Английская Википедия:Führerbunker

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Pp-move-indef Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Infobox building

Файл:Karte-reichskanzlei.jpg
3D model of the New Reich Chancellery with location of bunker complex in red
Файл:Karte-fuehrerbunker.jpg
3D model of Шаблон:Lang (left) and Vorbunker (right)

The Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-de) was an air raid shelter located near the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, Germany. It was part of a subterranean bunker complex constructed in two phases in 1936 and 1944. It was the last of the Führer Headquarters (Führerhauptquartiere) used by Adolf Hitler during World War II.

Hitler took up residence in the Шаблон:Lang on 16 January 1945, and it became the centre of the Nazi regime until the last week of World War II in Europe. Hitler married Eva Braun there on 29 April 1945, less than 40 hours before they committed suicide.

After the war, both the old and new Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviets. The underground complex remained largely undisturbed until 1988–89, despite some attempts at demolition. The excavated sections of the old bunker complex were mostly destroyed during reconstruction of that area of Berlin. The site remained unmarked until 2006, when a small plaque was installed with a schematic diagram. Some corridors of the bunker still exist but are sealed off from the public.

Construction

The Reich Chancellery bunker was initially constructed as a temporary air-raid shelter for Hitler, who actually spent very little time in the capital during most of the war. Increased bombing of Berlin led to expansion of the complex as an improvised permanent shelter. The elaborate complex consisted of two separate shelters, the Vorbunker ("forward bunker"; the upper bunker), completed in 1936, and the Шаблон:Lang, located Шаблон:Convert lower than the Vorbunker and to the west-southwest, completed in 1944.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They were connected by a stairway set at right angles and could be closed off from each other by a bulkhead and steel door.Шаблон:Sfn The Vorbunker was located Шаблон:Convert beneath the cellar of a large reception hall behind the old Reich Chancellery at Wilhelmstrasse 77.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Lang was located about Шаблон:Convert beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery, Шаблон:Convert north of the new Reich Chancellery building at Voßstraße 6.Шаблон:Sfn Besides being deeper under ground, the Шаблон:Lang had significantly more reinforcement. Its roof was made of concrete almost Шаблон:Convert thick.Шаблон:Sfn About 30 small rooms were protected by approximately Шаблон:Convert of concrete; exits led into the main buildings, as well as an emergency exit up to the garden. The Шаблон:Lang development was built by the Hochtief company as part of an extensive programme of subterranean construction in Berlin begun in 1940.Шаблон:Sfn

Hitler's accommodations were in this newer, lower section, and by February 1945 it had been decorated with high-quality furniture taken from the Chancellery, along with several framed oil paintings.Шаблон:Sfn After descending the stairs into the lower section and passing through the steel door, there was a long corridor with a series of rooms on each side.Шаблон:Sfn On the right side were a series of rooms which included generator/ventilation rooms and the telephone switchboard.Шаблон:Sfn On the left side was Eva Braun's bedroom/sitting room (also known as Hitler's private guest room), an antechamber (also known as Hitler's sitting room), which led into Hitler's study/office.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On the wall hung a large portrait of Frederick the Great, one of Hitler's heroes.Шаблон:Sfn A door led into Hitler's modestly furnished bedroom.Шаблон:Sfn Next to it was the conference/map room (also known as the briefing/situation room) which had a door that led out into the waiting room/anteroom.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The bunker complex was self-contained.Шаблон:Sfn However, as the Шаблон:Lang was below the water table, conditions were unpleasantly damp, with pumps running continuously to remove groundwater. A diesel generator provided electricity, and well water was pumped in as the water supply.Шаблон:Sfn Communications systems included a telex, a telephone switchboard, and an army radio set with an outdoor antenna. As conditions deteriorated at the end of the war, Hitler received much of his war news from BBC radio broadcasts and via courier.Шаблон:Sfn

End of World War II

Шаблон:See also

Шаблон:Multiple image

Hitler moved into the Шаблон:Lang on 16 January 1945, joined by his senior staff, including Martin Bormann. Eva Braun and Joseph Goebbels joined them in April, while Magda Goebbels and their six children took residence in the upper Vorbunker.Шаблон:Sfn Two or three dozen support, medical, and administrative staff were also sheltered there. These included Hitler's secretaries (including Traudl Junge), a nurse named Erna Flegel, and Sergeant Rochus Misch, who was both bodyguard and telephone switchboard operator. Initially, Hitler continued to use the undamaged wing of the Reich Chancellery, where he held afternoon military conferences in his large study.Шаблон:Sfn Afterwards, he would have tea with his secretaries before returning to the bunker complex for the night. After several weeks of this routine, Hitler seldom left the bunker except for short strolls in the chancellery garden with his dog Blondi.Шаблон:Sfn The bunker was crowded, the atmosphere was oppressive, and air raids occurred daily.Шаблон:Sfn Hitler mostly stayed on the lower level, where it was quieter and he could sleep.Шаблон:Sfn Conferences took place for much of the night,Шаблон:Sfn often until 05:00.Шаблон:Sfn

