Английская Википедия:F
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Hatnote group Шаблон:Technical reasons Шаблон:Pp-vandalism
Шаблон:Infobox grapheme Шаблон:Latin letter info
F, or f, is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is efШаблон:NoteTag (pronounced Шаблон:IPAc-en), and the plural is efs.[1]
History
| Proto-Sinaitic | Phoenician waw |
Early Greek Digamma |
Greek Digamma |
Etruscan V or W |
Latin F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Proto-semiticW-01.png | Файл:PhoenicianW-01.svg | Файл:Greek Digamma 02.svg | Файл:Digamma uc lc.svg | Файл:EtruscanF-01.svg | Latin F |
The origin of 'F' is the Semitic letter waw that represented a sound like Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. Graphically it originally probably depicted either a hook or a club. It may have been based on a comparable Egyptian hieroglyph such as that which represented the word mace (transliterated as ḥ(dj)): <hiero>T3</hiero>
The Phoenician form of the letter was adopted into Greek as a vowel, upsilon (which resembled its descendant 'Y' but was also the ancestor of the Roman letters 'U', 'V', and 'W'); and, with another form, as a consonant, digamma, which indicated the pronunciation Шаблон:IPA, as in Phoenician. Latin 'F,' despite being pronounced differently, is ultimately descended from digamma and closely resembles it in form.
After sound changes eliminated Шаблон:IPA from spoken Greek, digamma was used only as a numeral. However, the Greek alphabet also gave rise to other alphabets, and some of these retained letters descended from digamma. In the Etruscan alphabet, 'F' probably represented Шаблон:IPA, as in Greek, and the Etruscans formed the digraph 'FH' to represent Шаблон:IPA. (At the time these letters were borrowed, there was no Greek letter that represented /f/: the Greek letter phi 'Φ' then represented an aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive Шаблон:IPA, although in Modern Greek it has come to represent Шаблон:IPA.) When the Romans adopted the alphabet, they used 'V' (from Greek upsilon) not only for the vowel Шаблон:IPA, but also for the corresponding semivowel Шаблон:IPA, leaving 'F' available for Шаблон:IPA. And so out of the various vav variants in the Mediterranean world, the letter F entered the Roman alphabet attached to a sound which the Greeks did not have. The Roman alphabet forms the basis of the alphabet used today for English and many other languages.
The lowercase 'f' is not related to the visually similar long s, 'ſ' (or medial s). The use of the long s largely died out by the beginning of the 19th century, mostly to prevent confusion with 'f' when using a short mid-bar.
Use in writing systems
English
In the English writing system Шаблон:Angbr is used to represent the sound Шаблон:IPAc-en, the voiceless labiodental fricative. It is often doubled at the end of words. Exceptionally, it represents the voiced labiodental fricative Шаблон:IPAc-en in the common word "of". F is the eleventh least frequently used letter in the English language (after G, Y, P, B, V, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 2.23% in words.
Other languages
In the writing systems of other languages, Шаблон:Angbr commonly represents Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.
- In French orthography, Шаблон:Angbr is used to represent Шаблон:IPA. It may also be silent at the end of words.
- In Spanish orthography, Шаблон:Angbr is used to represent Шаблон:IPA.
- In Esperanto orthography, Шаблон:Angbr is used to represent Шаблон:IPA.
- In the Hepburn romanization of Japanese, Шаблон:Angbr is used to represent Шаблон:IPA. This sound is usually considered to be an allophone of Шаблон:IPA, which is pronounced in different ways depending upon its context; Japanese Шаблон:IPA is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA.
- In Welsh orthography, Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPA while Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPA.
- In Slavic languages, Шаблон:Angbr is used primarily in words of foreign (Hellenic, Romance, or Germanic) origin.
- In spoken Icelandic, Шаблон:Angbr in the middle of a word is often voiced to Шаблон:IPA (e.g. Að sofa - to sleep).
International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses Шаблон:Angbr IPA to represent the voiceless labiodental fricative.
In mathematics
An italic letter Шаблон:Mvar is conventionally used to denote an arbitrary function. See also f with hook (ƒ).
In music
A bold italic letter Шаблон:Serif is used in musical notation as a dynamic indicator for "loud or strong". It stands for the Italian word forte.[2][3]
In education
In countries such as the United States, the letter "F" is defined as a failure in terms of academic evaluation. Other countries that use this system include Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and the Netherlands.
In computing
In the hexadecimal number system, the letter "F" or "f" is used to represent the hexadecimal digit fifteen (equivalent to 1510).
Other uses
Шаблон:Main The letter F has become an Internet meme, where it is used to pay respects. This use is derived from the 2014 video game Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, where in a quick-time event protagonist Jack Mitchell must pay his respects to his friend Will Irons who fell in combat in a previous mission, represented by the player pressing F when playing the PC version. People on the Internet use the letter F usually in a genuine way to express respects, sadness or condolences towards other Internet personalities, Internet memes or other players on certain events, such as death, misfortune or the end of a phenomenon, company, game, series, etc.[4]
Related characters
Ancestors, descendants and siblings
- F with diacritics:
- ꬵ : Lenis F is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system[7]
- f: Superscript "f", encoded as Шаблон:Unichar in the Phonetic Extensions Supplement block of Unicode, is used in some forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet.[6]
- ꜰ : Small capital F was used in the Icelandic First Grammatical Treatise to mark gemination[10]
- ꟳ : Modifier letter capital F[11] - Used to mark tone for the Chatino orthography in Oaxaca, Mexico; Used as a generic transcription for a falling tone; Used in para-IPA notation
- Ꝼ ꝼ : Insular F is used in Norse and Old English contexts[12]
- ꟻ : Reversed F was used in ancient Roman texts to stand for Шаблон:Lang (daughter) or Шаблон:Lang (woman)[13]
- Ⅎ ⅎ : Claudian letters[14]
- 𐤅: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Ϝ ϝ : Greek letter Digamma, from which F derives
- 𐌅 : Old Italic V/F (originally used for V, in languages such as Etruscan and Oscan), which derives from Greek Digamma, and is the ancestor of modern Latin F
- Y y : Latin letter Y, sharing its roots with F
- V v : Latin letter V, also sharing its roots with F
- Ϝ ϝ : Greek letter Digamma, from which F derives
Ligatures and abbreviations
- ₣ : French franc, Latin capital letter F with stroke
- Шаблон:Not a typo : degree Fahrenheit
- F : Fluorine, a chemical element uses the symbol F
Code points
These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems Шаблон:Charmap
Other representations
Use as a number
In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, F is a number that corresponds to the number 15 in decimal (base 10) counting.
Notes
References
External links
Шаблон:- Шаблон:Latin alphabet
- ↑ "F", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); "ef", "eff", "bee" (under "bee eff"), op. cit.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite work
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
