Английская Википедия:Fadak

Fadak (Шаблон:Lang-ar) was a village with fertile land in an oasis near Medina. The takeover of Fadak by Muslims in 629 CE was peaceful and a share of it thus belonged to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. After Muhammad died in 632, Fadak was confiscated from his daughter Fatima and administered as public property, despite her objections. Fadak later changed hands many times as a fief.

History

Jewish Khaybar

In the seventh century CE, the Khaybar oasis was inhabited by Jewish tribes who made their living growing date palm trees. The oasis was divided into three regions, namely, al-Natat, al-Shiqq, and al-Katiba, probably separated by natural diversions, such as the desert, lava drifts, and swamps. Each of these regions contained several fortresses (or redoubts) containing homes, storehouses, and stables. Each fortress was occupied by a clan and surrounded by cultivated fields and palm groves. To improve their defensive capabilities, the fortresses were raised up on hills or basalt rocks.Шаблон:Sfn

Lifetime of Muhammad (629–632)

Шаблон:Main After the success of Muslims in the Battle of Khaybar in 628, the Jewish inhabitants of Fadak pleaded for a peace treaty in exchange for half of their properties.Шаблон:Sfn Unlike Khaybar, Fadak was acquired peacefully. It was thus considered Шаблон:Transliteration and belonged to Muhammad in line with verse 59:6 of the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn There is some evidence that Muhammad gifted his share of Fadak to Fatima (in Medina) when verse 17:26 was revealed,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and her agents managed the property when Muhammad was alive.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn This is the view of Shia authors,Шаблон:Sfn including al-Kulayni (Шаблон:Died in) and al-Ayyashi (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Among Sunnis, al-Suyuti (Шаблон:Died in) and al-Dhahabi (Шаблон:Died in) are of this view, while al-Jurjani (Шаблон:Died in) and Ibn Kathir (Шаблон:Died in) are uncertain whether the verse was revealed to Muhammad in Medina.Шаблон:Sfn The revenue of Fadak largely supported needy travelers, the poor, military expeditions, and Muhammad's family,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn who were forbidden from receiving general alms.Шаблон:Sfn

Caliphate of Abu Bakr (Шаблон:Reign)

Шаблон:See also

Confiscation of Fadak

Following Muhammad's death in 632 and early in his caliphate, Abu Bakr is said to have seized Fadak from Fatima,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and evicted her agents, possibly as a show of authority to Muhammad's clan (Banu Hashim) who had not yet pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr,Шаблон:Sfn or perhaps in retaliation for his exclusion by the Banu Hashim from the funeral rites of Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn The confiscation of Fadak by Abu Bakr is the Shia view. In Sunni sources, the charge of usurpation appears, for instance, in the works of Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (Шаблон:Died in) and Ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Among others, the Sunni al-Baladhuri (Шаблон:Died in) relates that Fatima objected to Abu Bakr, saying that Fadak was a gift from her father. Her husband Ali and a maid at Muhammad's house, named Umm Aiman, are reported to have offered their testimonies in support of Fatima.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn By some accounts, Fatima also brought her two sons as witnesses.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr, however, did not find their testimonies sufficient to establish the ownership of Fatima,Шаблон:Sfn requiring two men or one man and two women as witnesses per Islamic law.Шаблон:Sfn Khetia adds here that Fatima might have expected her closeness with Muhammad to strengthen her case.Шаблон:Sfn Shias similarly contend that the truthful Fatima would have not claimed something which was not hers.Шаблон:Sfn By one Shia account, Ali made this point to Abu Bakr, and added that the burden of proof was on Abu Bakr and not Fatima, whose agents administered the land at the time of the dispute.Шаблон:Sfn Sajjadi comments here that possession is the decisive factor in determining ownership in Islamic law.Шаблон:Sfn The Sunni Sibt ibn al-Jawzi (Шаблон:Died in) and the Shia al-Tabrisi (Шаблон:Died in) relate that Abu Bakr finally agreed to return Fadak to Fatima but was dissuaded by his ally Umar,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn who tore up the deed written by Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Other versions of this last account are collected in Sharh nahj al-balagha by the Mu'tazilite Ibn Abi'l-Hadid (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn

Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance

Most likely after Abu Bakr had rejected Fatima's claim of ownership, she demanded her inheritance from the estate of her father.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr rejected this too, saying that Muhammad had disinherited his family,Шаблон:Sfn personally telling the former that prophets do not leave inheritance, and what they leave behind is public property that should be administered by the caliph.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr was initially the sole witness to this statement, referred to as the hadith of Muhammad's inheritance.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr added that he would administer those properties like Muhammad and that his kin should henceforth rely on general alms,Шаблон:Sfn which was forbidden for them in his lifetime because of their status of purity in the Quran. This prohibition is still upheld today by all schools of Islamic jurisprudence.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr thus deprived Muhammad's kin also of their Quranic share of the booty (verse 8:41) and Шаблон:Transliteration (verse 59:7), to which they were previously entitled instead of general alms.Шаблон:Sfn

Authenticity

In his al-Tabaqat al-kubra, the Sunni traditionist Ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in) furnishes the hadith of inheritance with two chains of transmission which include numerous companions of Muhammad, such as Umar, Uthman, and Zubayr.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, he includes in these chains some prominent Hashimites, such as Ali and Ibn Abbas, who are both reported to have vehemently disputed this claim of Abu Bakr in other sources.Шаблон:Sfn

On the other hand, Soufi holds that Abu Bakr is generally regarded as the only credible narrator of this hadith in Sunni sources, adding that similar reports attributed to other companions have been rejected by Sunnis.Шаблон:Sfn Along these lines, Sajjadi writes that all (credible) versions of this hadith are narrated from Abu Bakr, his ally Umar, his daughter Aisha, and Malik ibn Aus Al-Hadathan,Шаблон:Sfn though some primary sources have disputed the status of the last one as a companion of Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Twelvers reject the authenticity of the hadith of inheritance based on their own traditions,Шаблон:Sfn claiming also that it contradicts the Quran, where verses 19:6 and 27:16 describe how Zechariah and David both left inheritance.Шаблон:Sfn These ostensible contradictions with the Quran have also been noted by some contemporary authors.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, Soufi writes that Abu Bakr's testimony is strong enough for Sunnis to make an exception to the Quranic rules of inheritance.Шаблон:Sfn

Sermon of Fadak

In protest, Fatima is said to have delivered a speech at the Prophet's Mosque, known as the Sermon of Fadak.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Among other sources, this sermon appears in the Sunni Balaghat al-nisa', an anthology of eloquent speeches by Muslim women,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn though the attribution of this speech to Fatima is mostly rejected by Sunnis.Шаблон:Sfn The version of this speech in Balaghat upholds Ali as the rightful successor to Muhammad,Шаблон:Sfn chastises Abu Bakr for denying Fatima of her inheritance,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn accuses him of (hadith) fabrication,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and adds that Muhammad could have not contradicted the Quran,Шаблон:Sfn in which verse 27:16 describes how Solomon inherited from his father David,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and verse 19:6 is about how Zechariah prayed for a son who would inherit from him and from the House of Jacob.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Verses 8:75 and 33:6 about the rights of every Muslim to inheritance are also quoted in the speech in Balaghat.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Politics

Madelung suggests that the caliphate of Abu Bakr was inherently inconsistent with maintaining the privileged status of Muhammad's kin and applying the Quranic rules of inheritance to them.Шаблон:Sfn Because Muhammad had become the owner of Fadak as the leader of the Muslim community, to inherit this property as a prerogative by the Banu Hashim might have implied their authority over the community, which is likely why Abu Bakr rejected Fatima's claims.Шаблон:Sfn This was the opinion of Jafri, and similar views are voiced by some others,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn while el-Hibri does not view the saga of Fadak as a mere financial dispute.Шаблон:Sfn Aslan suggests that Abu Bakr intended to strip the House of Muhammad from its privileged status, weaken its political might,Шаблон:Sfn and particularly undermine Ali's claim to the caliphate. Aslan also justifies Abu Bakr's efforts as partly rooted in his conviction that the caliphate must reside outside of Muhammad's clan and partly in the personal enmity between Abu Bakr and Ali.Шаблон:Sfn Some contemporary authors have noted the poor relations between the two men.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Caliphates of Umar (Шаблон:Reign), Uthman (Шаблон:Reign), and Ali (Шаблон:Reign)

The second caliph Umar expelled the Jewish residents of Fadak who then emigrated to Syria. However, unlike other Jews, the residents of Fadak were compensated by Umar after the valuation of their properties in recognition of their agreement with Muhammad to retain the ownership of half of the Fadak.Шаблон:Sfn Umar also altered Abu Bakr's inheritance policy by turning over Muhammad's small estate in Medina to his cousin Ali and his uncle Abbas.Шаблон:Sfn Fadak, however, remained under the control of Umar,Шаблон:Sfn though it was reportedly administered by Ali and Abbas.Шаблон:Sfn The third caliph Uthman also kept Fadak, though it is likely that he did not treat the land as a charitable property anymore but instead awarded it to two of his cousins, namely, Marwan and his brother.Шаблон:Sfn Veccia Vaglieri (Шаблон:Died in) differs here, writing that it was Mu'awiya I (Шаблон:Reign) who gifted Fadak to Marwan, who in turn gave it to his sons later.Шаблон:Sfn Madelung challenges her view, noting that the relationship between Mu'awiya and Marwan was not amicable enough to justify this gift.Шаблон:Sfn Mu'awiya indeed temporarily took away Fadak from Marwan during his caliphate.Шаблон:Sfn