On 16 April, the Red Army started the Battle of Berlin, and they started to encircle the city by 19 April.Шаблон:Sfn Hitler made his last trip to the surface on 20 April, his 56th birthday, going to the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery where he awarded the Iron Cross to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth.Шаблон:Sfn That afternoon, Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time.Шаблон:Sfn

Hitler was in denial about the dire situation and placed his hopes on the units commanded by Waffen-SS General Felix Steiner, the Armeeabteilung Steiner ("Army Detachment Steiner"). On 21 April, Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the encircling Soviet salient and ordered the German Ninth Army, south-east of Berlin, to attack northward in a pincer attack.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn That evening, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of Berlin.Шаблон:Sfn Hitler was told at his afternoon situation conference on 22 April that Steiner's forces had not moved, and he fell into a tearful rage when he realised that the attack was not going to be carried out. He openly declared for the first time the war was lost—and he blamed his generals. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself.Шаблон:Sfn

On 23 April,Шаблон:Efn Hitler appointed General of the Artillery Helmuth Weidling, commander of the LVI Panzer Corps, as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area, replacing Lieutenant-Colonel (Шаблон:Lang) Ernst Kaether.Шаблон:Sfn The Red Army had consolidated their investment of Berlin by 25 April, despite the commands being issued from the Шаблон:Lang. There was no prospect that the German defence could do anything but delay the city's capture.Шаблон:Sfn Hitler summoned Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Hermann Göring, and he arrived on 26 April along with his mistress, the test pilot Hanna Reitsch.Шаблон:Sfn

On 28 April, Hitler learned that Шаблон:Lang Heinrich Himmler was trying to discuss surrender terms with the Western Allies through Count Folke Bernadotte,Шаблон:Sfn and Hitler considered this treason.Шаблон:Sfn Himmler's SS representative in Berlin Hermann Fegelein was shot after being court-martialed for desertion, and Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On the same day, General Hans Krebs made his last telephone call from the Шаблон:Lang to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, Chief of German Armed Forces High Command (OKW) in Fürstenberg. Krebs told him that all would be lost if relief did not arrive within 48 hours. Keitel promised to exert the utmost pressure on Generals Walther Wenck, commander of the Twelfth Army, and Theodor Busse, commander of the Ninth Army. Meanwhile, Bormann wired to German Admiral Karl Dönitz: "Reich Chancellery a heap of rubble."Шаблон:Sfn He said that the foreign press was reporting fresh acts of treason and "that without exception Schörner, Wenck and the others must give evidence of their loyalty by the quickest relief of the Führer".Шаблон:Sfn

That evening, von Greim and Reitsch flew out from Berlin in an Arado Ar 96 trainer. Field Marshal von Greim was ordered to get the Luftwaffe to attack the Soviet forces that had just reached Potsdamer Platz, only a city block from the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn During the night of 28 April, General Wenck reported to Keitel that his Twelfth Army had been forced back along the entire front and it was no longer possible for his army to relieve Berlin.Шаблон:Sfn Keitel gave Wenck permission to break off the attempt.Шаблон:Sfn

Hitler married Eva Braun after midnight on 28–29 April in a small civil ceremony within the Шаблон:Lang. He then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf, Goebbels, and Bormann witnessed and signed the documents at approximately 04:00.Шаблон:Sfn Hitler then retired to bed.Шаблон:Sfn

Late in the evening of 29 April, Krebs contacted Jodl by radio: "Request immediate report. Firstly of the whereabouts of Wenck's spearheads. Secondly of time intended to attack. Thirdly of the location of the Ninth Army. Fourthly of the precise place in which the Ninth Army will break through. Fifthly of the whereabouts of General Rudolf Holste's spearhead."Шаблон:Sfn In the early morning of 30 April, Jodl replied to Krebs: "Firstly, Wenck's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake. Secondly, Twelfth Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin. Thirdly, bulk of Ninth Army surrounded. Fourthly, Holste's Corps on the defensive."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke, commander of the centre government district of Berlin, informed Hitler during the morning of 30 April that he would be able to hold for less than two days. Later that morning, Weidling informed Hitler that the defenders would probably exhaust their ammunition that night and again asked him for permission to break out. Weidling finally received permission at about 13:00.Шаблон:Sfn Hitler shot himself later that afternoon, at around 15:30, while Eva took cyanide.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In accordance with Hitler's instructions, his and Eva's bodies were burned in the garden behind the Reich Chancellery.Шаблон:Sfn Goebbels became the new Head of Government and Chancellor of Germany (Reichskanzler) in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. Reichskanzler Goebbels and Bormann sent a radio message to Dönitz at 03:15, informing him of Hitler's death, and that he was the new Head of State and President of Germany (Reichspräsident), in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament.Шаблон:Sfn

