Английская Википедия:Fach
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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:Italic title The German Шаблон:Lang system (Шаблон:IPA-de; literally "compartment" or "subject of study", here in the sense of "vocal specialization") is a method of classifying singers, primarily opera singers, according to the range, weight, and color of their voices. It is used worldwide, but primarily in Europe, especially in German-speaking countries and by repertory opera houses.[1]
The Шаблон:Lang system is a convenience for singers and opera houses. It prevents singers from being asked to sing roles which they are incapable of performing. Opera companies keep lists of available singers by Шаблон:Lang so that when they are casting roles for an upcoming production, they do not inadvertently contact performers who would be inappropriate for the part.[2]
Below is a list of Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-de), their ranges as written on sheet music, and roles generally considered appropriate to each. When two names for the Шаблон:Lang are given, the first is in more common use today. Where possible, an English and/or Italian equivalent of each Шаблон:Lang is listed; however, not all Шаблон:Lang have ready English or Italian equivalents. Note that some roles can be sung by more than one Шаблон:Lang and that many singers do not easily fit into a Шаблон:Lang: for instance some sopranos may sing both Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang roles. In addition, roles traditionally more difficult to cast may be given to a voice other than the traditional Шаблон:Lang. For instance, the "Queen of the Night" and "Violetta" are more traditionally dramatic coloratura roles, but it is difficult to find a dramatic coloratura to sing it (particularly given the extreme range). Therefore, these roles are often sung by a lyric coloratura.
Soprano Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: coloratura soprano or lyric coloratura soprano
- Range: From about middle C (C4) to the F two-and-a-half octaves above middle C (F6)
- Description: Usually (but not always) a light soprano who has a high voice. Can often have small voices lacking the richness and resonance of a dramatic soprano. Must be able to do fast acrobatics with easy high notes. Many have extremely high ranges (with notes above the F of the "Queen of the Night"), but there are also singers in this Шаблон:Lang who do not regularly sing higher than the high EШаблон:Music6.
- Roles:
- Adina, L'elisir d'amore (Gaetano Donizetti)Шаблон:Sfn
- Aminta, Die schweigsame Frau (Richard Strauss)Шаблон:Cn
- Blonde, Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
- Cunegonde, Candide (Leonard Bernstein)
- Frasquita, Carmen (Bizet)
- Juliette, Roméo et Juliette (Gounod)
- Marie, La fille du régiment (Gaetano Donizetti)Шаблон:Sfn
- Olympia, Les contes d'Hoffman (Jacques Offenbach)Шаблон:Sfn
- Oscar, Un ballo in maschera (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Zerbinetta, Ariadne auf Naxos (Richard Strauss)Шаблон:Sfn
- The woodbird, Siegfried (Richard Wagner)[3]
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: Dramatic coloratura soprano
- Range: From about middle C (C4) to the F two and a half octaves above middle C (F6)
- Description: The same as above, only with a more dramatic, rich voice. Often heavier and more lyrical than a coloratura soprano. Must also be able to do fast vocal acrobatics and reach high notes, such as the F6 of the "Queen of the Night".
- Roles:
- Abigalle, Nabucco (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Donna Anna, Don Giovanni (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Elvira, I puritani (Vincenzo Bellini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Fiordiligi, Così fan tutte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Gilda, Rigoletto (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Konstanze, Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Leonora, Il trovatore (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Norma, Norma (Vincenzo Bellini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Odabella, Attila (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- The Queen of the Night, Die Zauberflöte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Violetta, La traviata (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
One must not mistake the Mozartian dramatic coloratura soprano with the Italian dramatic coloratura soprano. A singer that sings Konstanze, Donna Anna or Fiordiligi can not necessarily sing the Italian dramatic coloratura parts, due to other vocal demands. Imogene, Leonora and Violetta require a dramatic soprano voice and are most often sung by dramatic sopranos with an agile voice that can easily produce coloratura and high notes. Roles like Norma, Lady Macbeth, Odabella or Abigaille are good examples of Italian roles that are not necessarily a coloratura soprano (even though the score calls for coloratura singing), but a full bodied dramatic soprano with a voice that can handle extreme dramatic singing and that is flexible enough to sing coloratura. Giuseppe Verdi wrote many parts like this in his early years.
