Английская Википедия:F. W. de Klerk

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Family name hatnote Шаблон:Use South African English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox officeholder Frederik Willem de Klerk Шаблон:Post-nominals (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell, Шаблон:IPA; 18 March 1936 – 11 November 2021) was a South African politician who served as state president of South Africa from 1989 to 1994 and as deputy president from 1994 to 1996. As South Africa's last head of state from the era of white-minority rule, he and his government dismantled the apartheid system and introduced universal suffrage. Ideologically a social conservative and an economic liberal, he led the National Party (NP) from 1989 to 1997.

Born in Johannesburg to an influential Afrikaner family, de Klerk studied at Potchefstroom University before pursuing a career in law. Joining the NP, to which he had family ties, he was elected to parliament and sat in the white-minority government of P. W. Botha, holding a succession of ministerial posts. As a minister, he supported and enforced apartheid, a system of racial segregation that privileged white South Africans. After Botha resigned in 1989, de Klerk replaced him, first as leader of the NP and then as State President. Although observers expected him to continue Botha's defence of apartheid, de Klerk decided to end the policy. He was aware that growing ethnic animosity and violence was leading South Africa into a racial civil war. Amid this violence, the state security forces committed widespread human rights abuses and encouraged violence between the Xhosa and Zulu people, although de Klerk later denied sanctioning such actions. He permitted anti-apartheid marches to take place, legalised a range of previously banned anti-apartheid political parties, and freed imprisoned anti-apartheid activists such as Nelson Mandela. He also dismantled South Africa's nuclear weapons program.

De Klerk negotiated with Mandela to fully dismantle apartheid and establish a transition to universal suffrage. In 1993, he publicly apologised for apartheid's harmful effects. He oversaw the 1994 non-racial election in which Mandela led the African National Congress (ANC) to victory; de Klerk's NP took second place. De Klerk then became Deputy President in Mandela's ANC-led coalition, the Government of National Unity. In this position, he supported the government's continued liberal economic policies but opposed the Truth and Reconciliation Commission set up to investigate past human rights abuses because he wanted total amnesty for political crimes. His working relationship with Mandela was strained, although he later spoke fondly of him. In May 1996, after the NP objected to the new constitution, de Klerk withdrew it from the coalition government; the party disbanded the following year and reformed as the New National Party. In 1997, he retired from active politics and thereafter lectured internationally.

De Klerk was a controversial figure among many sections of South African society. He received many awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize (shared with Mandela) for his role in dismantling apartheid and bringing universal suffrage to South Africa. Conversely, he received criticism from anti-apartheid activists for offering only a qualified apology for apartheid, and for ignoring the human rights abuses by state security forces. He was also condemned by pro-apartheid Afrikaners, who contended that by abandoning apartheid, he betrayed the interests of the country's Afrikaner minority.

Early life and education

Childhood: 1936–1954

F. W. de Klerk was born on 18 March 1936 in Mayfair, a suburb of Johannesburg.Шаблон:Sfn His parents were Johannes "Jan" de Klerk and Hendrina Cornelia Coetzer—"her forefather was a Kutzer who stems from Austria." He was his parents' second son, having a brother, Willem de Klerk, who was eight years his senior.Шаблон:Sfn De Klerk's first language was Afrikaans and the earliest of his distant ancestors to arrive in what is now South Africa did so in the late 1680s.

De Klerk had a secure and comfortable upbringing, and his family had played a leading role in Afrikaner society;Шаблон:Sfn they had longstanding affiliations with South Africa's National Party.Шаблон:Sfn His paternal great-grandfather, Jan van Rooy, had been a Senator, while his paternal grandfather, Willem, had been a clergyman who fought in the Second Boer War and stood twice, unsuccessfully, as a National Party candidate.Шаблон:Sfn His paternal aunt's husband was J. G. Strijdom, a former Prime Minister.Шаблон:Sfnm His own father, Jan de Klerk, was also a senator, served as the secretary of the National Party in Transvaal, president of the senate for seven years, acting state president, and as a member of the country's cabinet for fifteen years under three prime ministers.Шаблон:Sfn In this environment, de Klerk was exposed to politics from childhood.Шаблон:Sfn He and family members would be encouraged to hold family debates; his more conservative opinions would be challenged by his brother Willem, who was sympathetic to the more liberal, "enlightened" faction of the National Party.Шаблон:Sfn Willem became a political analyst and later split from the National Party to found the liberal Democratic Party.Шаблон:Sfn

The name "de Klerk" is derived from Le Clerc, Le Clercq and De Clercq, and is of French Huguenot origin (meaning "clergyman" or "literate" in old French). De Klerk noted that he was also of Dutch descent, with an Indian ancestor from the late-1690s or early 1700s. He was also said to have been descended from the Khoi interpreter known as Krotoa or Eva.

