Английская Википедия:Ezra 4

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Bible chapter Ezra 4 is the fourth chapter of the Book of Ezra in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible,Шаблон:Sfn or the book of Ezra–Nehemiah in the Hebrew Bible, which treats the book of Ezra and book of Nehemiah as one book.Шаблон:Sfn Jewish tradition states that Ezra is the author of Ezra–Nehemiah as well as the Book of Chronicles,[1] but modern scholars generally accept that a compiler from the 5th century BCE (the so-called "Chronicler") is the final author of these books.Шаблон:Sfn The section comprising chapter 1 to 6 describes the history before the arrival of Ezra in the land of Judah Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn in 468 BCE.[2] This chapter records the opposition of the non-Jews to the re-building of the temple and their correspondence with the kings of Persia which brought a stop to the project until the reign of Darius the Great.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Text

This chapter is divided into 24 verses. The original language of 4:1–7 is Hebrew language, whereas of Ezra 4:8–24 is Aramaic.[3]

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew/Aramaic are of the Masoretic Text, which includes Codex Leningradensis (1008).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 4Q117 (4QEzra; 50 BCE) with extant verses 2–6 (2–5 // 1 Esdras 5:66–70), 9–11.Шаблон:Sfn[4]Шаблон:Sfn[5] There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math>B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math>A; 5th century).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

An ancient Greek book called 1 Esdras (Greek: Шаблон:Lang) containing some parts of 2 Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah is included in most editions of the Septuagint and is placed before the single book of Ezra–Nehemiah (which is titled in Greek: Шаблон:Lang). 1 Esdras 5:66–73Шаблон:Efn is an equivalent of Ezra 4:1–5 (Work hindered until second year of Darius's reign), whereas 1 Esdras 2:15–26 is an equivalent of Ezra 4:7–24 (Artaxerxes' reign).[6][7]

The oldest Latin manuscript of 4 Esdra is the Codex Sangermanensis that lacks 7:[36]–[105] and is parent of the vast majority of extant manuscripts.[8] Other Latin manuscripts are:

  • Codex Ambianensis: a Carolingian minuscule of the ninth century);
  • Codex Complutensis: written in a Visighotic hand and dating from the ninth to tenth century, is now MS31 in the Library of Central University at Madrid.
  • Codex Mazarineus: in two volumes, dating from the eleventh century, numbered 3 and 4 (formerly 6,7) in the Bibliothèque Mazarine at Paris. The text of 4 Ezra is given in the sequence of chapters 3–16, 1–2.[8]

An offer of help (4:1–5)

The non-Jewish inhabitants of the land of Judah offered to help with the building, but regarding it as a 'proposal of compromise', the leaders of Judah rejected the offer.Шаблон:Sfn Due to the rejection, the surrounding inhabitants mounted opposition to the building project.Шаблон:Sfn

Verses 1–2

Шаблон:Sup Now when the adversaries of Judah and Benjamin heard that the descendants of the captivity built the temple unto the Lord God of Israel, Шаблон:Sup they came to Zerubbabel, and to the chiefs of the fathers' households, and said to them, "Let us build with you, for, like you, we seek your God and have been sacrificing to Him since the days of Esarhaddon king of Assyria, who brought us here."[9]

The enemies of the exiles try to destroy that community by assimilation, pointing out important similarities among their peoples (verse 2),Шаблон:Sfn wanting the exiles to be entirely like them, but the enemies don't have allegiance to Yahweh and assimilation for the exiles would have meant destruction of the covenant with God.Шаблон:Sfn The reference to the Assyrian king recalls the story in Шаблон:Bibleverse that after the fall of Samaria in 721 BC, the genuine Israel inhabitants of the northern kingdom were deported elsewhere and the Assyrians planted people from other places (bringing their own gods; cf. Шаблон:Bibleverse) to the region of Samaria, initiated by Sargon (722–705 BC), but from this verse apparently extended to the reign of Esarhaddon (681–669 BC).Шаблон:Sfn

Verse 3

Файл:CodexGigas 208 Ezra,Nehemiah.jpg
A page containing Ezra 4:3–8:22 in the Codex Gigas (English: Giant Book), the largest extant medieval manuscript in the world from 13th century.
But Zerubbabel and Jeshua and the rest of the heads of the fathers' houses of Israel said to them, "You may do nothing with us to build a house for our God; but we alone will build to the Lord God of Israel, as King Cyrus the king of Persia has commanded us."[11]

