Английская Википедия:Ezāfe

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:About

Ezāfe (Шаблон:Lang-fa), also romanized as ezâfe, izafet, izafe, izafat, izāfa, ezafe, and izofa (Шаблон:Lang-tg), is a grammatical particle found in some Iranian languages, as well as Persian-influenced languages such as Ottoman Turkish and Hindi-Urdu, that links two words together.[1][2][3][4] In the Persian language, it consists of the unstressed short vowel -e or -i (-ye or -yi after vowels)[5] between the words it connects and often approximately corresponds in usage to the English preposition of. It is generally not indicated in writing in the Persian script,Шаблон:Sfn[6] which is normally written without short vowels, but it is indicated in Tajiki, which is written in the Cyrillic script, as -и without a hyphen.

Ezafe in Persian

Common uses of the Persian ezafe are:Шаблон:Sfn

After final long vowels (Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang) in words, the ezâfe is marked by a Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) intervening before the ezâfe ending. If a word ends in the short vowel (designated by a Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang), the ezâfe may be marked either by placing a hamze diacritic over the Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) or a non-connecting Шаблон:Transl after it (Шаблон:Lang).[7] The Шаблон:Transl is prevented from joining by placing a zero-width non-joiner, known in Persian as Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang), after the Шаблон:Transl.

Form Example Transliteration Meaning
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang khâne-ye mojallal Luxurious House
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang

The Persian grammatical term ezâfe is borrowed from the Arabic concept of iḍāfa ("addition"), where it denotes a genitive construction between two or more nouns, expressed using case endings. However, whereas the Iranian ezâfe denotes a grammatical particle (or even a pronoun), in Arabic, the word iḍāfa actually denotes the relationship between the two words. In Arabic, two words in an iḍāfa construction are said in English to be in possessed-possessor construction (where the possessed is in the construct state and any case, and the possessor is in the genitive case and any state).

In Urdu-Hindi

Iẓāfat in Urdu-Hindi is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. This construction was borrowed from Persian.[1][3][4][2] In Hindi-Urdu, a short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang), it may be written as Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) or Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang) then hamzā (Шаблон:Lang) is used above the last letter (Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang). If the first word ends in a long vowel (Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang), then a different variation of Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) with hamzā on top (Шаблон:Lang, obtained by adding Шаблон:Lang to Шаблон:Lang) is added at the end of the first word. In Devanagari, these characters are written as Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

Forms Example Devanagari Transliteration Meaning
Urdu script Devanagari
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl the lion of Punjab
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl the queen of the world
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl perfect saint
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl the wine of love
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl the surface of the Earth
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl a high voice

In other languages

Шаблон:Unreferenced section

Besides Persian, ezafe is found in other Iranian languages and in Turkic languages, which have historically borrowed many phrases from Persian. Ottoman Turkish made extensive use of ezafe, borrowing it from Persian (the official name of the Ottoman Empire was Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl), but it is transcribed as -i or -ı rather than -e. Ezafe is also used frequently in Hindustani, but its use is mostly restricted to poetic settings or to phrases imported wholesale from Persian since Hindustani expresses the genitive with the native declined possessive postposition kā. The title of the Bollywood film, Salaam-e-Ishq, is an example of the use of the ezafe in Hindustani. Other examples of ezafe in Hindustani include terms like Шаблон:Transl "death penalty" and Шаблон:Transl "praiseworthy". It can also be found in the neo-Bengali language (Bangladeshi) constructions especially for titles such as Шаблон:Transl (Tiger of Bengal), Шаблон:Transl (Islamic assembly) and Шаблон:Transl (Month of Ramadan).

The Albanian language also has an ezafe-like construction, as for example in Шаблон:Lang, Party of Labour of Albania (the Albanian communist party). The linking particle declines in accordance to the gender, definiteness, and number of the noun that precedes it. It is used in adjectival declension and forming the genitive:

Besides the above mentioned languages, ezafe is used in Kurdish in Syria, Iraq, Turkey and Iran: Шаблон:Interlinear

Etymology

Originally, in Old Persian, nouns had case endings, just like every other early Indo-European language (such as Latin, Greek, and Proto-Germanic). A genitive construction would have looked much like an Arabic iḍāfa construct, with the first noun being in any case, and the second being in the genitive case, as in Arabic or Latin.

However, over time, a relative pronoun such as Шаблон:Transl or Шаблон:Transl (meaning "which") began to be interposed between the first element and its genitive attribute.

  • by the will which (is) of Auramazdah

William St. Clair Tisdall states that the modern Persian ezafe stems from the relative pronoun which, which in Eastern Iranian languages (Avestan) was Шаблон:Transl or Шаблон:Transl. Pahlavi (Middle Persian) shortened it to Шаблон:Transl (spelled with the letter Y in Pahlavi scripts), and after noun case endings passed out of usage, this relative pronoun which (pronounced Шаблон:IPA in New Persian), became a genitive "construct" marker. Thus the phrase

historically means "man which (is) good" rather than "good man."Шаблон:Sfn

In other modern Iranian languages, such as Northern Kurdish, the ezafe particle is still a relative pronoun, which declines for gender and number.Шаблон:Sfn However, rather than translating it as "which," as its etymological origin suggests, a more accurate translation for the New Persian use of ezafe would be a linking genitive/attributive "of" or, in the case of adjectives, not translating it.

Since the ezafe is not typical of the Avestan language and most East Iranian languages, where the possessives and adjectives normally precede their head noun without a linker, an argument has been put forward that the ezafe construction ultimately represents a substrate feature, more specifically, an outcome of the Elamite influence on Old Persian, which followed the Iranian migration to the territories previously inhabited by the Elamites.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ The short vowel "ــِـ" (known as kasra or kasré) is pronounced as e or i depending on the dialect.
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Ezāfe&oldid=14635154