When de Klerk was twelve years old, the apartheid system was officially institutionalised by the South African government;Шаблон:Sfn his father had been one of its originators.Шаблон:Sfn He therefore was, according to his brother, "one of a generation that grew up with the concept of apartheid".Шаблон:Sfn He was inculturated in the norms and values of Afrikaner society, including festivals like Kruger Day, loyalty to the Afrikaner nation, and stories of the "age of injustice" that the Afrikaner faced under the British.Шаблон:Sfn He was brought up in the Gereformeerde Kerk, the smallest and most socially conservative of South Africa's three Dutch Reformed Churches.Шаблон:Sfnm

The de Klerk family moved around South Africa during his childhood, and he changed schools seven times over seven years.Шаблон:Sfn He eventually became a boarder at the Hoërskool Monument (Monument High School) in Krugersdorp, where he graduated with a first-class pass in 1953.Шаблон:Sfn He was nevertheless disappointed not to get the four distinctions he was hoping for.Шаблон:Sfn

University and legal career

Between 1954 and 1958, de Klerk studied at Potchefstroom University, graduating with both a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Law.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He later noted that during this legal training, he "became accustomed to thinking in terms of legal principles".Шаблон:Sfn While studying there, he became editor of the student newspaper, vice-chair of the student council, and a member of the Afrikaanse Studentebond's (a large South African youth movement) national executive council.Шаблон:Sfn At university, he was initiated into the Broederbond, a secret society for the Afrikaner social elite.Шаблон:Sfn As a student, he played both tennis and hockey and was known as "something of a ladies' man".Шаблон:Sfn At the university, he began a relationship with Marike Willemse, the daughter of a professor at the University of Pretoria.Шаблон:Sfn The couple married in 1959, when de Klerk was 23 and his wife was 22.Шаблон:Sfn

After university, de Klerk pursued a legal career, becoming an articled clerk with the firm Pelser in Klerksdorp.Шаблон:Sfn Relocating to Pretoria, he became an articled clerk for another law firm, Mac-Robert.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1962, he set up his own law partnership in Vereeniging, Transvaal, which he built into a successful business over ten years.Шаблон:Sfn

During this period, he involved himself in a range of other activities. He was the national chair of the Junior Rapportryers for two years, and chair of the Law Society of Vaal Triangle.Шаблон:Sfn He was also on the council of the local technikon, on the council of his church, and on a local school board.Шаблон:Sfn

Early political career

In 1972, his alma mater offered him a chair in its law faculty, which he accepted.Шаблон:Sfnm Within a matter of days he was also approached by members of the National Party, who requested that he stand for the party at Vereeniging. De Klerk's candidature was successful and in November he was elected to the House of Assembly.Шаблон:Sfn There, he established a reputation as a formidable debater.Шаблон:Sfn He took on a number of roles in the party and government. He became the information officer of the Transvaal National Party, responsible for its propaganda output,Шаблон:Sfn and helped to establish a new National Party youth movement.Шаблон:Sfn He joined various party parliamentary study groups, including those on the Bantustans, labour, justice, and home affairs.Шаблон:Sfn As a member of various parliamentary groups, de Klerk went on several foreign visits, to Israel, West Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.Шаблон:Sfn It was in the latter in 1976 that he observed what he later described as the pervasive racism of US society, later noting that he "saw more racial incidents in one month there than in South Africa in a year".Шаблон:Sfn In South Africa, de Klerk also played a senior role in two select committees, one formulating a policy on opening hotels to non-Whites and the other formulating a new censorship law that was less strict than the one that had preceded it.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1975, Prime Minister John Vorster predicted that de Klerk would one day become leader of South Africa.Шаблон:Sfn Vorster planned to promote de Klerk to the position of a deputy minister in January 1976, but instead the job went to Andries Treurnicht.Шаблон:Sfn In April 1978, de Klerk was promoted to the position of Minister of Social Welfare and Pensions.Шаблон:Sfn In this role, he restored full autonomy to sporting control bodies which had for a time been under the jurisdiction of the government.Шаблон:Sfn As minister of Post and Telecommunications, he finalised contracts that oversaw the electrification of that sector.Шаблон:Sfn As Minister of Mining, he formalised a policy on coal exports and the structuring of Eskom and the Atomic Energy Corporation.Шаблон:Sfn He then became Minister of the Interior, he oversaw the repeal of the Mixed Marriages Act.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1981, de Klerk was awarded the Decoration for Meritorious Service for his work in the government.Шаблон:Sfn As education minister between 1984 and 1989, he upheld the apartheid system in South Africa's schools,Шаблон:Sfn and extended the department to cover all racial groups.Шаблон:Sfn