Ali, the fourth caliph and Muhammad's cousin, does not seem to have touched Fadak.Шаблон:Sfn Instead, he is recorded in Nahj al-balagha to have trivialized the matter during his caliphate, "Of course, all that we had in our possession under this sky was Fadak, but a group of people [Abu Bakr's party] felt greedy for it, and the other party [that of Ali] withheld themselves from it. God is, after all, the best arbiter. What shall I do: Fadak or no Fadak, while tomorrow this body is to go into the grave in whose darkness its traces will be destroyed..."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn A similar statement appears in Ali's letter to Uthman ibn Hunayf, his agent in Basra, in which he complains that Fadak was confiscated because of greed and envy.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, the Shia Sharif al-Murtaza (Шаблон:Died in) contends that Ali might have practiced Шаблон:Transliteration (religious dissimulation) by upholding the status quo for Fadak.Шаблон:Sfn

Umayyad (Шаблон:Reign) and Abbasid (Шаблон:Reign) dynasties

Mu'awiya I, the first Umayyad caliph, gave Fadak to Marwan as a fief and thereafter the estate changed hands numerous times during the Umayyad period.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn An exception is Umar II (Шаблон:Reign), who returned Fadak to the descendants of Fatima during his caliphate,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn as parts of his efforts to address the injustices inflicted upon the Alids.Шаблон:Sfn The Umayyad Yazid II (Шаблон:Reign) later seized Fadak again.Шаблон:Sfn

Early in the Abbasid period, al-Saffah (Шаблон:Reign) returned Fadak to Fatima's descendants, later to be undone by his successor al-Mansur (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn The Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi (Шаблон:Reign) again returned Fadak but his son al-Hadi (Шаблон:Reign) confiscated the property.Шаблон:Sfn Later al-Ma'mun (Шаблон:Reign) yet again returned Fadak and it was taken back by al-Mutawakkil (Шаблон:Reign), who awarded Fadak to the descendants of Umar.Шаблон:Sfn This cycle continued with al-Mu'tadid (Шаблон:Reign), al-Muktafi (Шаблон:Reign), and al-Muqtadir (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn Notably, al-Ma'mun issued a decree recognizing Fatima's right to Fadak, arguing that, as Muhammad's daughter, Fatima must have known more about the intentions of Muhammad for Fadak compared to Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn Khetia notes that al-Ma'mun thus implicitly criticized Abu Bakr,Шаблон:Sfn which did not please the (Sunni) jurists, who likely pressured al-Mutawakkil to later take back Fadak.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, Veccia Vaglieri dismisses the caliph's arguments as weak.Шаблон:Sfn As descendants of Fatima and Ali, the Shia Imams viewed Fadak as a symbol of their usurped right of succession after Muhammad and their interpretation of verse 8:41 implied that Fadak should be at their disposal, similar to Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Jafri supports their interpretation of Fadak as an extension of the succession debate.Шаблон:Sfn

Fadak in literature

The dispute over Fadak soon become the subject of legends. Among these is the tale of the Abbasid Harun al-Rashid (Шаблон:Reign), the famed caliph of Arabian Nights, appearing in the sixteenth-century work The Subtleties of People. In this story, Harun is depicted as regretting the oppression of Muhammad's family at the hands of his predecessors. He thus inquired about the boundaries of Fadak from a descendant of Fatima to return it to its rightful owners. The descendant of Fatima cautioned the caliph that Harun would no longer want to relinquish Fadak after learning about its borders. Harun pressed on nevertheless. To his indignation, the caliph was told that the first boundary of Fadak was Aden, the second was Samarkand, the third was the Maghrib, and the fourth was the Armenian Sea, encompassing virtually the entire empire of Harun. According to Virani, the fact that this claim is not pressed nor even cared for signifies that it is the Islamic world that needs Muhammad's family, not the reverse.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Shia Viewpoint
Шаблон:Cite web (1.60 MB)

Шаблон:Saudi Arabia topics

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