway East

The Expressway network of Vietnam is a recent addition to the transport network of Vietnam. The first expressways were opened in the early-2000s, by 2020, the expressway network is expected to stretch Шаблон:Convert and plans are for over Шаблон:Convert of expressway by 2030.[1]

Development

Файл:Trạm Thu Phí Cao Bồ.jpg
Toll booth in Ninh Bình

Expressways are a rather recent addition to the Vietnamese road network, and standardization has not been fully implemented. Ownership varies by expressway, they are financed, developed, owned and operated by either state-owned or private companies on behalf of the Ministry of Transport.[2] For example, state-owned Vietnam Expressway Corporation owns and operates four expressways,[3] but toll collection is done by subcontracted companies. The companies operating the expressways have to report traffic numbers and toll revenue to the Ministry of Transport and the Directorate for Roads of Vietnam.[4] This construction has been subject of fraud investigations several times, as toll revenue was falsified by the collecting companies in order to take advantage of the difference.[5] The government has also threatened operating companies to revoke their toll collection licence after lack of maintenance caused dangerous situations on several expressways.[6] In 2019 it was reported that the Vietnam Expressway Corporation was $3.7 billion USD in debt, and earning $137 million in revenue each year.[7]

The total cost of the planned expressway network is estimated at $47.9 billion.[8] Lack of funding has been an issue throughout the development of the expressway network, with both the government and private investors having difficulty in raising the required investment costs.[9][10]

In 2019, the Ministry of Transport decided to exclude foreign investors from bidding on the North-South expressway, mainly to prevent Chinese companies from participating. Public backslash – due to strong anti-Chinese sentiment in the country – was feared if Chinese companies would collect toll fees, as well national security concerns playing a role in this decision.[11][12] However, lack of bidders has led to low competition between the bids, [13] and two out of five sections had not attracted any bids.[14]

In 2020, Minister of Planning and Investment Nguyễn Chí Dũng petitioned to the National Assembly to switch development of the remaining sections of the North–South expressway to state funding instead of build-operate-transfer contracts, in order to avoid delays in raising capital and to reduce interest amount. He noted that Chinese provinces Yunnan and Guangxi built Шаблон:Convert of expressways in three years, whereas Шаблон:Convert of planned expressway in Vietnam should have been completed decades ago. If public funding would be approved, construction on the sections Vĩnh Hảo (vi)Phan Thiết, Mai Son (Ninh Bình)–Highway 45 (Thanh Hóa) and Phan Thiết–Dầu Giây (connection to Ho Chi Minh City–Long Thanh–Dau Giay Expressway) would start in 2021.[15]

In a 2023 directive, Prime Minister Phạm Minh Chính instructed the Ministry of Transport to develop expressway design standards, as some of the expressways did not adhere to standards generally followed for expressways such as number of lanes, road width, operating speed and having continuous emergency lanes.[16]

A new draft plan is for Шаблон:Convert of new expressways to be completed before 2025 and an additional Шаблон:Convert for before 2030.[17]

Expressway use

Файл:Vietnam road sign IE452.svg
Speed on the Expressway/Expressway starts sign

Generally all cars, buses, trucks, types of tricycles (excluding motor cyclos) and motorcycles over 175cc ((usually identified as xx + (A) + (1-9), where xx is the series of provinces according to regulations) are permitted on the expressway but công nông (agricultural vehicles) and motorcycles under 175cc (usually identified as xx + (B to Z) + (1-9), where xx is the series of provinces according to regulations) are not.[18]

A minimum speed of Шаблон:Convert is generally in effect, although there are sections with a minimum speed of Шаблон:Convert in the middle and left lanes. The maximum speed anywhere is Шаблон:Convert, although sections with a lower maximum speed are common.

List of expressways

Expressways Network planning in 2023

North–South Expressway

Number Name Length Lanes Notes
Файл:CT 01, VNM.svg CT.01 North–South Expressway East Шаблон:Convert[19] 4–10 Completed many expressway sections
Файл:CT 02, VNM.svg CT.02 North–South Expressway West Шаблон:Convert[19] 4–6 Completed many expressway sections