For most of his career, de Klerk had a very conservative reputation,Шаблон:Sfn and was seen as someone who would obstruct change in South Africa.Шаблон:Sfn He had been a forceful proponent of apartheid's system of racial segregation and was perceived as an advocate of the white minority's interests.Шаблон:Sfn While serving under P. W. Botha's government, de Klerk was never part of Botha's inner circle.Шаблон:Sfn

State presidency

P. W. Botha resigned as leader of the National Party after an apparent stroke, and de Klerk defeated Botha's preferred successor, finance minister Barend du Plessis, in the race to succeed him. On 2 February 1989, he was elected leader of the National Party.Шаблон:Sfnm He defeated main rival Barend du Plessis to the position by a majority of eight votes, 69–61.Шаблон:Sfn Soon after, he called for the introduction of a new South African constitution, hinting that it would need to provide greater concession to non-white racial groups.Шаблон:Sfn After becoming party leader, de Klerk extended his foreign contacts.Шаблон:Sfn He travelled to London, where he met with British prime minister Margaret Thatcher. Although she opposed the anti-apartheid movement's calls for economic sanctions against South Africa, at the meeting she urged de Klerk to release the imprisoned anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela.Шаблон:Sfn He also expressed a desire to meet with representatives of the US government in Washington, D.C., although American secretary of state James Baker informed him that the US government considered it inopportune to have de Klerk meet with President George H. W. Bush.Шаблон:Sfn

Becoming State President of South Africa

Файл:Frederik de Klerk with Nelson Mandela - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 1992.jpg

de Klerk and Nelson Mandela shake hands at the Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum held in Davos, January 1992

Botha resigned on 14 August 1989, and de Klerk was named acting State President of South Africa until 20 September, when he was elected to a full five-year term as State President.Шаблон:Sfn After he became acting State President, ANC leaders spoke out against him, believing that he would be no different from his predecessors;Шаблон:Sfn he was widely regarded as a staunch supporter of apartheid.Шаблон:Sfn The prominent anti-apartheid activist Desmond Tutu shared this assessment, stating: "I don't think we've got to even begin to pretend that there is any reason for thinking that we are entering a new phase. It's just musical chairs".Шаблон:Sfn Tutu and Allan Boesak had been planning a protest march in Cape Town, which the security chiefs wanted to prevent. De Klerk nevertheless turned down their proposal to ban it, agreeing to let the march proceed and stating that "the door to a new South Africa is open, it is not necessary to batter it down".Шаблон:Sfn The march took place and was attended by approximately 30,000 people.Шаблон:Sfn Further protest marches followed in Grahamstown, Johannesburg, Pretoria, and Durban.Шаблон:Sfn De Klerk later noted that his security forces could not have prevented the marchers from gathering: "The choice, therefore, was between breaking up an illegal march with all of the attendant risks of violence and negative publicity, or of allowing the march to continue, subject to conditions that could help to avoid violence and ensure good public order."Шаблон:Sfn This decision marked a clear departure from the Botha era.Шаблон:Sfn

As State President, he authorised the continuation of secret talks in Geneva between his National Intelligence Service and two exiled ANC leaders, Thabo Mbeki and Jacob Zuma.Шаблон:Sfn In October, he personally agreed to meet with Tutu, Boesak, and Frank Chikane in a private meeting in Pretoria.Шаблон:Sfn That month, he also released a number of elderly anti-apartheid activists then imprisoned, including Walter Sisulu.Шаблон:Sfnm He also ordered the closure of the National Security Management System.Шаблон:Sfn In December he visited Mandela in prison, speaking with him for three hours about the idea of transitioning away from white-minority rule.Шаблон:Sfn The collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the dissolution of the Soviet Union meant that he no longer feared that Marxists would manipulate the ANC.Шаблон:Sfn As he later related, the collapse of "the Marxist economic system in Eastern Europe... serves as a warning to those who insist on persisting with it in Africa. Those who seek to force this failure of a system on South Africa should engage in a total revision of their point of view. It should be clear to all that it is not the answer here either."Шаблон:Sfn

