Английская Википедия:Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet

Extended IPA Chart for Disordered Speech, as of 2015

Шаблон:IPA notice The Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for Disordered Speech, commonly abbreviated extIPA Шаблон:IPAc-en,^[1] are a set of letters and diacritics devised by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association to augment the International Phonetic Alphabet for the phonetic transcription of disordered speech. Some of the symbols are used for transcribing features of normal speech in IPA transcription, and are accepted as such by the International Phonetic Association.Шаблон:Efn

Many sounds found only in disordered speech are indicated with diacritics, though an increasing number of dedicated letters are used as well. Special letters are included to transcribe the speech of people with lisps and cleft palates. The extIPA repeats several standard-IPA diacritics that are unfamiliar to most people but transcribe features that are common in disordered speech. These include preaspiration Шаблон:Angbr IPA, linguolabial Шаблон:Angbr IPA, laminal fricatives Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:Angbr IPA for a sound (segment or feature) with no available symbol (letter or diacritic). The novel transcription Шаблон:Angbr IPA is used for an English molar-r, as opposed to Шаблон:Angbr IPA for an apical r; these articulations are indistinguishable in sound and so are rarely identified in non-disordered speech.

Sounds restricted to disordered speech include velopharyngeals, nasal fricatives (a.k.a. nareal fricatives) and some of the percussive consonants. Sounds sometimes found in the world's languages that do not have symbols in the basic IPA include denasals, the sublaminal percussive, post-alveolar lateral fricatives, and fricatives that are simultaneously lateral and sibilant.

ExtIPA was revised and expanded in 2015; the new symbols were added to Unicode in 2021.^[2]

Letters

The non-IPA letters found in the extIPA are listed in the following table. VoQS letters may also be used, as in Шаблон:Angbr IPA for a buccal interdental trill (a raspberry).

Several letters and superscript forms were added to Unicode 14 and 15. They are included in the free Gentium Plus and Andika fonts as of version 6.2 from February 2023.

Category	Letter	Superscript (e.g.)		Unicode	Description
Lateral	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	U+02AA, U+10799	Voiceless grooved lateral alveolar fricative, Шаблон:IPA (a laterally lisped Шаблон:IPA, with simultaneous airflow through the sibilant groove in the tongue and across the side of the tongue), intended for a lateral lisp
	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	U+02AB, U+1079A	Voiced grooved lateral alveolar fricative, Шаблон:IPA (a laterally lisped Шаблон:IPA)
	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	U+A78E, U+1079D	Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative, implicit in standard IPA.
	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	U+1DF05, U+1079F	Voiced retroflex lateral fricative, implicit in standard IPA.
	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	U+1DF06, U+107A1	Voiceless palatal lateral fricative. The voiced fricative may be Шаблон:Angbr IPA or, in standard IPA, Шаблон:Angbr IPA.
	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	U+1DF04, U+1079C	Voiceless velar lateral fricative. The voiced fricative may be Шаблон:Angbr IPA or, in standard IPA, Шаблон:Angbr IPA.
Velopharyngeal	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	U+02A9, U+10790	Voiceless velopharyngeal fricative (often occurs with a cleft palate). The voiced fricative is Шаблон:Angbr IPA.
Velopharyngeal	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	U+1DF00, (U+10790+107AA)	Voiceless velopharyngeal trill or 'snort'. (Velopharyngeal fricative accompanied by uvular trill. Шаблон:Angbr IPA be equivalent to Шаблон:Angbr IPA.)
Velodorsal	Шаблон:IPA	–		U+1DF03	Voiceless velodorsal plosive. (The old IPA letter for a velar click, Шаблон:Angbr IPA, was used for a voiceless velodorsal plosive from 2008 to 2015.)
	Шаблон:IPA	–		U+1DF01	Voiced velodorsal plosive
	Шаблон:IPA	–		U+1DF07	Velodorsal nasal
Pharyngeal	Шаблон:IPA	–		U+A7AF	Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive Шаблон:IPA
Pharyngeal	Шаблон:IPA	–		U+1DF02	Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive Шаблон:IPA
Percussive	Шаблон:IPA	–		U+02AC	Bilabial percussive (smacking lips)
	Шаблон:IPA	–		U+02AD	Bidental percussive (gnashing teeth)
	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	U+00A1, U+A71E	Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive (tongue slap). This letter is used with the alveolar and palatal clicks for Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, clicks with percussive release, or "clucks".