Northern Regional Expressway

Number Name Length Lanes Notes
Шаблон:Nowrap Hanoi–Hoa Binh–Son La–Dien Bien Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4–6 Completed Hoa Lac-Hoa Binh expressway first stage
Completed Thang Long Boulevard expressway section
Файл:CT 04, VNM.svg CT.04 Hanoi–Haiphong Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 6 Fully opened; formerly National Route 5B
Файл:CT 05, VNM.svg CT.05 Hanoi–Lao Cai Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 6 Fully opened. Connects to China's G8011 by Kim Thanh International Border Gate.
Файл:CT 06, VNM.svg CT.06 Haiphong–Ha Long–Van Don–Mong Cai Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 6 Fully opened. Connects to China's G7511 by Bac Luan 2 Border Gate.
Файл:CT 07, VNM.svg CT.07 Hanoi–Thai Nguyen–Bac Kan–Cao Bang Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4–6 Hanoi–Thai Nguyen section complete
Файл:CT 08, VNM.svg CT.08 Ninh Binh–Haiphong Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Under construction
Файл:CT 09, VNM.svg CT.09 Noi Bai–Bac Ninh–Ha Long Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Noi Bai–Bac Ninh section complete
Файл:CT 10, VNM.svg CT.10 Tien Yen–Lang Son–Cao Bang Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Tan Thanh–Phúc Sen section under construction; Phúc Sen–Trà Lĩnh to begin construction after phase one is complete. Will connect to China's G69 by Tra Linh Border Gate.
Файл:CT 11, VNM.svg CT.11 Phu Ly–Nam Dinh Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 12, VNM.svg CT.12 Yen Bai–Ha Giang Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 13, VNM.svg CT.13 Bao Ha–Lai Chau Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 14, VNM.svg CT.14 Cho Ben–Yen My Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 15, VNM.svg CT.15 Tuyen Quang–Ha Giang Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Under construction. Will connect to China's G5615 by Thanh Thuy Border Gate.
Файл:CT 16, VNM.svg CT.16 Hung Yen–Thai Binh Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed

Central Regional Expressway

Number Name Length Lanes Notes
Файл:CT 17, VNM.svg CT.17 Vinh–Thanh Thuy Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 6 Proposed
Файл:CT 18, VNM.svg CT.18 Vung Ang–Cha Lo Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 19, VNM.svg CT.19 Cam Lo–Lao Bao Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Funding phase
Was CT.11 before 2021
Файл:CT 20, VNM.svg CT.20 Quy Nhon–Pleiku–Le Thanh Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 21, VNM.svg CT.21 Da Nang–Thach My–Ngoc Hoi–Bo Y Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 22, VNM.svg CT.22 Quang Nam–Quang Ngai Expressway Шаблон:Convert [19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 23, VNM.svg CT.23 Phu Yen–Dak Lak Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 24, VNM.svg CT.24 Khanh Hoa–Buon Ma Thuot Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Under construction
Файл:CT 25, VNM.svg CT.25 Nha Trang–Lien Khuong Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 26, VNM.svg CT.26 Lien Khuong–Buon Ma Thuot Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 42, VNM.png CT.42 Quang Ngai - Kon Tum Expressway Шаблон:Convert 4 Planned

Southern Regional Expressway

Number Name Length Lanes Notes
Шаблон:Nowrap Dau Giay–Dalat Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Completed between Lien Khuong and Pass Prenn (Da Lat); was CT.14 before 2021
Файл:CT 28, VNM.svg CT.28 Bien Hoa–Vung Tau Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 6–8 Funding phase; was CT.13 before 2021
Файл:CT 29, VNM.svg CT.29 Ho Chi Minh City–Long Thanh–Dau Giay Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 6–10 Fully opened
Файл:CT 30, VNM.svg CT.30 Ho Chi Minh–Chon Thanh–Hoa Lu Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 6 Proposed; was CT.15 before 2021
Файл:CT 31, VNM.svg CT.31 Ho Chi Minh City–Moc Bai Expressway Шаблон:Convert[20] 6 Will connect to Cambodia's E1 Phnom Penh–Bavet Expressway, parallels QL 22, Funding phase; was CT.16 before 2021
Файл:CT 32, VNM.svg CT.32 Go Dau–Xa Mat Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 33, VNM.svg CT.33 Ho Chi Minh City–Tien Giang–Ben Tre–Tra Vinh–Soc Trang Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 34, VNM.svg CT.34 Chau Doc–Can Tho–Soc Trang Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 6 Funding phase; was CT.17 before 2021
Файл:CT 35, VNM.svg CT.35 Ha Tien–Rach Gia–Bac Lieu Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed
Файл:CT 36, VNM.svg CT.36 Hong Ngu–Tra Vinh Expressway Шаблон:Convert[19] 4 Proposed

Hanoi Ring Road

Number Name Length Lanes Notes
Файл:CT 37, VNM.svg CT.37 Hanoi Ring Road 3 Шаблон:Convert[19] 6 Fully completed; was CT.20 before 2021
Файл:CT 38, VNM.svg CT.38 Hanoi Ring Road 4 Шаблон:Convert[19] 6 Funding phase; was CT.21 before 2021
Файл:CT 39, VNM.svg CT.39 Hanoi Ring Road 5 Шаблон:Convert[19] 6 Proposed