On 2 February 1990, in an address to the country's parliament, he introduced plans for sweeping reforms of the political system.Шаблон:Sfnm A number of banned political parties, including the ANC and Communist Party of South Africa, would be legalised,Шаблон:Sfnm although he emphasised that this did not constitute an endorsement of their socialist economic policies nor of violent actions carried out by their members.Шаблон:Sfn All of those who were imprisoned solely for belonging to a banned organisation would be freed,Шаблон:Sfn including Nelson Mandela;Шаблон:Sfnm the latter was released a week later.Шаблон:Sfn He also announced the lifting of the Separate Amenities Act of 1953, which governed the segregation of public facilities.Шаблон:Sfnm The vision set forth in de Klerk's address was for South Africa to become a Western-style liberal democracy;Шаблон:Sfn with a market-oriented economy which valued private enterprise and restricted the government's role in economics.Шаблон:Sfn

De Klerk later related that "that speech was mainly aimed at breaking our stalemate in Africa and the West. Internationally we were teetering on the edge of the abyss."Шаблон:Sfn Throughout South Africa and across the world, there was astonishment at de Klerk's move.Шаблон:Sfn Foreign press coverage was largely positive and de Klerk received messages of support from other governments.Шаблон:Sfn Tutu said that "It's incredible... Give him credit. Give him credit, I do."Шаблон:Sfn Some black radicals regarded it as a gimmick and that it would prove to be without substance.Шаблон:Sfn It was also received negatively by some on the white right-wing, including in the Conservative Party, who believed that de Klerk was betraying the white population.Шаблон:Sfn De Klerk believed that the sudden growth of the Conservatives and other white right-wing groups was a passing phase reflecting anxiety and insecurity.Шаблон:Sfn These white right-wing groups were aware that they would not get what they wanted through the forthcoming negotiations, and so increasingly tried to derail the negotiations using reactionary violence.Шаблон:Sfn The white-dominated liberal Democratic Party, meanwhile, found itself in limbo, as de Klerk embraced much of the platform it had espoused, leaving it without a clear purpose.Шаблон:Sfn

Further reforms followed; membership of the National Party was opened up to non-whites.Шаблон:Sfn In June, parliament approved new legislation that repealed the Natives Land Act, 1913 and Native Trust and Land Act, 1936.Шаблон:Sfn The Population Registration Act, which established the racial classificatory guidelines for South Africa, was rescinded.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1990, de Klerk gave orders to end South Africa's nuclear weapons programme; the process of nuclear disarmament was essentially completed in 1991. The existence of the nuclear programme was not officially acknowledged before 1993.

Negotiations toward universal suffrage

Файл:F.W. de Klerk, left, the last president of apartheid-era South Africa, and Nelson Mandela, his successor, wait to speak in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania LCCN2011634245.tif

de Klerk and Nelson Mandela, near the close of negotiations, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to receive jointly the Liberty Medal, July 1993

His presidency was dominated by the negotiation process, mainly between his NP government and the ANC, which led to the democratisation of South Africa. On 17 March 1992, de Klerk held a whites-only referendum on ending apartheid, with the result being an overwhelming "yes" vote to continue negotiations to end apartheid.

Nelson Mandela was distrustful of the role played by de Klerk in the negotiations, particularly as he believed that de Klerk was knowledgeable about 'third force' attempts to foment violence in the country and destabilise the negotiations. De Klerk's possible role in the 'third force' came to the attention of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, but was ultimately never clarified. De Klerk was accused by writer Anthony Sampson of complicity in the violence among the ANC, the Inkatha Freedom Party and elements of the security forces. He also accused de Klerk of permitting his ministers to build their own criminal empires.

On 17 July 1992, the Boipatong massacre by the Inkatha Freedom Party occurred, killing 45 people. The massacre caused a resurgence of international pressure against South Africa over claims of police collusion, leading to a weaker position at the negotiation tables for the National Party. The Goldstone Commission concluded there was no evidence of police collusion in the massacre.

On 30 April 1993, de Klerk issued an apology for the actions of the apartheid government, stating that: "It was not our intention to deprive people of their rights and to cause misery, but eventually apartheid led to just that. Insofar as to what occurred we deeply regret it... Yes we are sorry".Шаблон:Sfn Tutu urged people to accept the apology, stating that "saying sorry is not an easy thing to do... We should be magnanimous and accept it as a magnanimous act", although Tutu was privately frustrated that de Klerk's apology had been qualified and had not gone so far as to call apartheid an intrinsically evil policy.Шаблон:Sfn

De Klerk authorised the raid on Mthatha against suspected Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) fighters on 8 October 1993 that killed three teenagers and two twelve year olds. The Minister of Defence said the raid had been undertaken to pre-empt attacks by the APLA on civilians and that one of the victims had brandished a weapon. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission concluded the raid was a "gross violation of human rights"

On 10 December 1993, de Klerk and Mandela were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo for their work in ending apartheid.