Diacritics

The extIPA has widened the use of some of the regular IPA symbols, such as Шаблон:IPA for pre-aspiration and Шаблон:IPA for uvularization, and has added some new ones. Some of these extIPA diacritics are occasionally used for non-disordered speech, for example for the unusual airstream mechanisms of Damin.

One modification of regular IPA is the use of parentheses around the phonation diacritics to indicate partial phonation; a single parenthesis at the left or right of the voicing indicates that it is partially phonated at the beginning or end of the segment. These conventions may be convenient for representing various voice onset times. Phonation diacritics may also be prefixed or suffixed to represent relative timing beyond the segment (pre- and post-voicing etc.). The following are examples; in principle, any IPA or extIPA diacritic may be parenthesized or displaced in this manner.

Partial phonation (examples)
Шаблон:IPA	partial/central voicing of Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	partial/central devoicing of Шаблон:IPA	subscript: U+1ABD; superscript: 1ABB
Шаблон:IPA	initial voicing	Шаблон:IPA	initial devoicing	subscript: U+1AC3; superscript: 1AC1
Шаблон:IPA	final voicing	Шаблон:IPA	final devoicing	subscript: U+1AC4; superscript: 1AC2
Шаблон:IPA	partial murmuring of Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	partially denasalized Шаблон:IPA
Displaced timing (examples)
Шаблон:IPA	pre-voiced Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	post-voiced Шаблон:IPA	U+02EC
Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA with a creaky offglide	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA with extended voicelessness	U+02F7 (˷), U+02F3 (˳)

The transcriptions for partial voicing and devoicing may be used in either the sense of degrees of voicing or in the sense that the voicing is discontinuous. For the former, both parentheses indicate the sound is mildly (partially) voiced throughout, and single parentheses mean a partial degree of voicing at the beginning or end of the sound. For the latter, both parentheses mean the sound is (de)voiced in the middle, while the single parentheses mean complete (de)voicing at the beginning or end of the sound. The implication is that such voicing or devoicing is atypical of the language being spoken. For example, Шаблон:Angbr IPA would be used for the usual devoicing or partial devoicing of the language, while Шаблон:Angbr IPA would indicate that the transcriber found the devoicing to be atypical, as in pathological speech. Similarly, Шаблон:Angbr IPA would indicate atypical devoicing at the beginning of the segment.^[3]

Altering the position of a diacritic relative to the letter indicates that the phonation begins before the consonant or vowel does or continues beyond it. The voiceless ring and other phonation diacritics can be used in the same way if needed. For example, Шаблон:Angbr IPA indicates that voicelessness continues past the Шаблон:IPA, equivalent to Шаблон:Angbr IPA.

Other extIPA diacritics are:

Airstream mechanism
Шаблон:IPA	U+2193	(after a letter) Ingressive airstream	Шаблон:IPA	U+2191	(after a letter) Egressive airstream Шаблон:Efn
Шаблон:IPA	U+2193	(in isolation) inhalation^[3]	Шаблон:IPA	U+2191	(in isolation) exhalation^[3]
Phonation
Шаблон:IPA	U+02EDШаблон:Efn	Unaspirated	Шаблон:IPA	U+02B0	Pre-aspiration
Nasalization
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Efn	U+034B	(on a nasal letter) Nareal fricative	Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA	U+034CШаблон:Efn or U+10790	Velopharyngeal friction (especially noisy nasal airstream caused by turbulent airflow through the velopharyngeal port)
Шаблон:IPA	U+034B	(on an oral letter) nasal fricative escape (audible turbulent airflow through the nostrils, as with a nasal lisp)	Шаблон:IPA	U+034A	Denasal (as with a headcold; complements the nasal diacritic)
Articulatory strength
Шаблон:IPA	U+0348	Strong articulation (not necessarily fortis)	Шаблон:IPA	U+0349	Weak articulation (not necessarily lenis)
Articulation
Шаблон:IPA	U+0346	(on a labial letter) Dentolabial	Шаблон:IPA	U+0346 +032A	(on a coronal letter) interdental
Шаблон:IPA	U+0346	(on a coronal letter) class-3 occlusion (tongue protrudes past upper teeth, as with a severe underbite)	Шаблон:IPA	U+0346 +032A	(on a glottal letter) bidental
Шаблон:IPA	U+0347Шаблон:Efn	(on a coronal letter) Alveolar Шаблон:Efn	Шаблон:IPA	U+034D	Labial spreading
Шаблон:IPA	U+0347Шаблон:Efn	(on a labial letter) labioalveolar (class-2 occlusion, as with a severe overbite)	Шаблон:IPA	U+034D	(complements the diacritics for rounding – see rounded vowel)Шаблон:Efn
Шаблон:IPA	U+034E	Whistled	Шаблон:IPA	U+033B	laminal fricatives (including lowered tongue tip)Шаблон:Efn
Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA	(as IPA)	bunched-r (molar-r), and apical-r, respectively	Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA	U+0355, U+0354	Offset to the left and right, respectivelyШаблон:Efn
Timing
Шаблон:IPA	U+0362	Slurred/sliding articulation (a consonantal diphthong, moving from one articulation to another within the time of a single segment)	Шаблон:IPA	U+005C	Stutter (reiterated articulation)Шаблон:Efn

