Английская Википедия:Fall of Plered
Шаблон:Infobox military conflict Шаблон:Campaignbox Trunajaya rebellion The Fall of Plered (also spelled Pleret) was the capture of the capital of the Mataram Sultanate by the rebel forces loyal to Trunajaya in late June 1677. The attack on Plered followed a series of rebel victory, notably in the Battle of Gegodog and the fall of most of Mataram's northern coast. The aged and sick King Amangkurat I and his sons offered an ineffective defense, and the rebel overran the capital on or around 28 June. The capital was plundered and its wealth taken to the rebel capital in Kediri. The loss of the capital led to the collapse of the Mataram government and the flight of the royal family. The king fled with his son the crown prince and a small retinue to Tegal and died there, passing the kingship to the crown prince, now titled Amangkurat II, without any army or treasury.
Background
Progress of the Trunajaya rebellion
The Trunajaya rebellion began in 1674 as raids by the rebel forces against the cities of the Mataram Sultanate.Шаблон:Sfn In 1676, a rebel army of 9,000 invaded Java from their base in Madura.Шаблон:Sfn They routed a much larger royal army in the Battle of Gegodog in northeast Java (October 1676), took most of Java's north coast and campaigned successfully in the interior central and east Java.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the same year, the rebels arrived at Taji, the eastern entrance to the capital district, and was joined by the men of Raden Kajoran, Trunajaya's powerful father-in-law.Шаблон:Sfn The combined forces was defeated by loyalist forces led by Mataram's royal princes, but Kajoran escaped and joined Trunajaya.Шаблон:Sfn Despite the defeat, Kajoran continued to cause trouble for Mataram in districts east of the capital.Шаблон:Sfn In early 1677, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Batavia decided to ally itself with Mataram.Шаблон:Sfn A fleet led by Cornelis Speelman sailed to Trunajaya's capital in Surabaya in April, northeastern coast of Java, and took the city after hard fighting in May.Шаблон:Sfn Following the defeat, Trunajaya retreated inland, establishing a new capital in Kediri.Шаблон:Sfn
The court at Plered
Шаблон:Main Amangkurat I's father and predecessor Sultan Agung built an artificial lake in an area which became known as Plered, east of his court at Karta.Шаблон:Sfn In 1647, shortly after taking the throne, Amangkurat built his royal residence near the lake and moved the court there.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In contrast to Karta, which was made of wood, the royal compound at Plered was built of brick.Шаблон:Sfn Amangkurat continued to expand this complex up to 1666.Шаблон:Sfn
Opposing forces
According to Jacob Couper, a VOC envoy to Mataram, in March 1677 the rule of King Amangkurat I was visibly collapsing.Шаблон:Sfn The king was ill and his four eldest sons, the crown prince (later Amangkurat II), Pangeran Puger (later Pakubuwana I), Pangeran Martasana and Pangeran Singasari were manoeuvring for power.Шаблон:Sfn The royal guards, as well as the guards of the princes were available for defending of the capital, but disunity among the four princes prevented an effective defense.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Rebel forces in this sector consisted of Madurese troops, as well as Javanese forces from East Java and central northern coast.Шаблон:Sfn They were led by Raden Kajoran, the head of the important and powerful family in the area (Kajoran is in today's Magelang Regency).Шаблон:Sfn The Kajoran family was interrelated by marriage to the royal family, but he was alarmed at the king's brutality which had resulted in the death of many noblemen at court.Шаблон:Sfn Raden Kajoran was also the father-in-law of Trunajaya.Шаблон:Sfn The forces of Pangeran Purbaya, the king's cousin, also joined the rebels.Шаблон:Sfn The crown prince later identified the forces who overran Mataram to be from Madiun, Pati, Kudus and Grobogan and the men of Kajoran and Purbaya.Шаблон:Sfn
Capture of Plered