The rejection of Zerubbabel was based on "spiritual insight".Шаблон:Sfn

Verses 4–5

Шаблон:Sup Then the people of the land demoralized the people of Judah and terrified them while building, Шаблон:Sup and hired counselors against them to frustrate their purpose, all the days of Cyrus king of Persia, even until the reign of Darius king of Persia.[14]
  • "To frustrate their purpose": in sense of 'to seek, "under the guise of advice and interest, to seduce the exiles from following the mind of God to follow a different mind"'.Шаблон:Sfn

Historical divergence (4:6–23)

The story of Zerubbabel was interrupted by the list of some accounts of hostilities which happened in a long period of time to illustrate the continuous opposition by non-Jews of the area to the attempts of the Jews to establish a community under the law of God.Шаблон:Sfn

Verse 6

And in the reign of Ahasuerus, in the beginning of his reign, they wrote an accusation against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem.[15]
  • "Ahasuerus": from Hebrew: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Strong-number,[16] "Ahashverosh’"; Persian: "Khshyarsha", transliterated in Greek as "Xerxes", generally identified with the well-known Xerxes I, the son of Darius (reigned 20 years: 485–465 BCE), who is also associated with Ahasuerus of the book of Esther.[17] A view regards "Ahasuerus" (and "Artaxerxes" in verse 7) to be an appellative, like Pharaoh and Caesar, so it could be applied to any Persian monarch, and thus identifies "Ahasuerus" with Cambyses, the son of Cyrus (the same Cambyses is called "Artaxerxes" by Josephus in Ant. xi. 2. 1), but no well-attested evidence exists of this argument.[17]

Verse 7

In the days of Artaxerxes also, Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabel, and the rest of their companions wrote to Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the letter was written in Aramaic script, and translated into the Aramaic language.[18]

Шаблон:AnchorVerses 9–10

Шаблон:Sup then Rehum the chancellor, Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their companions, the Dinaites, and the Apharsathchites, the Tarpelites, the Apharsites, the Archevites, the Babylonians, the Shushanchites, the Dehaites, the Elamites, Шаблон:Sup and the rest of the nations whom the great and noble Osnappar brought over, and set in the city of Samaria, and in the rest of the country beyond the River, and so forth, wrote.[21]

The story resumed (4:24)

With the repetition of the essence in verse 5, the story of Zerubbabel and Jeshua resumes, continued to the next chapter.Шаблон:Sfn

Verse 24

Then ceased the work of the house of God which is at Jerusalem. So it ceased unto the second year of the reign of Darius king of Persia.[23]
  • "The second year" corresponds to 520 BC.[24]

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

External links

Шаблон:Book of Ezra

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  1. ↑ Babylonian Talmud Baba Bathra 15a, apud Fensham 1982, p. 2
  2. ↑ Davies, G. I., "Introduction to the Pentateuch" in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Шаблон:Webarchive, p. 19
  3. ↑ Note d at Ezra 4:8 in the New King James Version: "The original language of Ezra 4:8 through 6:18 is Aramaic".
  4. ↑ Dead sea scrolls - Ezra
  5. ↑ 4Q117 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  6. ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras: THE BOOKS OF ESDRAS: III Esdras
  7. ↑ Jewish Encyclopedia: Esdras, Books of: I Esdras
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Bruce M. Metzger, The Fourth Book of Ezra (Late First Century A.D.) With The Four Additional Chapters. A New Translation and Introduction, in James H. Charlesworth (1985), The Old Testament Pseudoepigrapha, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company Inc., Volume 2, Шаблон:ISBN (Vol. 1), Шаблон:ISBN (Vol. 2). Here cited vol. 1 p. 518
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleref2 MEV
  10. ↑ Notes [a] on Ezra 4:1 in NKJV
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleref2 NKJV
  12. ↑ Notes [a] on Ezra 3:2 in NKJV
  13. ↑ Notes [a] on Ezra 4:3 in NKJV
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleref2 MEV
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleref2 ESV
  16. ↑ Hebrew Text Analysis: Ezra 4:6. Biblehub
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 17,4 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Ezra 4. Accessed 28 April 2019.
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleref2 NKJV
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Hebrew Text Analysis: Ezra 4:7. Biblehub
  20. ↑ Note [a] on Ezra 4:7 in MEV
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleref2 WEB
  22. ↑ Hebrew Text Analysis: Ezra 4:10. Biblehub
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse KJV
  24. ↑ Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Bible - Ezra 4. James Murphy (ed). London: Blackie & Son, 1884.
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