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: Soubrette
- Range: From about middle C (C4) to the C two octaves above middle C (C6)
- Description: A beautiful, sweet light lyric voice usually capable of executing florid passages similarly to that of a coloratura. The range is usually intermediate between that of a coloratura and lyric soprano. Most sopranos start out as soubrettes, changing fach as the voice matures.
- Roles:
- Adele, Die Fledermaus (J. Strauss II)
- Barbarina, Le nozze di Figaro (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Clotilde, Norma (Vincenzo Bellini)
- Despina, Così fan tutte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
- Echo, Ariadne auf Naxos (Richard Strauss)
- Musetta, La Boheme (Giacomo Puccini)[4]
- Papagena, Die Zauberflöte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Servilia, La clemenza di Tito (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
- Sophie, Der Rosenkavalier (Richard Strauss)
- Susanna, Le nozze di Figaro (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Zerlina, Don Giovanni (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: lyric soprano
- Range: From about B below middle C (B3) to the C two octaves above middle C (C6)
- Description: A more supple soprano, capable of legato, portamento, and some agility; generally has a more soulful and sensuous quality than a soubrette, who tends to be largely flirtatious and somewhat tweety. The voice is very common; thus the purity and character of the basic timbre is essential. It is the "basic" soprano voice which is at neither extremes of the soprano range of voices; it is not known for having particular vocal attributes such as power, stamina, technical prowess, or agility. However, there are several lyric sopranos that possess a quantity of many of these vocal attributes, thus allowing them to sing a broader variety of roles. Nevertheless, the core of the true fundamentally lyric voice does not encompass such traits. Innocence, vulnerability and pathos are usually conveyed in the music written for the characters portrayed by the lyric soprano because of this endearing simplicity. This fach is also famous because the voices usually remain especially fresh until advanced age.
- Roles:
- Antonia, Les contes d'Hoffman (Jacques Offenbach)
- Gretel, Hänsel und Gretel (Engelbert Humperdinck)Шаблон:Sfn
- Lauretta, Gianni Schicchi (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Liù, Turandot (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Micaëla, Carmen (Georges Bizet)Шаблон:Sfn
- Pamina, Die Zauberflöte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Rusalka, Rusalka (Antonín Dvořák)
- Sophie, Werther (Jules Massenet)Шаблон:Sfn
- Susanna, Le nozze di Figaro (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Mimi, La bohème (Giacomo Puccini)[5]
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: lyric dramatic soprano
- Range: From about A below middle C (A3) to the C two octaves above middle C (C6)
- Description: The Italian version of this fach is the spinto, which literally translated means pushed. However this is not accurate in terms of these singers' vocal production. A lyric dramatic soprano has a lyric instrument that can also create big sounds, cutting through an orchestral or choral climax. This voice is sometimes referred to as a "young" or "youthful" dramatic soprano although this term doesn't necessarily refer to the singer's age but rather to the tonal quality of the voice. This fach is more clearly delineated in the German system than in the American system. Depending on the singer, however, this voice type can be versatile, as it lies at neither extreme of the soprano spectrum. Spintos are occasionally able to take on lighter mezzo roles or conversely, lyric and even coloratura roles.
