Английская Википедия:Fakih Usman

Шаблон:Featured article Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Indonesian name Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox officeholder Fakih Usman (alternatively spelled as Faqih Usman; Шаблон:IPA-id; 2 March 1904 – 3 October 1968) was an Indonesian Islamic leader and politician of the Masyumi Party. He twice served as the Minister of Religious Affairs under the cabinets of Abdul Halim and Wilopo from January until September 1950, and again from 1952 until 1953. In his early years, Fakih was criticized by conservative Muslims for his involvement with the modernist Islamic Muhammadiyah organization, though he is remembered fondly by the group. Born to a merchant and his wife in Gresik, Dutch East Indies, Fakih studied with his father and at a series of pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) until the 1920s.

In 1925 he became involved with the Muhammadiyah, rising quickly through the leadership until he became the head of the Surabaya branch in 1938. He was also active in local politics, in 1937, he became the treasurer of the Indonesian Islamic Assembly. He continued to be involved in politics and Islamic groups during the Japanese occupation and the ensuing national revolution. Following the end of war, he was appointed Minister of Religious Affairs. As minister, he oversaw educational and institutional reform, growing in prominence within the Muhammadiyah. He also served as deputy chairman of the organization under several different leaders before being chosen as its chairman in late 1968. He died several days later.

Early life

Fakih Usman was born on 2 March 1904, in Gresik, East Java, in what was then the Dutch East Indies. His father, Usman Iskandar, was a wood merchant, and his mother, a housewife, was the daughter of an ulama (scholar of Islam).Шаблон:Sfn The couple, who were of modest means, had four other children, and the family's lack of a noble background meant the children were ineligible to receive an education at Dutch-run schools.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Instead, Fakih studied Islam from a young age, receiving much of his instruction from his father.Шаблон:Sfn At the age of ten, Fakih began studying at a pesantren (Islamic boarding school) in Gresik, finishing four years later. In 1919 he continued his studies at several pesantren outside the city, including ones in rural Gresik and in nearby Bungah.Шаблон:Sfn

Early career

Fakih's father helped him become a trader, although Fakih continued to study independently.Шаблон:Sfn When the modernist Islamic organisation Muhammadiyah opened a branch in Gresik in 1922, Fakih was one of the first to join.Шаблон:Efn Extremely active in the group, he became the Gresik branch's leader within three years, and under his leadership the group was formally recognized by the central Muhammadiyah administration.Шаблон:Sfn Through his work with the Muhammadiyah in Gresik, Fakih became better known. He later transferred to the branch in Surabaya, a much larger city where, in 1929, he was chosen to sit on the city council.Шаблон:Sfn

He also remained active in commerce, running a construction material trade and shipbuilding shop. During this period he served on the local chamber of commerce.Шаблон:Sfn From 1932 to 1936 Fakih was a member of the Muhammadiyah's regional council, serving concurrently as the editor of the organisation's official magazine Bintang Islam and on the Legal Affairs Committee.Шаблон:Sfn As he became more active, Fakih began commuting regularly from Surabaya to Gresik, handling Muhammadiyah business in Surabaya and the wood company in Gresik; this commute was done in Fakih's personal car, a rare luxury at the time.Шаблон:Sfn

Studying Dutch in his spare time, Fakih continued to improve his knowledge of Islam by studying the thoughts of Muhammad Abduh.Шаблон:Sfn However, conservative Muslims disapproved of Fakih's work with Muhammadiyah, giving him the nickname Шаблон:Lang ("Dutchman with the black arse"),Шаблон:Sfn and often throwing stones at his home.Шаблон:Sfn On 21 September 1937, Muhammadiyah, the conservative Nahdatul Ulama (NU), the merchants' cooperative Sarekat Islam, and several other Islamic groups – which for the past decade had been feuding – united to form an umbrella group: the Indonesian Islamic Assembly (Шаблон:Lang, or MIAI), based in Surabaya.Шаблон:Sfn Fakih served as treasurer within the organization.Шаблон:Sfn In 1938, he was made the head of the Surabaya branch of the Muhammadiyah, replacing Mas Mansoer.Шаблон:Sfn Two years later he began working full-time with the MIAI, having been selected as the head of its secretariat in mid-September 1940. To take this position, he resigned as head of the Surabaya branch of Muhammadiyah and as a city council member.Шаблон:Sfn