South Africa held its first universal elections in 1994 from 26 to 29 April. The ANC won the election with 62 per cent, while the National Party received 20 per cent. De Klerk became deputy president in the national unity government under Nelson Mandela.

Deputy presidency

De Klerk had been unhappy that changes had been made to the inauguration ceremony, rendering it multi-religious rather than reflecting the newly elected leader's particular denomination.Шаблон:Sfn When he was being sworn in, and the chief justice said "So help me God", de Klerk did not repeat this, instead stating, in Afrikaans: "So help me the triune God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit".Шаблон:Sfn

Mandela reappointed de Klerk's finance minister, Derek Keys, and retained Chris Stals, a former member of the Broederbond, as the Governor of the South African Reserve Bank.Шаблон:Sfn De Klerk supported the coalition's economic policies, stating that it "accepted a broad framework of responsible economic policies".Шаблон:Sfn

De Klerk's working relationship with Mandela was often strained, with the former finding it difficult adjusting to the fact that he was no longer State President.Шаблон:Sfn De Klerk also felt that Mandela deliberately humiliated him, while Mandela found de Klerk to be needlessly provocative in cabinet.Шаблон:Sfn One dispute occurred in September 1995, after Mandela gave a Johannesburg speech criticising the National Party. Angered, de Klerk avoided Mandela until the latter requested they meet. The two ran into each other, and they publicly argued in the streets. Mandela later expressed regret for their disagreement but did not apologise for his original comments.Шаблон:Sfn De Klerk was also having problems from within his own party, some of whose members claimed that he was neglecting the party while in the government.Шаблон:Sfn

Many in the National Party—including many members of its executive committee—were unhappy with the other parties' agreed upon new constitution in May 1996.Шаблон:Sfn The party had wanted the constitution to guarantee that it would be represented in the government until 2004, although it did not do so. On 9 May, de Klerk withdrew the National Party from the coalition government.Шаблон:Sfn The decision shocked several of his six fellow Afrikaner cabinet colleagues; Pik Botha, for example, was left without a job as a result.Шаблон:Sfn Roelf Meyer felt betrayed by de Klerk's act, while Leon Wessels thought that de Klerk had not tried hard enough to make the coalition work.Шаблон:Sfn De Klerk declared that he would lead the National Party in vigorous opposition to Mandela's government to ensure "a proper multi-party democracy, without which there may be a danger of South Africa lapsing into the African pattern of one-party states".Шаблон:Sfn

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Файл:Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg

The chair of the TRC, Desmond Tutu, was frustrated that de Klerk did not take responsibility for the actions of the state security services in the early 1990s

In de Klerk's view, his greatest defeat in the negotiations with Mandela had been his inability to secure a blanket amnesty for all those working for the government or state during the apartheid period.Шаблон:Sfn De Klerk was unhappy with the formation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC).Шаблон:Sfn He had hoped that the TRC would be made up of an equal number of individuals from both the old and new governments, as there had been in the Chilean human rights commission. Instead, the TRC was designed to broadly reflect the wider diversity of South African society, and contained only two members who had explicitly supported apartheid, one a member of a right-wing group that had opposed de Klerk's National Party.Шаблон:Sfn De Klerk did not object to Tutu being selected as the TRC's chair for he regarded him as politically independent of Mandela's government, but he was upset that the white Progressive Party MP Alex Boraine had been selected as its deputy chair, later saying of Boraine: "beneath an urbane and deceptively affable exterior beat the heart of a zealot and an inquisitor."Шаблон:Sfn

De Klerk appeared before the TRC hearing to testify for Vlakplaas commanders who were accused of having committed human rights abuses during the apartheid era. He acknowledged that security forces had resorted to "unconventional strategies" in dealing with anti-apartheid revolutionaries, but that "within my knowledge and experience, they never included the authorization of assassination, murder, torture, rape, assault or the like".Шаблон:Sfn After further evidence of said abuses was produced by the commission, de Klerk stated that he found the revelations to be "as shocking and as abhorrent as anybody else" but insisted that he and other senior party members were not willing to accept responsibility for the "criminal actions of a handful of operatives", stating that their behaviour was "not authorized [and] not intended" by his government.Шаблон:Sfn Given the widespread and systemic nature of the abuses that had taken place, as well as statements by security officers that their actions had been sanctioned by higher ranking figures, Tutu questioned how de Klerk and other government figures could not have been aware of them.Шаблон:Sfn Tutu had hoped that de Klerk or another senior white political figure from the apartheid era would openly accept responsibility for the human rights abuses, thereby allowing South Africa to move on; this was something that de Klerk would not do.Шаблон:Sfn

