Английская Википедия:Exsphere (polyhedra)
In geometry, the exsphere of a face of a regular polyhedron is the sphere outside the polyhedron which touches the face and the planes defined by extending the adjacent faces outwards. It is tangent to the face externally and tangent to the adjacent faces internally.
It is the 3-dimensional equivalent of the excircle.
The sphere is more generally well-defined for any face which is a regular polygon and delimited by faces with the same dihedral angles at the shared edges. Faces of semi-regular polyhedra often have different types of faces, which define exspheres of different size with each type of face.
Parameters
The exsphere touches the face of the regular polyedron at the center of the incircle of that face. If the exsphere radius is denoted Шаблон:Math, the radius of this incircle Шаблон:Math and the dihedral angle between the face and the extension of the adjacent face Шаблон:Math, the center of the exsphere is located from the viewpoint at the middle of one edge of the face by bisecting the dihedral angle. Therefore
- <math>\tan\frac{\delta}{2} = \frac{r_{\mathrm{ex}}}{r_{\mathrm{in}}}.</math>
Шаблон:Math is the 180-degree complement of the internal face-to-face angle.
Tetrahedron
Applied to the geometry of the Tetrahedron of edge length Шаблон:Math, we have an incircle radius Шаблон:Math (derived by dividing twice the face area Шаблон:Math through the perimeter Шаблон:Math), a dihedral angle Шаблон:Math, and in consequence Шаблон:Math.
Cube
The radius of the exspheres of the 6 faces of the Cube is the same as the radius of the inscribed sphere, since Шаблон:Math and its complement are the same, 90 degrees.
Icosahedron
The dihedral angle applicable to the Icosahedron is derived by considering the coordinates of two triangles with a common edge, for example one face with vertices at
- <math>(0,-1,g), (g,0,1), (0,1,g),</math>
the other at
- <math>(1,-g,0), (g,0,1), (0,-1,g),</math>
where Шаблон:Math is the golden ratio. Subtracting vertex coordinates defines edge vectors,
- <math>(g,1,1-g), (-g,1,g-1)</math>
of the first face and
- <math>(g-1,g,1), (-g,-1,g-1)</math>
of the other. Cross products of the edges of the first face and second face yield (not normalized) face normal vectors
- <math>(2g-2,0,2g) \sim (g-1,0,g)</math>
of the first and
- <math>(g^2-g+1,-g-(g-1)^2,1-g+g^2) = (2,-2,2)\sim (1,-1,1)</math>
of the second face, using Шаблон:Math. The dot product between these two face normals yields the cosine of the dihedral angle,
- <math>\cos\delta = \frac{(g-1)\cdot 1+g\cdot 1}{\sqrt{(g-1)^2+g^2} \sqrt{3}} =\frac{2g-1}{3} =\frac{\surd 5}{3}\approx 0.74535599.</math> Шаблон:OEIS2C
- <math>\therefore \delta \approx 0.72973 \,\mathrm{rad} \approx 41.81^\circ</math>
- <math>\therefore \tan\frac{\delta}{2} = \frac{\sin\delta}{1+\cos\delta}
=\frac{2}{3+\surd 5} \approx 0.3819660</math> Шаблон:OEIS2C
For an icosahedron of edge length Шаблон:Math, the incircle radius of the triangular faces is Шаблон:Math, and finally the radius of the 20 exspheres
- <math>r_{\mathrm{ex}} = \frac{a}{(3+\sqrt{5})\sqrt 3} \approx 0.1102641 a.</math>
See also
External links