Diacritics may be placed within parentheses as the voicing diacritics are above. For example, Шаблон:Angbr IPA indicates a partially denasalized Шаблон:IPA.

Any IPA letter may be used in superscript form as a diacritic, to indicate the onset, release or 'flavor' of another letter. In extIPA, this is provided specifically for the fricative release of a plosive. For example, Шаблон:Angbr IPA is Шаблон:IPA with a lateral-fricative release (similar to the velar lateral affricate Шаблон:IPA, but with less frication); Шаблон:Angbr IPA is Шаблон:IPA with lateral-plus-central release. Combining diacritics can be added to superscript diacritics, such as Шаблон:Angbr IPA for Шаблон:IPA with bidental aspiration.

The VoQS (voice-quality symbols) take IPA and extIPA diacritics, as well as several additional diacritics that are potentially available for extIPA transcription. The subscript dot for 'whisper' is sometimes found in IPA transcription,^[4] though in IPA the diacritic has also been used for apical-retroflex articulation.

Prosodic notation and indeterminate sounds

The Extended IPA has adopted bracket notation from conventions transcribing discourse. Parentheses are used to indicate mouthing (silent articulation), as in the common silent sign to hush Шаблон:IPA. Parentheses are also used to indicate silent pauses, for example (...); the length of the pause may be indicated, as in (2.3 sec). A very short (.) may be used to indicate an absence of co-articulation between adjacent segments, for instance Шаблон:IPA rather than Шаблон:IPA.^[5]

Double parentheses indicate that transcription is uncertain because of extraneous noise or speech, as when one person talks over another. As much detail as possible may be included, as in ⸨2 syll.⸩ or ⸨2σ⸩ for two obscured syllables.^[6] This is also IPA usage.^[7] Sometimes the obscuring noise will be indicated instead, as in ⸨cough⸩ or ⸨knock⸩, as in the illustrative transcription below; this notation may be used for extraneous noise that does not obscure speech, but which the transcriber nonetheless wishes to notate (e.g. because someone says 'excuse me' after coughing, or verbally responds to the knock on the door, and the noise is thus required to understand the speech).

In the extIPA, indistinguishable/unidentifiable sounds are circled rather than placed in single parentheses as in IPA.Шаблон:Efn An empty circle, ◯, is used for an indeterminate segment, ◯ σ an indeterminate syllable, Ⓒ a segment identifiable only as a consonant, etc. Full capital letters, such as C in Ⓒ, are used as wild-cards for certain categories of sounds, and may combine with IPA and extIPA diacritics. For example, ◯ Шаблон:IPA indicates an undetermined or indeterminate voiceless plosive. Regular IPA and extIPA letters may also be circled to indicate that their identification is uncertain. For example, ⓚ indicates that the segment is judged to probably be Шаблон:IPA. At least in handwriting, the circle may be elongated into an oval for longer strings of symbols, and this was illustrated in the 1997 edition of the chart, where the circle was typeset as ( ̲̅) and longer strings as e.g. (a̲̅a̲̅a̲̅).