Political career

National revolution

Photograph of Fakih Usman, 1952

On 9 March 1942 Governor-General Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer and head of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army General Hein ter Poorten capitulated to the Empire of Japan, which had invaded the Indies the month before. As a result, the Indies fell under Japanese control.Шаблон:Sfn The Japanese banned all forms of organizations, and the MIAI was disbanded in May.Шаблон:Sfn It was reformed on 5 September 1942 following a meeting of 30 ulamas in the Des Indes Hotel in Jakarta, and was recognized by the occupation government as the sole Islamic organization in the country.Шаблон:Sfn At the end of 1943, the organization was renamed the Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations (Шаблон:Lang, abbreviated as Masyumi).Шаблон:Sfn Fakih was made a member of the Japanese-sponsored advisory board, or Syu Sangi In, for Surabaya. He held this position until the end of the occupation,Шаблон:Sfn concurrently serving on the Masyumi board.Шаблон:Sfn

After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the proclamation of Indonesian independence in August 1945,Шаблон:Sfn the Japanese began withdrawing from the nascent republic. The Indonesian republican government, based in Jakarta and including Sukarno as president and Mohammad Hatta as vice president, began to take over infrastructure from the departing Japanese. By September 1945, however, allied British and Dutch forces had begun to enter the archipelago, hoping to reestablish the status quo ante. The British initially focused on Java and Sumatra and attempted to avoid armed confrontations with the Republican forces; the Dutch, meanwhile, spent the first months after the Japanese surrender reclaiming the eastern islands with help from Australia.Шаблон:Sfn Fakih, who had begun making contacts within the republican government, participated in the Indonesian Islamic Conference (Шаблон:Lang) in Yogyakarta from 7 to 8 November 1945.Шаблон:Sfn

As a result of these talks, Masyumi was made into a political party representing Islamic interests. Although Fakih returned to Gresik after the conference, he and his family soon evacuated to Malang due to the outbreak of a battle at Surabaya between Republican soldiers and British forces tasked with repatriating Dutch prisoners of war.Шаблон:Sfn In Malang, Fakih worked with Masjkur and Zainul Arifin to start an armed resistance to fight in the revolution against the returning Europeans. He served as deputy chief in command of this resistance, which consisted of the Japanese-trained Islamic units Sabilillah and Hizbullah. After the DutchШаблон:Efn launched Operation Kraai in December 1948, Fakih and his family escaped to Surakarta, where he again became active in Muhammadiyah. Fakih, serving as deputy chair under Bagus Hadikusumo, frequently commuted between Surakarta and the organization's head office in Yogyakarta.Шаблон:Sfn

Minister of Religion

Файл:Fakih Usman Suara Rakyat 8 Apr 1952 p1.jpg

Photograph as Minister of Religious Affairs, 1952

In late 1949, the Indonesian and Dutch governments held a conference lasting several months, which resulted in Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty on 27 December 1949.Шаблон:Sfn This led to the formation of the United States of Indonesia (Шаблон:Lang, or RIS), which consisted of sixteen member states. On 21 January 1950 Fakih replaced Masjkur as the Minister of Religious Affairs in the Halim Cabinet, representing the Republic of Indonesia; at this point the republic consisted of Yogyakarta, Banten, and much of Sumatra.Шаблон:Sfn Working with the RIS Minister of Religious Affairs Wahid Hasyim, Fakih began instituting a standardized religious curriculum in the public schools and modernizing education at religious schools.Шаблон:Sfn

The two also worked to unite the ministries. On 17 August 1950 the RIS and its member states became a unified republic. Hasyim was kept on as minister of religious affairs, with Fakih appointed director of religious education.Шаблон:Sfn Meanwhile, the different factions in Masyumi were in conflict over the path the party was taking;Шаблон:Sfn the NU members thought Masyumi was becoming too political, abandoning its Islamic roots. When the Natsir Cabinet began to collapse, the Masyumi put forth Fakih as a potential Minister for Religious Affairs. This act was controversial because four of the five allocated slots for the party were already filled by non-NU members, and ultimately the NU pulled out of Masyumi, effective 5 April 1952.Шаблон:Sfn Fakih had been chosen with a majority of five votes, while the next leading candidate, Usman Raliby, received four.Шаблон:Sfn

