Английская Википедия:Führer Headquarters

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Файл:Hitler-Headquarters-Europe.png

Map showing the locations of the Führer Headquarters throughout Europe

The Führer Headquarters (Шаблон:Lang-de), abbreviated FHQ, were a number of official headquarters used by the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler and various other German commanders and officials throughout Europe during World War II. The last one used, the Шаблон:Lang in Berlin, where Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945, is the most widely known headquarter. Other notable headquarters are the Wolfsschanze (Wolf's Lair) in East Prussia, where Claus von Stauffenberg in league with other conspirators attempted to assassinate Hitler on 20 July 1944, and Hitler's private home, the Berghof, at Obersalzberg near Berchtesgaden, where he frequently met with prominent foreign and domestic officials.

Introduction

Файл:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1999-0412-502, Obersalzberg, Berghof von Adolf Hitler.jpg

The Berghof, Hitler's home near Berchtesgaden, became part of the Obersalzberg military complex. Other than the Wolfsschanze in East Prussia, Hitler spent more time at the Berghof than anywhere else during World War II.

At the beginning of World War II there were no permanent headquarters constructed for the Führer. Hitler visited the frontlines using either airplanes or his special train, the Führersonderzug; thus, the Führersonderzug can be considered as the first of his field headquarters. The first permanent installation which became a Führer Headquarters was the Felsennest, which was used by Hitler during the Battle of France in May, 1940. Hitler actually spent very little time in Berlin during the war, and the dwellings he most frequently used were the Berghof and the Wolfsschanze, spending more than 800 days at the latter.

The Führer Headquarters were especially designed to work as command facilities for the Führer, which meant all necessary demands were taken into consideration; communications, conference rooms, safety measures, bunkers, guard facilities etc. were prepared accordingly. Even Berghof and the Obersalzberg complex were modified and extended with considerable defense facilities (bunkers, guard posts etc.). The Wehrmachtbericht, a daily propaganda broadcast covering the war, was also transmitted from the Führer Headquarters.

The Fuhrerhauptquartiere programme used over one million cubic metres of concrete, more than half at Anlage Riese and Wolfsschlucht II. Forced labourers worked for nearly twelve million working days; two-thirds at Anlage Riese, Wolfsschlucht II and Wolfsschanze. Шаблон:Sfn

The Führer Headquarters cannot be considered as strict military headquarters; the Wehrmacht had their own, distinctly located in other places, yet often in the vicinity of the FHQs. Nevertheless, because Hitler directly controlled much of the German war effort, the FHQs more often than not became de facto military headquarters. In reality, Nazi Germany's military command during the war generally rested upon Hitler's directives, while the rest of the military command structure, especially the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) (directly controlled by Hitler) was reduced to executing his decisions, as compared to most other nations' command structures, which generally had more independence in decision-making.Шаблон:Cn

Terminology

Файл:FuehrerBunkerBerlinLocation.jpg

The location of the Шаблон:Lang and Vorbunker in Berlin, 1945

Every place Hitler stayed cannot be considered as a Führer Headquarters, and he did not stay at every official FHQ. Furthermore, some sources may not refer to the Berghof and the Шаблон:Lang as official German Führerhauptquartiere at that time in history, but both of them became de facto Führer Headquarters; thus, they are historically often referred to as such.

The Berghof was modified in much the same way as other FHQs, and Hitler had daily conferences on military matters there in the latter part of the war. The "Eagle's Nest", i.e. the Kehlsteinhaus, was rarely used and may not be considered a FHQ as such alone; however, it was associated with the Berghof and part of the Obersalzberg military complex.

The Führerbunker was located about Шаблон:Convert beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery at Wilhelmstraße 77, and Шаблон:Convert north of the new Reich Chancellery building at Voßstraße 6 in Berlin. It became a de facto Führer Headquarters during the Battle of Berlin, and ultimately, the last of his headquarters.

Файл:Brunehilde Anlage 2011-04-23 009.JPG

Brunhilde near Angevillers in France seen in 2011

Headquarters locations

There were about 14 known completed Führer Headquarters (of about 20 planned):

