Английская Википедия:Félix I

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Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Infobox event Félix I (officially "F-360-BD") was a Brazilian Army Technical School (today's Military Institute of EngineeringШаблон:Sfn) project led by Lieutenant Colonel Manoel dos Santos Lage which aimed, in 1959, to launch the Flamengo cat into space. But the project was canceled due to pressure from animal advocacy groups, and the launch never took place.

History

Origins

The project, also known as "Operation Meow",Шаблон:Sfn with limited financial resources, was part of the graduation class of 1958 of the Army Technical School that aimed to create a sounding rocket, something unheard of in Brazil at the time.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The official name was "Rocket Sonda 360-BD", unrelated to the later Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:Sfn

The rocket had an outer diameter of 400 mm, a length of 4.3 meters, and a total mass of 350 kg with the payload, and it used only a single stage and was propelled by gunpowder,Шаблон:Sfn reaching a maximum speed of 1.950 m/s.Шаблон:Sfn Lieutenant-Colonel Myearel dos Santos Lage's ultimate goal,Шаблон:Efn head of the Rocket Program and leader of the project, but not shared by the institution, was to develop a satellite launch vehicle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The project also had the collaboration of scientists Carlos Chagas Filho and César Lattes.Шаблон:Sfn Carlos Chagas Filho was responsible for the idea of choosing a cat, because he was interested in observing how these animals reacted under laboratory conditions.Шаблон:Sfn Most of the material used to build the rocket was obtained from the War Arsenal.Шаблон:Sfn

The project, which aimed to test a guided missile costing Cr$600,000,Шаблон:Efn was nicknamed "Felix I" by the Rio de Janeiro press after they discovered their intention to launch a cat, Flamengo, into space. Originally they planned for the rocket to reach the 300 km mark, but this was abandoned due to difficulties in the calculations.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The final decision was that the class of 1958 would develop a rocket that reached an apogee of 120 km and the class of 1950 would work on one that reached 300 km, with the ultimate goal of developing a Thor-type rocket that would reach orbits greater than 500 km by June 1960.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Initially the rocket was to be launched in 1957, but it was delayed twice and by December 1958 they hoped to launch in early January 1959.Шаблон:Sfn

Flight plan

Файл:Foguete Félix I.jpg
Colonel Lage with the rocket

The rocket would be launched from a base in Cabo Frio. Its accelerometer would be connected to a transmitter at a frequency of 73 Mc/s.Шаблон:Sfn César Lattes was responsible for building three transmitters and the instruments aimed at cosmic ray detection;Шаблон:Efn Lieutenant-Colonel Carlos Alberto Braga Coelho built the electronics of the rocket; Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF) developed the instruments for monitoring the cat's health; and astronomer Mário Ferreira Dias, from the Valongo Observatory, developed the calculations related to the flight.Шаблон:Sfn

The combustion chamber was built by the Army War Arsenal in company with the students of the Armaments Course, with the carbon steel plate produced by the Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional. The rocket was painted silver with red stripes in a spiral, to help the visibility of the rocket in flight, as the process would be monitored by the National Observatory.Шаблон:Sfn

The rocket thrust was predicted to be 1,920 kgf with 6G of acceleration, 19.3s of combustion, and a final velocity of 1,960 m/s. The propellant, developed by the Army Technical School, was called "BD 1000C Gunpowder".Шаблон:Sfn The rocket would carry a 180-kilogram payload of gunpowder to reach the ionosphere.Шаблон:Sfn

The payload fairing, with a final mass of 30 kg, would contain an acrylic chamber for the cat, as well as the other instruments for the mission. The chamber, with the return speed estimated at 1,800 m/s,Шаблон:Sfn would initially be rescued by two <math>4.5 m^2</math> air braking devices, and would be followed by a 68 kg parachute developed by the Army Air Ground Division Core, open at an altitude of 5,000 meters,Шаблон:Sfn all in an automatic way.Шаблон:Sfn The cat would have four hours of oxygenШаблон:Sfn and would be placed face up on a nylon mattress. The flight would last 40 minutes, falling into the sea 30 kilometers from the launch pad, off Angra dos Reis, and would be rescued by the Brazilian Navy. Rescuing the cat alive was considered the greatest challenge of the project.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The rocket stages would be rescued by two parachutes.Шаблон:Sfn Finally, the flight date would be analyzed by César Lattes.Шаблон:Sfn

If the mission was successful, the future rockets would be made available to the National Nuclear Energy Council and the Шаблон:Ill for scientific research.Шаблон:Sfn

Flamengo

Файл:Gato Flamengo.jpg
Flamengo in 1958. Caption: “The cat will return alive!”