Ho Chi Minh City Ring Road

Number Name Length Lanes Notes
Файл:CT 40, VNM.svg CT.40 Ho Chi Minh City Ring Road 3 Шаблон:Convert[19] 8 Completed many expressway sections; was CT.22 before 2021
Файл:CT 41, VNM.svg CT.41 Ho Chi Minh City Ring Road 4 Шаблон:Convert[19] 8 Funding phase

Expressways Network planning in 2015

Number Name Length Notes
Файл:CT 01, VNM.svg CT.01 North–South Expressway East Шаблон:Convert Completed many expressway sections
Файл:CT 02, VNM.svg CT.02 North–South Expressway West Шаблон:Convert Some sections under construction
Шаблон:Nowrap Hanoi–Cao Bang Expressway Шаблон:Convert Completed Hanoi-Chi Lang (Lang Son) section
Hanoi–Chi Lang now part of the CT.01 and Tien Yen–Lang Son–Cao Bang split off to CT.10
Файл:CT 04, VNM.svg CT.04 Hanoi–Haiphong Expressway Шаблон:Convert Fully opened
Файл:CT 05, VNM.svg CT.05 Hanoi–Lao Cai Expressway Шаблон:Convert Yen Bai-Lao Cai: phase 1 completed
Файл:CT 06, VNM.svg CT.06 Noi Bai–Ha Long–Mong Cai Expressway Шаблон:Convert Hanoi-Bac Ninh and Ha Long-Mong Cai sections completed
Now part of CT.09
Файл:CT 07, VNM.svg CT.07 Hanoi–Thai Nguyen Expressway Шаблон:Convert Hanoi–Thai Nguyen–Cho Moi section complete; Cho Moi–Bac Kan section to begin construction in September 2022
Thai Nguyen–Bac Kan–Cao Bang Expressway Шаблон:Convert
Файл:CT 08, VNM.svg CT.08 Hanoi–Hoa Binh Expressway Шаблон:Convert Lang–Hoa Lac complete
Hoa Lac–Hoa Binh: phase 1 completed
In 2022, lengthened to Dien Bien and renumbered to CT.03
Файл:CT 09, VNM.svg CT.09 Ninh Binh–Haiphong–Quang Ninh Expressway Шаблон:Convert Haiphong–Ha Long section completed
In 2022, shortened to Haiphong and renumbered to CT.08; Haiphong–Quang Ninh section split off to CT.06
Файл:CT 10, VNM.svg CT.10 Hong Linh–Huong Son Expressway Шаблон:Convert
Файл:CT 11, VNM.svg CT.11 Cam Lo–Lao Bao Expressway Шаблон:Convert Renumbered to CT.19 in 2022
Файл:CT 12, VNM.svg CT.12 Quy Nhon–Pleiku Expressway Шаблон:Convert Now part of the CT.20
Файл:CT 13, VNM.svg CT.13 Bien Hoa–Vung Tau Expressway Шаблон:Convert Under construction
Renumbered to CT.28 in 2022
Файл:CT 14, VNM.svg CT.14 Dau Giay–Dalat Expressway Шаблон:Convert Lien Khuong–Pass Prenn (Dalat) complete
Dau Giay–Lien Khuong: Investing in building only 4 lanes in September 2023
Renumbered to CT.27 in 2022
Файл:CT 15, VNM.svg CT.15 Ho Chi Minh City–Thu Dau Mot–Chon Thanh Expressway Шаблон:Convert Renumbered to CT.30 in 2022
Файл:CT 16, VNM.svg CT.16 Ho Chi Minh City–Moc Bai Expressway Шаблон:Convert Renumbered to CT.31 in 2022
Файл:CT 17, VNM.svg CT.17 Chau Doc–Can Tho–Soc Trang Expressway Шаблон:Convert Under construction
Renumbered to CT.34 in 2022
Файл:CT 18, VNM.svg CT.18 Ha Tien–Rach Gia–Bac Lieu Expressway Шаблон:Convert Renumbered to CT.35
Файл:CT 19, VNM.svg CT.19 Can Tho–Ca Mau Expressway Шаблон:Convert Under construction
Merged into the CT.01 in 2022
Файл:CT 20, VNM.svg CT.20 Hanoi Ring Road 3 Шаблон:Convert Renumbered to CT.37 in 2022
Файл:CT 21, VNM.svg CT.21 Hanoi Ring Road 4 Шаблон:Convert Under construction
Renumbered to CT.38 in 2022
Файл:CT 22, VNM.svg CT.22 Ho Chi Minh City Ring Road 3 Шаблон:Convert Under construction
Renumbered to CT.40 in 2022

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Шаблон:-

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Website of the Ministry of Transport Шаблон:Highways in Vietnam Шаблон:Transport in Vietnam Шаблон:Motorways in Asia