Name	Alternative designations	Location	Build started	Completed	Usage as Führer Headquarters
Adlerhorst	Mühle (OT) Bauvorhaben Z Lager K Bauvorhaben C	Bad Nauheim, Germany	1 Sep 1939	yes	yes – used by Hitler during the Ardennes offensive; was too late for invasion of Poland, and Hitler told Speer it was "too luxurious ... the Führer must show Spartan simplicity".Шаблон:Sfn
Anlage Mitte	Askania Mitte	Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland	1 Dec 1940	yes	no – only industry
Anlage Riese	none	Wałbrzych (Waldenburg), Poland	Oct 1943	no	no
Anlage Süd	Askania Süd	Strzyżów, Poland	1 Oct 1940	yes	yes, Hitler met with Mussolini here on 27–28 August 1941
Berghof	none	Obersalzberg, Berchtesgaden, Germany	?	yes	yes – also thought by the Allies to be within an Alpine Fortress "last stand" territory of the Third Reich
Bärenhöhle	none	Smolensk, Russia; Platform of Gniesdovo station lengthened for FührersonderzugШаблон:Sfn	1 Oct 1941	yes	no – used by Army Group Centre
Felsennest	none	Rodert, Bad Münstereifel, Germany	1940	yes	yes, used by Hitler during the Battle of France in May, 1940
Frühlingssturm	none	Mönichkirchen, Austria	12 April 1941	yes	yes. Trains Amerika and Atlas, and Mönichkirchen goods station, for invasion of Yugoslavia, until 27 April 1941
Führerbunker	none	Berlin, Germany	1943	yes	yes, Hitler committed suicide here in 1945
Führersonderzug	(a special train) "Amerika", "Brandenburg"	various (movable)	1939?	yes	yes
Olga	none	200 km north of Minsk, Belarus	1 July 1943	no	no
S III	Wolfsturm, Olga etc.	Ohrdruf, Germany	Autumn 1944 (?)	no	no
Siegfried	HagenШаблон:Sfn	Pullach, Germany (south of Munich)	?	?	no
Tannenberg	none	Freudenstadt/Kniebis, Germany	1 Oct 1939	yes	yes (27 June – 5 July 1940)
W3	Wolfsschlucht III	Saint-Rimay, 15 km west of Vendôme, France	1 May 1942	no.	no. Built around a railway tunnel with armoured doors to protect the Führersonderzug, with bunkers for Hitler and for his staff at northeast entrance. Had anti-aircraft emplacements.Шаблон:Sfn
Waldwiese	none	Glan-Münchweiler, Germany	1 Oct 1939	yes	no
Wasserburg	none	Pskow (Pleskau), Russia	1 Nov 1942	yes	no (assigned to Army Group North)
Werwolf	Eichenhain	Vinnytsia, Ukraine	1 Nov 1941	yes	yes, on 28 December 1943 Hitler ordered its demolition after failure of Operation CitadelШаблон:Sfn
Wolfsschanze	Askania Nord, "Wolf's Lair"	Kętrzyn (Rastenburg), Poland	1 Dec 1940	yes	yes, site of the failed 20 July plot on Hitler's life
Wolfsschlucht I		Brûly-de-Pesche near Couvin, Belgium	1 May 1940	yes	yes. A further bunker planned near the Wolfspalast (formerly the village inn) was not completed.Шаблон:Sfn
Wolfsschlucht II	W2, later Zucarello Шаблон:Sfn	between villages of Margival and Laffaux, France. The Führerbunker was 2 km up the track from the Margival train station.Шаблон:Sfn	1 Sep 1942	yes	yes. Built around a railway tunnel with armoured doors to protect the Führersonderzug. The compound had six large bunkers; an OKW bunker was adjacent to the Führerbunker, also signals and guest bunkers and anti-aircraft emplacements. Шаблон:Sfn
Zigeuner	Brunhilde	Thionville, France; used Maginot Line tunnelsШаблон:Sfn	1 Apr 1944	no	no

Special train (Führersonderzug)

Шаблон:Main The Führersonderzug train was named Führersonderzug "Amerika" in 1940, and later Führersonderzug "Brandenburg". The train was used as a headquarters until the Balkans campaign. Afterwards, the train was not used as Führer Headquarters, however Hitler continued to travel on it throughout the war between Berlin, Berchtesgaden, Munich and other headquarters.

See also

• National redoubt (the supposed Nazi "Alpenfestung" (Alpine Fortress))
• Nazi architecture
• Vorbunker
• Map over places

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Hansen, Hans-Josef: Felsennest - Das vergessene Führerhauptquartier in der Eifel. Bau, Nutzung, Zerstörung. Aachen 2006, Helios-Verlag, Шаблон:ISBN.
• Kuffner, Alexander: Zeitreiseführer Eifel 1933-45. Helios, Aachen 2007, Шаблон:ISBN.
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Raiber, Richard, Guide to Hitler's Headquarters, After the Battle, No.19, Special Edition, Battle of Britain International Ltd, 1977, London
• Ramsey, Winston G. (editor) & Posch, Tom (researcher), The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole, After the Battle, No.61, Special Edition, Battle of Britain International Ltd, 1988, London
• Pierre Rhode/Werner Sünkel: Wolfsschlucht 2 – Autopsie eines Führerhauptquartiers, Verlag Werner Sünkel Geschichte+Technik, Leinburg 1993, Шаблон:ISBN
• Werner Sünkel/Rudolf Rack/Pierre Rhode: Adlerhorst – Autopsie eines Führerhauptquartiers, Verlag Werner Sünkel Geschichte +Technik, Offenhausen 1998, Шаблон:ISBN
• von Loringhoven, Bernd Freytag/d’Alançon, François: Mit Hitler im Bunker. Aufzeichnungen aus dem Führerhauptquartier Juli 1944 – April 1945. Berlin 2005, wjs-Verlag, Шаблон:ISBN.
• Schulz, Alfons: Drei Jahre in der Nachrichtenzentrale des Führerhauptquartiers. Christiana-Verlag, Stein am Rhein. 2. Aufl. 1997. Шаблон:ISBN.
• Seidler, Franz W./Zeigert, Dieter : Die Führerhauptquartiere. Anlagen und Planungen im Zweiten Weltkrieg. München: Herbig 2000. Шаблон:ISBN.

External links

• Bundesarchiv – Der Kommandant Führerhauptquartiere