- Roles:
- Agathe, Der Freischütz (Carl Maria von Weber)Шаблон:Cn
- Amelia, Un ballo in maschera (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Chrysothemis, Elektra (Richard Strauss)Шаблон:Sfn
- Cio-Cio San, Madama Butterfly (Giacomo Puccini)[4]
- Donna Elvira, Don Giovanni (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
- Elisabeth, Tannhäuser (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
- Elsa, Lohengrin (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
- Maddalena, Andrea Chénier (Umberto Giordano)Шаблон:Sfn
- Magda Sorel, The Consul (Gian Carlo Menotti)Шаблон:Sfn
- Marie, Wozzeck (Alban Berg)Шаблон:Sfn
- Marie/Marietta, Die tote Stadt (Erich Wolfgang Korngold)Шаблон:Sfn
- Suor Angelica, Suor Angelica (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Eva, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (Richard Wagner)[6]
- Liza, The Queen of Spades (Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky)[7]
- Marschallin, Der Rosenkavalier (Richard Strauss)[8]
- Desdemona, Otello (Giuseppe Verdi)[4]
- Giulietta, Les contes d'Hoffman (Jacques Offenbach)[9]
- Salome, Salome (Richard Strauss)[10]
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: full dramatic soprano
- Range: From about the A below middle C (A3) to the C two octaves above middle C (C6)
- Description: Characterized by their rich, full sounding voices, dramatic sopranos are expected to project across large orchestras, a feat that requires a powerful sound. Dramatic sopranos are not expected to have the vocal flexibility of the lighter Шаблон:Lang. Although most dramatic sopranos have a darker, more robust quality to the voice, there are some that possess a lighter lyrical tone. In these instances, however, the substantial amount of volume and endurance normally associated with the dramatic soprano voice is still present. The darker voiced dramatic soprano may even make a foray into the dramatic mezzo-soprano territory with great success.
- Roles:
- Ariadne, Ariadne auf Naxos (Richard Strauss)Шаблон:Sfn
- Cassandre, Les Troyens (Hector Berlioz)Шаблон:Sfn
- La Gioconda, La Gioconda (Amilcare Ponchielli)
- Leonore, Fidelio (Ludwig van Beethoven)Шаблон:Sfn
- Minnie, La fanciulla del West (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Santuzza, Cavalleria rusticana (Pietro Mascagni)Шаблон:Sfn
- Sieglinde, Die Walküre (Wagner)
- Tosca, Tosca (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: High dramatic soprano
- Range: From about the F below middle C (F3) to the C two octaves above middle C (C6)
- Description: A voice capable of answering the demands of operas of Wagner's maturity. The voice is substantial, very powerful, and even throughout the registers. It is immense, stentorian and even larger than the voice of the "normal" dramatic soprano. Although the two voices are comparable and are sometimes hard to distinguish between, this voice has even greater stamina, endurance and volume than the former. The top register is very strong, clarion and bright. Successful Шаблон:Lang are rare.
- Roles:
- Isolde, Tristan und Isolde (Richard Wagner)[11]
- Brünnhilde, Der Ring des Nibelungen (Richard Wagner)[11]
- Turandot, Turandot (Giacomo Puccini)[11]
- Senta, Der fliegender Holländer (Richard Wagner)[11]
- Elektra, Elektra (Richard Strauss)[12]
Mezzo-soprano Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: coloratura mezzo-soprano
- Range: From about the G below middle C (G3) to the B two octaves above middle C (B5)
- Description: Found especially in Rossini's operas, these roles were written originally for altos with agility and secure top notes. Today they are often played by mezzo-sopranos and sometimes even by sopranos. At times a lyric or full lyric soprano with a flexible voice will assume the roles as written while a true coloratura soprano will sing the same music transposed to a higher key.