Krebs talked to General Vasily Chuikov, commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army, at about 04:00 on 1 May,Шаблон:Efn and Chuikov demanded unconditional surrender of the remaining German forces. Krebs did not have the authority to surrender, so he returned to the bunker.Шаблон:Sfn In the late afternoon, Goebbels had his children poisoned, and he and his wife left the bunker at around 20:30.Шаблон:Sfn There are several different accounts on what followed. According to one account, Goebbels shot his wife and then himself. Another account was that they each bit on a cyanide ampule and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterwards.Шаблон:Sfn Goebbels' SS adjutant Günther Schwägermann testified in 1948 that the couple walked ahead of him up the stairs and out to the Chancellery garden. He waited in the stairwell and heard the shots, then walked up the remaining stairs and saw the lifeless bodies of the couple outside. He then followed Joseph Goebbels' order and had an SS soldier fire several shots into Goebbels' body, which did not move.Шаблон:Sfn The bodies were then doused with petrol and set alight, but the remains were only partially burned and not buried.Шаблон:Sfn

Weidling had given the order for the survivors to break out to the northwest, and the plan got underway at around 23:00. The first group from the Reich Chancellery was led by Mohnke; they tried unsuccessfully to break through the Soviet rings and were captured the next day. Mohnke was interrogated by SMERSH, like others who were captured from the Шаблон:Lang. The third breakout attempt from the Reich Chancellery was made around 01:00 on 2 May, and Bormann managed to cross the Spree. Artur Axmann followed the same route and reported seeing Bormann's body a short distance from the Weidendammer bridge.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

At 01:00, the Soviet forces picked up a radio message from the LVI Panzer Corps requesting a cease-fire. Down in the Шаблон:Lang, General Krebs and General Burgdorf committed suicide by gunshot to the head.Шаблон:Sfn The last defenders in the area of the bunker complex were mainly made up of Frenchmen of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne, others being Waffen-SS from the remnants of the 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, Latvian SS and Spanish SS units.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A group of French SS remained in the area of the bunker until the early morning of 2 May.Шаблон:Sfn The Soviet forces then captured the Reich Chancellery.Шаблон:Sfn General Weidling surrendered with his staff at 6:00, and his meeting with Chuikov ended at 8:23.Шаблон:Sfn Johannes Hentschel, the master electro-mechanic for the bunker complex, stayed after everyone else had either left or committed suicide, as the field hospital in the Reich Chancellery above needed power and water. He surrendered to the Red Army as they entered the bunker complex at 09:00 on 2 May.Шаблон:Sfn The bodies of Goebbels' six children were discovered on 3 May. They were found in their beds in the Vorbunker with the clear mark of cyanide shown on their faces.Шаблон:Sfn

Post-war events

The first post-war photos of the interior of the Шаблон:Lang were taken in July 1945. On 4 July, American writer James P. O'Donnell toured the bunker after giving the Soviet guard a pack of cigarettes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Many soldiers, politicians, and diplomats visited the bunker complex in the following days and months. Winston Churchill visited the Reich Chancellery and bunker on 14 July 1945.Шаблон:Sfn On 11 December 1945, the Soviets allowed a limited investigation of the bunker grounds by the other Allied powers. Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil; this included the site where Hitler's remains had been exhumed that May. Found during the dig were two hats identified as Hitler's, an undergarment with Braun's initials, and some reports to Hitler from Goebbels. The representatives planned to continue the work, but when they arrived the next morning, an NKVD armed guard met them and accused them of removing documents from the Chancellery. This was denied, but no further outside investigation was allowed until years later.[1]

The outer ruins of both Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviets between 1945 and 1949 as part of an effort to destroy the landmarks of Nazi Germany. A detailed interior site investigation by the Soviets, including measurements, took place on 16 May 1946.Шаблон:Sfn Thereafter, the bunker largely survived, although some areas were partially flooded. In December 1947, the Soviets tried to blow up the bunker, but only the separation walls were damaged. In 1959, the East German government began a series of demolitions of the Chancellery, including the bunker.Шаблон:Sfn Because it was near the Berlin Wall, the site was undeveloped and neglected until 1988–89.Шаблон:Sfn During extensive construction of residential housing and other buildings on the site, work crews uncovered several underground sections of the old bunker complex; for the most part these were destroyed. Other parts of the Chancellery underground complex were uncovered, but these were ignored, filled in, or resealed.Шаблон:Sfn

Government authorities wanted to destroy the last vestiges of these Nazi landmarks.Шаблон:Sfn The construction of the buildings in the area around the Шаблон:Lang was a strategy for ensuring the surroundings remained anonymous and unremarkable.Шаблон:Sfn The emergency exit point for the Шаблон:Lang (which had been in the Chancellery gardens) was occupied by a car park.Шаблон:Sfn

On 8 June 2006, during the lead-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup, an information board was installed to mark the location of the Шаблон:Lang. The board, including a schematic diagram of the bunker, can be found at the corner of In den Ministergärten and Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße, two small streets about three minutes' walk from Potsdamer Platz. Rochus Misch, one of the last people living who was in the bunker at the time of Hitler's suicide, attended the ceremony.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

References

Informational notes

Шаблон:Notes

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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