Kajoran renewed military operations in the capital district in April 1677.Шаблон:Sfn The accounts of the military operations are unclear, but in June royal forces, under command of King Amangkurat I's four eldest sons (the crown prince as well as Pangeran Puger, Pangeran Martasana and Pangeran Singasari) were defeated in battle after heavy fighting.Шаблон:Sfn The king himself was aged and grievously ill and unable to lead his troops.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Superior rebel operations, and the lack of unity among the princes contributed to the rebel victory.Шаблон:Sfn In addition, the king's cousin Pangeran Purbaya, defected to the rebel side along with his followers, and the loyal princes were unable to rally their people to fight.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The capital was now "beyond defending".Шаблон:Sfn Conflict arose between the crown prince and his brother Pangeran Puger.Шаблон:Sfn The king put Puger in charge of the defense of the capital, awarding him the title Susuhunan Ingalaga ("king on the field of battle").Шаблон:Sfn
Amid anarchy and panic, the king fled the court, in the middle of the night, possibly on or around 28 June, with a small retinue.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Soon afterwards, rebel forces entered and sacked the court.Шаблон:Sfn The demoralized defenders under Puger soon fled.Шаблон:Sfn Rebels entered and plundered the compound of the king, and those of the absent princes, accompanied by much fire-raising.Шаблон:Sfn The royal treasury of at least 300,000 Spanish reals were taken by rebels.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn
Flight and death of Amangkurat I
Sources disagree on the details of the royal family's flight. According to the Dutch historian H. J. de Graaf, the king and his sons fled separately.Шаблон:Sfn Among his sons, the king encountered Puger and Singasari, who refused to come with him and later the crown prince, who did.Шаблон:Sfn According to Javanese accounts, the king instructed Puger, Singasari and Martasana to form a new defence to the west of the capital, while he took the crown prince and a younger son Pangeran Arya Mataram travelling northwest. Шаблон:Sfn The king travelled through areas not yet under rebel control: west through Bagelen, then the mountainous region of Banyumas, and then north towards Tegal on the coast. He travelled in a palanquin due to his illness, and was unmolested save for (according to Javanese accounts), an attempted robbery by villagers of Karanganyar who were unaware of his identity.Шаблон:Sfn
According to de Graaf, he went to Tegal in order to meet with a VOC official on a ship but died on the way.Шаблон:Sfn According to the Javanese accounts, the aged and ill king, certain of his imminent death, went to Tegal because he wished to be buried there.Шаблон:Sfn Tegal was in his mother's country and he sent his officials ahead to build a grave for him in Tegalwangi, few kilometers south of the coast.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As he laid dying, he ceremonially handed over the regalia to the crown prince,Шаблон:Sfn and instructed him to recapture the court with the Dutch's help.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He then died, and his body was washed, prayed over and taken to the burial site in Tegalwangi.Шаблон:Sfn He was buried on 13 July and thirteen VOC soldiers from the ship off Tegal attended the burial.Шаблон:Sfn He was given the posthumous name Seda-ing-Tegalwangi ("He who died in Tegalwangi").Шаблон:Sfn
Aftermath
After his father's death, the crown prince became King Amangkurat II, but he had no court, no army and no treasury.Шаблон:Sfn He was accepted by the Javanese gentry and by VOC officials in Tegal, but could not establish his authority elsewhere in Java.Шаблон:Sfn The sultan of Cirebon, a vassal of Mataram since 1660 refused to pay homage.Шаблон:Sfn His brother Pangeran Puger occupied the capital after the rebels left, and made a rival claim to the kingdom.Шаблон:Sfn Aware of his difficult position, the new king sailed to Jepara to meet with the VOC commander Speelman and renewed the Mataram-VOC alliance.Шаблон:Sfn In exchange for VOC assistance, he was obliged to promise a large sum of money and geopolitical concessions.Шаблон:Sfn The Trunajaya rebellion would continue until 1680 and Puger's pretension to the throne until 1681. Unable to take Plered from his brother, in 1680 Amangkurat II built a new capital in the district of Pajang, and called it Kartasura.Шаблон:Sfn
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