The TRC found de Klerk guilty of being an accessory to gross violations of human rights on the basis that as State President he had been told that P. W. Botha had authorised the bombing of Khotso House but had not revealed this information to the committee.Шаблон:Sfn De Klerk challenged the TRC on this point, and it backed down.Шаблон:Sfn When the final TRC report was released in 2002, it made a more limited accusation: that de Klerk had failed to give full disclosure about events that took place during his presidency and that in view of his knowledge about the Khotso House bombing, his statement that none of his colleagues had authorised gross human rights abuses was "indefensible".Шаблон:Sfn In his later autobiography, de Klerk acknowledged that the TRC did significant damage to his public image.Шаблон:Sfn

Later life

In 1994, de Klerk was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

In 1997, de Klerk was offered the Harper Fellowship at Yale Law School. He declined, citing protests at the university. De Klerk did, however, speak at Central Connecticut State University the day before his fellowship would have begun.

Файл:Secretary Clinton Meets With Former South African President F.W. de Klerk.jpg

de Klerk with U.S. secretary of state Hillary Clinton in 2012

In 1999, de Klerk and his wife of 38 years, Marike de Klerk, were divorced following the discovery of his affair with Elita Georgiades, then the wife of Tony Georgiades, a Greek shipping tycoon who had allegedly given de Klerk and the NP financial support. Soon after his divorce, de Klerk and Georgiades were married. His divorce and remarriage scandalised conservative South African opinion, especially among the Calvinist Afrikaners. In 1999, his autobiography, The Last Trek – A New Beginning, was published. In 2002, following the murder of his former wife, the manuscript of her own autobiography, A Place Where the Sun Shines Again, was submitted to de Klerk, who urged the publishers to suppress a chapter dealing with his infidelity.

In 2000, de Klerk established the pro-peace FW de Klerk Foundation of which he was the chairman. De Klerk was also chairman of the Global Leadership Foundation, headquartered in London, which he set up in 2004, an organisation which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organisation composed of former heads of government and senior governmental and international organisation officials who work closely with heads of government on governance-related issues of concern to them.

On 3 December 2001, Marike de Klerk was found stabbed and strangled to death in her Cape Town flat. De Klerk, who was on a brief visit to Stockholm, Sweden, to celebrate the 100-year anniversary of the Nobel Prize foundation, immediately returned to mourn his dead ex-wife. The atrocity was reportedly condemned strongly by South African president Thabo Mbeki and Winnie Mandela, among others, who openly spoke in favour of Marike de Klerk. On 6 December 21-year-old security guard Luyanda Mboniswa was arrested for the murder. On 15 May 2003, he received two life sentences for murder, as well as three years for breaking into Marike de Klerk's apartment.

In 2005, de Klerk quit the New National Party and sought a new political home after the NNP merged with the ruling ANC. That same year, while giving an interview to US journalist Richard Stengel, de Klerk was asked whether South Africa had turned out the way he envisioned it back in 1990. His response was:

There are a number of imperfections in the new South Africa where I would have hoped that things would be better, but on balance I think we have basically achieved what we set out to achieve. And if I were to draw balance sheets on where South Africa stands now, I would say that the positive outweighs the negative by far. There is a tendency by commentators across the world to focus on the few negatives which are quite negative, like how are we handling AIDS, like our role vis-à-vis Zimbabwe. But the positives – the stability in South Africa, the adherence to well-balanced economic policies, fighting inflation, doing all the right things in order to lay the basis and the foundation for sustained economic growth – are in place.

In 2008, he repeated in a speech that "despite all the negatives facing South Africa, he was very positive about the country".

In 2006, he underwent surgery for a malignant tumor in his colon. His condition deteriorated sharply, and he underwent a tracheotomy after developing respiratory problems. He recovered and on 11 September 2006 gave a speech at Kent State University Stark Campus.

In January 2007, de Klerk was a speaker promoting peace and democracy in the world at the "Towards a Global Forum on New Democracies" event in Taipei, Taiwan, along with other dignitaries including Poland's Lech Wałęsa and Taiwan's president Chen Shui-Bian.

Файл:Frederik Willem de Klerk with Reuven Rivlin.jpg

de Klerk with Israeli president Reuven Rivlin in 2015

De Klerk was an Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society of Trinity College Dublin, and Honorary Chairman of the Prague Society for International Cooperation. He also received the gold medal for Outstanding Contribution to Public Discourse from the College Historical Society of Trinity College, Dublin, for his contribution to ending apartheid.