- Roles:
- Angelina, La Cenerentola (Gioachino Rossini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Griselda, Griselda (Vivaldi)
- Isabella, L'italiana in Algeri (Gioachino Rossini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Isolier, Le comte Ory (Rossini)
- Julius Caesar, Giulio Cesare (Handel)
- Orsini, Lucrezia Borgia (Donizetti)
- Romeo, I Capuleti e i Montecchi (Vincenzo Bellini)
- Ruggiero, Alcina (Handel)
- Rosina, Il barbiere di Siviglia (Gioachino Rossini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Tancredi, Tancredi (Gioacchino Rossini)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
- Range: From about the G below middle C (G3) to the B two octaves above middle C (B5)
- English equivalent: lyric mezzo-soprano
- Description: A lyric mezzo soprano's instrument in a lower range; the resulting sound is less piercing, more lachrymose and rather sensitive. The voices are similar, giving rise to the term 'short soprano' i.e. a soprano without the highest notes. In fact, many lyric mezzos with strong extensions to their upper vocal registers make the transition to singing as sopranos at some point in their careers.
- Roles:
- Charlotte, Werther (Massenet)
- Cherubino, Le nozze di Figaro (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Dorabella, Così fan tutte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Hänsel, Hänsel und Gretel (Engelbert Humperdinck)Шаблон:Sfn
- Marguerite, La damnation de Faust (Berlioz)
- Meg, Little Women (Mark Adamo)
- Mignon, Mignon (Ambroise Thomas)
- Nicklausse, Les contes d'Hoffman (Offenbach)
- Mother, Amahl and the Night Visitors (Menotti)
- Suzuki, Madama Butterfly (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: dramatic mezzo-soprano
- Range: From about the G below middle C (G3) to the B two octaves above middle C (B5)
- Description: Dramatic mezzo-sopranos have ranges very similar to a dramatic soprano. The main difference is the endurance and ease in which the two voice-types sing – a mezzo will concentrate singing most of the time in her middle and low registers and will go up to notes like high B-flat only at the dramatic climax. Consequently, many dramatic mezzo-sopranos have success in singing some dramatic soprano roles that are written with a lower tessitura.
- Roles:
- Amneris, Aida (Giuseppe Verdi)
- Dido, Les Troyens (Hector Berlioz)Шаблон:Sfn
- The Composer, Ariadne auf Naxos (Richard Strauss)Шаблон:Sfn
- Dalila, Samson et Dalila (Camille Saint-Saëns)Шаблон:Sfn
- Eboli, Don Carlo (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Fricka, Das Rheingold, Die Walküre (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
- Gertrud, Hänsel und Gretel (Engelbert Humperdinck)Шаблон:Sfn
- Klytaemnestra, Elektra (Richard Strauss)Шаблон:Sfn
- Octavian, Der Rosenkavalier (Richard Strauss)Шаблон:Sfn
- Ortrud, Lohengrin (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
Contralto Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: dramatic contralto
- Range: From about the F below middle C (F3) to the G or A two octaves above (G–A5)
- Description: Stylistically similar to the dramatic mezzo, just lower. Sings usually around the break between the chest voice and middle voice. Many mezzos tried their luck in these roles, yet real altos fare better. A deep, penetrating low female voice. This is a very rare voice type with a darker, richer sound than that of a typical alto.
- Roles:
- Azucena, Il trovatore (Verdi)
- Carmen, Carmen (Bizet)
- La Cieca, La Gioconda (Ponchielli)
- Dryade, Ariadne auf Naxos (Richard Strauss)Шаблон:Sfn
- Erda, Das Rheingold, Siegfried (Wagner)
- Maddalena, Rigoletto (Verdi)
- A norn, Götterdämmerung (Wagner)
- Polina, The Queen of Spades (Tchaikovsky)
- Schwertleite, Die Walküre (Wagner)
- Ulrica, Un ballo in maschera (Verdi)
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: low contralto
- Range: From about the E below middle C (E3) to the E two octaves above (E5)
- Description: A low female voice.