Curly brackets with Italian musical terms are used for phonation and prosodic notation, such as Шаблон:IPA and terms for the tempo and dynamics of connected speech. These are subscripted within a {curly brace} notation to indicate that they are comments on the intervening text. The VoQS conventions use similar notation for voice quality. These may be combined, for example with VoQS Шаблон:Angbr for 'falsetto':

{_allegro I {F {_𝆏 didn't _𝆏} know that F} _allegro}

or

Шаблон:IPA^[5]

Silence
Шаблон:IPA	Silent articulation: Шаблон:IPA a silent shhh!
(.)	Short pause	(..)	Medium pause	(...)	Long pause	(1.2)	1.2-second pause
Prosody
𝆑	Loud speech ('forte')	[{_𝆑 Шаблон:IPA _𝆑}]		𝆑𝆑	Louder speech ('fortissimo')	[{_𝆑𝆑 Шаблон:IPA _𝆑𝆑}]
𝆏	Quiet speech ('piano')	[{_𝆏 Шаблон:IPA _𝆏}]		𝆏𝆏	Quieter speech ('pianissimo')	[{_𝆏𝆏 Шаблон:IPA _𝆏𝆏}]
allegro	Fast speech	[{_allegro Шаблон:IPA _allegro}]		lento	Slow speech	[{_lento Шаблон:IPA _lento}]
crescendo, rallentando, and other musical terms may also be used.
Extraneous noise; speech obscured by extraneous noise
Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA two syllables obscured; Шаблон:IPA a cough
Unidentified and partially identified sounds in recordings
◯	segment	Ⓒ	consonant	Ⓕ	fricative	Ⓖ	glide/approximant
ⓀШаблон:Efn	click	Ⓛ	liquid (or lateral)	Ⓝ	nasal	Ⓟ	plosive
Ⓡ	rhotic (or resonant)	Ⓢ	sibilant	Ⓣ	tone/accent/stress	Ⓥ	vowel

Chart

Three rows appear in the extIPA chart that do not occur in the IPA chart: "fricative lateral + median" (simultaneous grooved and lateral frication), "fricative nasal" (a.k.a. nareal fricative) and "percussive". A denasal row is added here. Several new columns appear as well, though the linguolabial column is the result of a standard-IPA diacritic. Dorso-velar and velo-dorsal are combined here, as are upper and lower alveolar.

Consonants not appearing on the standard IPA chart
	bi- labial	labio- dental	labio- alveolar	dento- labial	bi- dental	linguo- labial	inter- dental	alveolar (lower alveolar)	retro- flex	pal- atal	velar (velo- dorsal)	velo- phary- ngeal	upper phary- ngeal
Plosive		Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA		Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA				(Шаблон:IPA)		Шаблон:IPA
Denasal	Шаблон:IPA							Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Nasal		Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA		Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA				(Шаблон:IPA)
Fricative nasal	Шаблон:IPA							Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Trill						Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA					Шаблон:IPA (Шаблон:IPA)
Median fricative			Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA				Шаблон:IPA
Lateral fricativeШаблон:Efn						Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA		Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Median+lateral fricative								Шаблон:IPA
Lateral approximant						Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Percussive	Шаблон:IPA				Шаблон:IPA			(Шаблон:IPA)

Superscript variants

Шаблон:Further The customary use of superscript IPA letters is formalized in the extIPA, specifically for fricative releases of plosives, as can be seen in the lower-left of the full chart.

Speech pathologists also often use superscripting to indicate that a target sound has not been reached – for example, Шаблон:IPA for an instance of the word 'chicken' where the Шаблон:IPA is incompletely articulated. However, due to the ambiguous meaning of superscripting in the IPA, this is not a convention supported by the ICPLA. An unambiguous transcription would mark the consonant more specifically as weakened (Шаблон:IPA) or silent (Шаблон:IPA).

Sample text

A sample transcription of a written text read aloud, using extIPA and Voice Quality Symbols:^[8]

Шаблон:IPA

Original text: "The World Cup Finals of 1982 are held in Spain this year. They will involve the top nations of the World in a tournament lasting over four weeks, held at fourteen different centers in Spain. All of the first-round games will be in the provincial towns with the semi-finals, and finals held in Barcelona and Madrid."^[8]

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Chart of extended IPA symbols for disordered speech (PDF, revised to 2015)
Pronunciation videos of consonants in the main extIPA chart as of 2008

Шаблон:IPA navigation

[1] Шаблон:Harvnb

[2] Шаблон:Cite web

[Duckworth-3] 3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 Шаблон:Harvnb

[4] Шаблон:Harvnb

[Duckworth_et_al._1990:_279-5] 5,0 ^5,1 Шаблон:Harvnb

[6] Шаблон:Harvnb

[7] Шаблон:Harvnb

[BallLowry2001-8] 8,0 ^8,1 Шаблон:Harvnb

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

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Английская Википедия:Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet

Содержание

Letters

Diacritics

Prosodic notation and indeterminate sounds

Chart

Superscript variants

Sample text

Notes

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

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