De Klerk was also a member of the advisory board of the Global Panel FoundationШаблон:Verify source based in Berlin, Copenhagen, New York, Prague, Sydney and Toronto—founded by the Dutch entrepreneur Bas Spuybroek in 1988, with the support of Dutch billionaire Frans Lurvink and former Dutch Foreign Minister Hans van den Broek. The Global Panel Foundation is known for its behind-the-scenes work in public policy and the annual presentation of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award with the Prague Society for International Cooperation.

De Klerk was a member of the advisory board of the WORLD.MINDS Foundation, based in Switzerland. WORLD.MINDS is known for establishing close personal ties between leaders in government, science and business.

After the inauguration of Jacob Zuma as South Africa's president in May 2009, de Klerk said he was optimistic that Zuma and his government can "confound the prophets of doom".

In a BBC interview broadcast in April 2012, he said he lived in an all-white neighbourhood. He had five servants, three coloured and two black: "We are one great big family together; we have the best of relationships." About Nelson Mandela, he said, "When Mandela goes it will be a moment when all South Africans put away their political differences, will take hands, and will together honour maybe the biggest known South African that has ever lived."

De Klerk received a pacemaker in July 2013.

Upon hearing of the death of Mandela, de Klerk said: "He was a great unifier and a very, very special man in this regard beyond everything else he did. This emphasis on reconciliation was his biggest legacy." He attended the memorial service for him on 10 December 2013.

In 2015, de Klerk wrote to The Times newspaper in the UK criticising a campaign to remove a statue of Cecil Rhodes from Oriel College, Oxford. He was subsequently criticised by some activists who described it as "ironic" that the last apartheid president should be defending a statue of a man labelled by critics as the "architect of apartheid". South Africa's far-left Economic Freedom Fighters called for him to be stripped of his Nobel Peace Prize. In 2020, de Klerk told an interviewer that the description of apartheid as a "crime against humanity" was and remains an agitprop project initiated by the Soviets and their ANC/SACP allies to stigmatize white South Africans by associating them with genuine crimes against humanity." This generated controversy in South Africa, and further calls for the removal of his Nobel Prize. De Klerk's Foundation retracted his statement several days later.

Illness and death

On 19 March 2021, it was announced that de Klerk had been diagnosed with mesothelioma. He died from complications of the disease in his sleep at his home in Cape Town on 11 November 2021, at the age of 85. He was the last surviving State President of South Africa.

After his death, a video message from de Klerk was released from the FW de Klerk Foundation, apologising "without qualification" for the harm caused from apartheid and pleading that the government and all South Africans would embrace the constitution in a balanced manner while also promoting economic growth, guarding the independence and impartiality of the courts, as well as promoting non-racialism and non-discrimination in South Africa.

On 16 November 2021, President Cyril Ramaphosa declared a four-day mourning period for de Klerk and ordered for all of the national South African flags to fly at half-mast from 17 to 21 November "as a mark of respect." Though the de Klerk family determined that he would have a private cremation and funeral, the South African government agreed to hold a state memorial service for de Klerk "in which government leaders, leaders of political parties and representatives of civil society will participate" at a later date. The state memorial service was held in Cape Town on 12 December 2021, and saw Ramaphosa deliver the keynote speech.

Political positions

Файл:FW de Klerk Bust.jpeg

Bust of de Klerk at the Voortrekker Monument, Pretoria

De Klerk was widely regarded as a politically conservative figure in South Africa.Шаблон:Sfn At the same time, he was flexible rather than dogmatic in his approach to political issues.Шаблон:Sfn He often hedged his bets and sought to accommodate divergent perspectives,Шаблон:Sfn favouring compromise over confrontation.Шаблон:Sfn

Within the National Party, he continually strove for unity, coming to be regarded—according to his brother—as "a party man, a veritable Mr National Party".Шаблон:Sfn To stem defections from the right-wing end of the National Party, he made "ultra-conservative noises".Шаблон:Sfn This general approach led to the perception that he was "trying to be all things to all men".Шаблон:Sfn

De Klerk stated that within the party, he "never formed part of a political school of thought, and I deliberately kept out of the cliques and foments of the enlightened and conservative factions in the party. If the policy I propounded was ultra-conservative, then that was the policy; it was not necessarily I who was ultra-conservative. I saw my role in the party as that of an interpreter of the party's real median policy at any stage."Шаблон:Sfn