- Roles:
- Anna, Les Troyens (Hector Berlioz)
- Annina, Der Rosenkavalier (Richard Strauss)
- Antonia's mother, Tales of Hoffmann (Jacques Offenbach)
- Bradamante, Alcina (Handel)
- Didone, Egisto (Cavalli)
- Gaea, Daphne (Richard Strauss)Шаблон:Sfn
- Geneviève, Pelléas et Mélisande (Claude Debussy)Шаблон:Sfn
- Hippolyta, A Midsummer Night's Dream (Britten)
- Marthe, Faust (Charles Gounod)
- Zita, Gianni Schicchi (Giacomo Puccini)
Tenor Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang / Tenor buffo
- English equivalent: (lyric) comic tenor. It is quite possible for a young Шаблон:Lang to eventually work into the lighter Шаблон:Lang category; the deciding factor will be the beauty of voice.
- Range: From about low C (C3) to the B an octave above middle C (B4)
- Roles:
- Pedrillo, Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: character tenor; must have good acting abilities.
- Range: From about the B below low C (B2) to the C an octave above middle C (C5)
- Roles
- Monostatos, Die Zauberflöte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: lyric tenor
- Range: From about low C (C3) to the C an octave above middle C (C5)
- Roles:
- Alfredo, La traviata (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Almaviva, Il barbiere di Siviglia (Gioachino Rossini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Belmonte, Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Don Ottavio, Don Giovanni (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Il Duca, Rigoletto (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Lindoro, L'italiana in Algeri (Gioachino Rossini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Nemorino, L'elisir d'amore (Gaetano Donizetti)Шаблон:Sfn
- Ramiro, La Cenerentola (Gioachino Rossini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Tamino, Die Zauberflöte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: lyric dramatic tenor also known as Spinto
- Range: From about low C (C3) to the C an octave above middle C (C5)
- Description: A tenor with a dramatic extended upper range with the necessary brightness to come through the orchestra's texture.
- Roles:
- Calaf, Turandot (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Canio, Pagliacci (Ruggero Leoncavallo)Шаблон:Sfn
- Cavaradossi, Tosca (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Dick Johnson, La fanciulla del West (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Don Alvaro, La forza del destino (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Don José, Carmen (Georges Bizet)Шаблон:Sfn
- Florestan, Fidelio (Ludwig van Beethoven)Шаблон:Sfn
- Idomeneo, Idomeneo (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Lohengrin, Lohengrin (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
- Manrico, Il trovatore (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Max, Der Freischütz (Carl Maria von Weber)Шаблон:Sfn
- Radamès, Aida (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Siegmund, Die Walküre (Richard Wagner) [13]
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: heroic tenor or dramatic tenor
- Range: From about the B below low C (B2) to the C above middle C (C5)
- Description: A full dramatic tenor with baritonal facility in the middle range and the brightness necessary to pierce a thick orchestral texture.
- Roles:
- Otello, Otello (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Siegfried, Der Ring des Nibelungen (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
- Tristan, Tristan und Isolde (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
- Tannhäuser, Tannhäuser (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
- Walther von Stolzing, Die Meistersinger (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
Baritone Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang
- Italian: baritono leggero
- English equivalent: light baritone
- Range: From the low C (C3) to the B above middle C (B4)[14]
- Description: The Baryton-Martin, named after Jean-Blaise Martin (sometimes referred to as Light Baritone)[15] lacks the lower G2–B2 range a heavier baritone is capable of, and has a lighter, almost tenor-like quality.
Шаблон:Lang
- Italian: baritono lirico
- English equivalent: lyric baritone
- Range: From about the B below low C (B2) to the AШаблон:Music above middle C (AШаблон:Music4)
- Description: A sweet, mild sounding baritone voice, lacking harshness. Many lyric baritone roles call for some fioritura and coloratura, a beautiful line, as well as a charismatic presence.