Flamengo,Шаблон:Efn popularly known as "Meow",Шаблон:Sfn the tomcat of Lieutenant-Colonel Lage's daughters, was one of the twelve candidates for the flight. He was the leading candidate and would only be released if he was in good health on the day of the flightШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and his presence on the flight was already confirmed in December 1958.Шаблон:Sfn But in October 1958, the Diário do Paraná announced that Carlos Chagas Filho would replace the animal with an amoeba, arguing that a microscopic animal would be of greater scientific use in the study of cosmic rays.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Despite this, Colonel Lage kept the cat in the projectШаблон:Sfn and when asked in 1959 about the reason for launching the cat, he replied: "... the recovery of this cat, alive, will be an extraordinary achievement".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn On 19 December 1958 the cat posed for the media inside the Technical School.Шаблон:Sfn If the launch had taken place, it would have been Latin America's first living being in space.Шаблон:Sfn

Controversy

Carlos Chagas Filho, when the experiment began to gain visibility in the media, renounced any renewed interest in sending a cat on the mission and the possibility of any scientific learning, besides citing that the acrylic capsule would face difficulties with drastic temperature changes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Файл:Flamengo e sua dona.jpg
Flamengo and his owner in 1958

In addition to the disagreement with Carlos Chagas Filho, the project team received protests from the "North American Feline Society," something that the project manager disregarded, believing in the safety of the vehicle. The Шаблон:Ill also opposed the use of the cat.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Members of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and other experts were also skeptical of Flamengo's chances of survival, and Leo Rosen, vice president of SUIPA, also reiterated the group's position against the experimentШаблон:Sfn SUIPA also sent an appeal and a petition, signed by, among others, Rachel de Queiroz and Carlos Drummond de Andrade, to the Commander of the Army Technical School and to the Minister of War, General Teixeira Lott, against launching the cat in the rocket.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On the issue of animal experiments, SUIPA only advocated when extremely necessary, and was skeptical of the need for the cat experiment.Шаблон:Sfn The Brazilian government received thousands of letters protesting against the experiment, but the Army ignored them.Шаблон:Sfn And despite all the protests, including from Europe, the project leader continued with his plans.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In November 1958 it was announced that the launch would be held in secret to "avoid sensationalism"Шаблон:Sfn and in the same month Colonel João Luís Vieira Maldonado, director of the Meteorology Service, said that the rocket would only carry sounding devices, and no longer the cat.Шаблон:Sfn However, in January 1959, Colonel Lage still hoped to make the launch with the catШаблон:Sfn and in February of the same year they planned to launch in March.Шаблон:Sfn However, in May 1959, the launch had not yet occurred and freshmen from the National Engineering School held a parade where, among other things, they criticized and satirized the project.Шаблон:Sfn In December 1958 the Army announced that it would test a prototype of the rocket before the official launch.Шаблон:Sfn

End of project

In January 1959 the rocket was on display at the Armament Museum of the Army Technical School.Шаблон:Sfn By 1961 it was already clear that the launch had not taken place.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn It was the last rocket project that Colonel Lage participated inШаблон:Sfn and was terminated without flying.Шаблон:Sfn Finally, on 18 October 1963, the cat Félicette made a suborbital flight as part of the French space program, returned alive, and was sacrificed after two months for an autopsy and study of her brain.Шаблон:Sfn Colonel Lage was transferred from the Army Technical School in 1960 and all the equipment related to the rocket was disassembled.Шаблон:Sfn Myearel Lage, already a General, born on 4 June 1910, died on 5 August 1977.Шаблон:Sfn The Army Technical School was abolished in favor of the Military Institute of Engineering.Шаблон:Sfn

Because of the project, at that time Brazil was considered one of the three countries with space technology, alongside the United States and the Soviet Union.Шаблон:Sfn In terms of satellite launch capabilities, years later Brazil developed the unsuccessful VLS project, terminated in 2016. The country is currently working on the VLM project.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

References

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Notes

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Bibliography

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