De Klerk stated that "The silver thread throughout my career was my advocacy of National Party policy in all its various formulations. I refrained from adjusting that policy or adapting it to my own liking or convictions. I analyzed it as it was formulated, to the letter."Шаблон:Sfn

For much of his career, de Klerk believed in apartheid and its system of racial segregation.Шаблон:Sfn According to his brother, de Klerk underwent a "political conversion" that took him from supporting apartheid to facilitating its demolition. This change was not "a dramatic event" however, but "was built... on pragmatism – it evolved as a process."Шаблон:Sfn

He did not believe that South Africa would become a "non-racial society", but rather sought to build a "non-racist society" in which ethnic divisions remained; in his view "I do not believe in the existence of anything like a non-racial society in the literal sense of the word", citing the example of the United States and United Kingdom where there was no legal racial segregation but that distinct racial groups continued to exist.Шаблон:Sfn

De Klerk accepted the principle of freedom of religion, although still believed that the state should promote Christianity.Шаблон:Sfn

De Klerk wrote in opposition to gender-based violence, arguing that "holding perpetrators accountable, irrespective of how long ago the crime was committed, is essential to stamping out impunity and preventing future atrocities".

Personality and personal life

Glad and Blanton stated that de Klerk's "political choices were undergirded by self-confidence and commitment to the common good."Шаблон:Sfn His brother Willem stated that de Klerk's demeanour was marked by "soberness, humility and calm",Шаблон:Sfn that he was an honest, intelligent, and open-minded individual,Шаблон:Sfn and that he had a "natural cordiality" and a "solid sense of courtesy and good manners".Шаблон:Sfn He felt that de Klerk's "charisma" came not from an "exceptionally strong individualism" but from "his rationality, logic and balance".Шаблон:Sfn He was, according to de Klerk, "a man of compromise rather than a political innovator or entrepreneur".Шаблон:Sfn

Willem stated that "he keeps an ear to the ground and is sensitive to the slightest tremors", and that it was this which made him "a superb politician".Шаблон:Sfn Willem also stated that his brother was "a team-man who consults others, takes them into his confidence, honestly shares information with his colleagues, and has a knack of making people feel importance and at peace".Шаблон:Sfn

His former wife Marike described de Klerk as being "extremely sensitive to beautiful things", exhibiting something akin to an artistic temperament.Шаблон:Sfn

Willem also noted that "in the most profound sense", de Klerk was driven by his concern for Afrikanerdom and "the survival of his own people in their fatherland".Шаблон:Sfn De Klerk was deeply upset that many Afrikaners did not realise that his reforms to dismantle apartheid were carried out with the intention of preserving a future for the Afrikaner people in South Africa.Шаблон:Sfn

With Marike, de Klerk had three children: Susan, who became a teacher, Jan, who became a farmer in Western Transvaal, and Willem, who went into public relations.Шаблон:Sfn Willem stated that de Klerk had a close relationship with his children,Шаблон:Sfn and that he was "a loving man who hugs and cuddles".Шаблон:Sfn

De Klerk was a heavy smoker but gave up smoking towards the end of 2005. He also enjoyed a glass of whisky or wine while relaxing.Шаблон:Sfn He enjoyed playing golf and hunting, as well as going for brisk walks.Шаблон:Sfn

De Klerk's Nobel Prize medal was stolen from his home in November 2022.

Reception and legacy

Glad and Blanton stated that de Klerk, along with Mandela, "accomplished the rare feat of bringing about systemic revolution through peaceful means."Шаблон:Sfn His brother noted that de Klerk's role in South African history was "to dismantle more than three centuries of white supremacy", and that in doing so his was "not a role of white surrender, but a role of white conversion to a new role" in society.Шаблон:Sfn In September 1990, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education awarded de Klerk an honorary doctorate.Шаблон:Sfn

South Africa's Conservative Party came to regard him as its most hated adversary.Шаблон:Sfn

De Klerk was Africa's last White President until Guy Scott become caretaker President of Zambia from 2014 to 2015.

References

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book

Further reading

• "South Africa is one of the most unequal societies in the world", article by de Klerk in Global Education Magazine, in the special edition for the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty (17 October 2012)

External links

• Documentary on F. W. de Klerk
• The FW de Klerk Foundation
• Video of F. W. de Klerk's November 2005 visit to Richmond Hill High School on Google Video Шаблон:Webarchive
• Photos & Recordings of his visit to the College Historical Society in March 2008
• Ubben Lecture at DePauw University (includes video, audio and photos)
• Extensive Interview in the Huffington Post
• The Global Panel Foundation
• Шаблон:Nobelprize
• Шаблон:C-SPAN