- Roles:
- Albert, Werther (Jules Massenet)Шаблон:Sfn
- Belcore, L'elisir d'amore (Gaetano Donizetti)Шаблон:Sfn
- Billy Budd, Billy Budd (Benjamin Britten)Шаблон:Sfn
- Dottore Malatesta, Don Pasquale (Gaetano Donizetti)Шаблон:Sfn
- Figaro, Il barbiere di Siviglia (Gioachino Rossini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Guglielmo, Così fan tutte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Papageno, Die Zauberflöte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
- Italian: baritono cantabile
- English equivalent: cavalier baritone
- Range: From about the A below low C (A2) to the GШаблон:Music above middle C (GШаблон:Music4)
- Description: A metallic voice, that can sing both lyric and dramatic phrases, a manly noble baritonal color; most on-stage roles in this Fach call for good looks. Not quite as vocally powerful as the Verdi baritone or Шаблон:Lang, who is expected to have a powerful, perhaps muscular or physically large, appearance on stage and has a harsher, more pronounced than the lyric baritone or Spielbariton.
- Roles:
- Conte Almaviva, Le nozze di Figaro (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Count, Capriccio (Richard Strauss)Шаблон:Sfn
- Don Giovanni, Don Giovanni (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Escamillo, Carmen (Georges Bizet)Шаблон:Sfn
- Ford, Falstaff (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Lescaut, Manon Lescaut (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Lord Enrico Ashton, Lucia di Lammermoor (Gaetano Donizetti)Шаблон:Sfn
- Marcello, La bohème (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Onegin, Eugene Onegin (Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky)Шаблон:Sfn
- Rodrigo de Posa, Don Carlo (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Sharpless, Madama Butterfly (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Valentin, Faust (Charles Gounod)Шаблон:Sfn
- Wolfram von Eschenbach, Tannhäuser (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
- Italian: baritono verdiano
- English equivalent: Verdi baritone
- Range: From about the A below low C (A2) to the GШаблон:Music above middle C (GШаблон:Music4)
- Description: A voice particularly effective with passages in its higher reaches. A high tessitura vis-a-vis the range extremes. A Verdi baritone refers to a voice capable of singing consistently and with ease in the highest part of the baritone range, sometimes extending up to the C above middle C (C5 or high C). The Verdi baritone will generally have a lot of squillo, or "ping"
- Roles:
- Scarpia, Tosca (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Wozzeck (title role) (Alban Berg)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
- Italian: baritono drammatico
- English equivalent: dramatic baritone
- Range: From about the G below low C (G2) to the FШаблон:Music above middle C (FШаблон:Music4)
- Description: Means 'heroic baritone'. In the German opera houses a true Шаблон:Lang is a prized possession: a singer with exciting power and an authoritative mature sound and production.
- Roles:
- Alfio, Cavalleria rusticana (Pietro Mascagni)Шаблон:Sfn
- Amonasro, Aida (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Dr Schön / Jack the Ripper, Lulu (Alban Berg)[16]
- Ezio, Attila (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Gérard, Andrea Chénier (Umberto Giordano)Шаблон:Sfn
- Iago, Otello (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Jack Rance, La fanciulla del West (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Jochanaan, Salome (Richard Strauss)Шаблон:Sfn
- Macbeth (title role) (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Michele, Il tabarro (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Don Pizarro, Fidelio (Ludwig van Beethoven)Шаблон:Sfn
- Simon Boccanegra (title role) (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Telramund, Lohengrin (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
- Tonio, Pagliacci (Ruggero Leoncavallo)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang / Low lyric baritone
- English equivalent: lyric bass-baritone
- Range: From about the G below low C (G2) to the FШаблон:Music above middle C (FШаблон:Music4)
- Description: The bass-baritone's required range can vary tremendously based on the role, with some less demanding than others. Some bass-baritones are baritones, while others are basses.