Fakih was made the Minister of Religious Affairs in the Wilopo Cabinet and sworn in on 3 April 1952, which led to him and his family moving to the capital at Jakarta. He began to work on reforming the ministry,Шаблон:Sfn including formalising its mission statement: to provide religious teachers, promote interfaith relations, and to establish the dates of religious holidays. He worked on internal structure, including formalising the ministry's leadership hierarchy and the opening of the provincial and regional branches. The ministry also continued its promotion of religious educationШаблон:Sfn and was tasked with handling the numerous Indonesian pilgrims who went on the hajj.Шаблон:Sfn The Wilopo Cabinet collapsed on 30 July 1953,Шаблон:Sfn following an immigration and land dispute in Medan. Fakih was replaced by Masjkur.Шаблон:Sfn

Banning of the Masyumi

Fakih continued to work with the ministry and the Muhammadiyah, serving as the organisation's First Deputy Chair under Ahmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In 1956 he was one of three Muhammadiyah members who presented their concept of a truly Islamic society, one which emphasised social education.Шаблон:Sfn During this time he was more active with Masyumi, and after the 1955 Constituent Assembly election, Fakih was made a member of the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia. This assembly, meant to reach an agreement for a new national constitution, failed to gain a consensus, and was disbanded by president Sukarno with his decree of 5 July 1959.Шаблон:Sfn That year Fakih collaborated with Hamka, Joesoef Poear Abdullah, and Ahmad Joesoef to launch the magazine Pandji Masjarakat.Шаблон:Sfn Sukarno later disbanded Masyumi on 17 August 1960 after leading Masyumi members, such as Mohammad Natsir and Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, were involved with the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia;Шаблон:Sfn Fakih had been involved in the negotiations with the Revolutionary Government, working with Mohammad Roem.Шаблон:Sfn

Later career

Файл:Fakih Usman Speech Suara Rakyat 18 Nov 1953 p1.jpg

Fakih delivering a speech at a Muhammadiyah meeting, 1953

The disbanding of Masyumi left Fakih with more time to focus on the Muhammadiyah, serving as the Second Deputy Chair under Junus Anis.Шаблон:Sfn During a leadership course run by the organisation during Ramadhan of 1380 AH (February/March 1961), Fakih began promoting an institutional identity through his lecture "Apakah Muhammadiyah Itu" ("What is Muhammadiyah?"). This outlined the organisation as one based in dawah, focusing on real-world issues, and willing to work with the government to ensure a prosperous future for Muslims.Шаблон:Sfn

These concepts were later formulated through 1962 and established as an institutional identity, one which called for Muhammadiyah to work towards creating a truly Islamic society while opposing leftist politics.Шаблон:Sfn This, in turn, was followed by refactoring within the organisation to better adapt the new identity.Шаблон:Sfn From 1962 until 1965 Fakih served as the First Deputy Chair of Muhammadiyah under Ahmad Badawi, providing guidance for young religious leaders. During the killings and power shift which followed the 30 September Movement coup attempt, Fakih and several Muhammadiyah members sent a letter requesting that Masyumi be allowed to reform; this permission was not granted.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn For Badawi's second term, Fakih served as an advisor to the chairman, often taking management responsibilities. He was selected as the organisation's chairman at the 37th Muhammadiyah Congress in 1968.Шаблон:Sfn

Death and legacy

On being chosen as chairman, Fakih began work to ensure there would be a successor, as his health was failing.Шаблон:Sfn On 2 October, at a joint meeting of the board at his home, he outlined his plans for his three-year period of leadership; Fakih also appointed Rasjidi and Abdul Rozak Fachruddin as temporary leaders while he went abroad for medical treatment. Fakih died on 3 October 1968, only a few days after being selected, and was replaced by Fachruddin on the day of his death;Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn Fachruddin served as chairman for 24 years.Шаблон:Sfn

The street where Fakih lived as a child is now known as Fakih Usman Street.Шаблон:Sfn Within Muhammadiyah Fakih continues to be well respected. He is credited with the formulation of the "Muhammadiyah Personality" (Шаблон:Lang), Muhammadiyah's institutional identity.Шаблон:Sfn Out of respect towards Fakih, the Muhammadiyah continues to record his period as chairman as lasting the full three-year term.Шаблон:Sfn Didin Syafruddin, a faculty member at the Jakarta Islamic State University, writes that Fakih was highly dedicated to education, noting that five of Fakih's seven children eventually became doctors;Шаблон:Sfn Syafruddin also writes that, owing to a lack of human resources, Fakih was limited in his reforms while Minister of Religious Affairs.Шаблон:Sfn Former Muhammadiyah chairman Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif described Fakih as the "tranquil, cleansing water"Шаблон:Efn who served as a calming influence for Muhammadiyah when the organisation was in turmoil.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

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References

Citations

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Sources

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