Шаблон:Lang / Low dramatic baritone
- English equivalent: dramatic bass-baritone
- Range: From about the G below low C (G2) to the FШаблон:Music above middle C (FШаблон:Music4)
- Roles:
- Wotan, Die Walküre (Wagner)
Bass Шаблон:Lang
Basso cantante / Lyric bass-bariton / High lyric bass
- English equivalent: lyric bass-baritone or singing bass
- Range: From about the E below low C (E2) to the F above middle C (F4)
- Basso cantante means 'singing bass'.[17]
Шаблон:Lang / Dramatic bass-baritone / High dramatic bass
- English equivalent: dramatic bass-baritone
- Range: From about the E below low C (E2) to the F above middle C (F4)
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: young bass
- Range: From about the E below low C (E2) to the F above middle C (F4)
- Description: A young man (regardless of the age of the singer).
Шаблон:Lang / Bassbuffo / Lyric buffo
- English equivalent: lyric comic bass
- Range: From about the E half an octave below low C (E2) to the F above middle C (F4)
- Roles:
- Don Alfonso, Così fan tutte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Don Pasquale, Don Pasquale (Gaetano Donizetti)Шаблон:Sfn
- Dottor Dulcamara, L'elisir d'amore (Gaetano Donizetti)Шаблон:Sfn
- Don Bartolo, Il barbiere di Siviglia (Gioachino Rossini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Don Magnifico, La Cenerentola (Gioachino Rossini)Шаблон:Sfn
- Leporello, Don Giovanni (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- The Sacristan Tosca (Giacomo Puccini)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang / Dramatic buffo
- English equivalent: dramatic comic bass
- Range: From about the C two octaves below middle C (C2) to the F above middle C (F4)
- Roles:
- Baron Ochs auf Lerchenau, Der Rosenkavalier (Richard Strauss)Шаблон:Sfn
- Daland, Der fliegende Holländer (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
- Méphistophélès, Faust (Charles Gounod)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: low bass. Italian: basso profondo.Шаблон:Sfn
- Range: From about the C two octaves below middle C (C2) to the F above middle C (F4)
- Basso profondo is the lowest bass voice type. According to J. B. Steane in Voices, Singers, and Critics, the basso profondo voice "derives from a method of tone-production that eliminates the more Italian quick vibrato. In its place is a kind of tonal solidity, a wall-like front, which may nevertheless prove susceptible to the other kind of vibrato, the slow beat or dreaded wobble."
- Roles:
- Don Bartolo, Le nozze di Figaro (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Fiesco, Simon Boccanegra (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Padre Guardiano, La forza del destino (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Pimen, Boris Godunov (Modest Mussorgsky)Шаблон:Sfn
- Rocco, Fidelio (Ludwig van Beethoven)Шаблон:Sfn
- Sarastro, Die Zauberflöte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Sir Morosus, Die schweigsame Frau (Richard Strauss)Шаблон:Sfn
- Sparafucile, Rigoletto (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
- English equivalent: dramatic low bass. Dramatic basso profundo is a powerful basso profundo voice.Шаблон:Sfn
- Range: From about the C two octaves below middle C (C2) to the F above middle C (F4)
- Roles:
- Il Commendatore (Don Pedro), Don Giovanni (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)Шаблон:Sfn
- Fafner, Das Rheingold, Siegfried (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
- The Grand Inquisitor, Don Carlos (Giuseppe Verdi)Шаблон:Sfn
- Gurnemanz, Titurel, Parsifal (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
- Heinrich, Lohengrin (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
- Marke, Tristan und Isolde (Richard Wagner)Шаблон:Sfn
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Wikicite
- McGinnis, Pearl Yeadon. The opera singer’s career guide: understanding the European Fach system, edited by Marith McGinnis Willis. (Scarecrow Press, 2010) Шаблон:ISBN
- Midgette, Anne (6 May 2007), "Home in the Range? Who Can Sing What". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
- Steane, J. B. "Fach" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Шаблон:ISBN
Шаблон:Opera terms Шаблон:Vocal music
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ McGinnis 2010, p. 257
- ↑ John Warrack and Ewan West, The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 2nd edition, 1992. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Facsimile of score of Lulu from Universal Edition
- ↑ Bass Guide, BBC Wales
