Английская Википедия:Fallen angel
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Fallen angels are angels who were expelled from Heaven. The literal term "fallen angel" does not appear in any Abrahamic religious texts, but is used to describe angels cast out of heaven[1] or angels who sinned. Such angels often tempt humans to sin.
The idea of fallen angels is derived from the Book of Enoch, a Jewish pseudepigraphic apocalyptic religious text, or the assumption that the "sons of God" (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew) mentioned in Genesis 6:1–4 are angels. In the period immediately preceding the composition of the New Testament, some sects of Second Temple Judaism identified these same "sons of God" as fallen angels. During the late Second Temple period the Nephilim were considered the monstrous offspring of fallen angels and human women. In such accounts, God sends the Great Deluge to purge the world of these creatures; their bodies are destroyed, yet their peculiar souls survive, thereafter roaming the earth as demons. Rabbinic Judaism and Christian authorities after the third century rejected the Enochian writings and the notion of an illicit union between angels and women producing hybrids. Christian theology indicates the sins of fallen angels occur before the beginning of human history. Accordingly, fallen angels became identified with those led by Lucifer in rebellion against God, also equated with demons.
In Islam, belief in fallen angels is disputed. In early Quranic exegesis (tafsīr) there are two distinct opinions in regards of the obedience of angels, often revolving around the nature of Iblis (Satan in Islam).[2] According to the viewpoint of ibn Abbas (619–687), Iblis was an angel created from fire (nār as-samūm), while according to Hasan of Basra (642–728), he was the progenitor of the jinn.[3][4] Hasan al-Basri argued that angels are unable to sin. To eliminate the possibilities for fallen angels, he further interpretates Harut and Marut, mentioned in 2:102, as malikayn (kings) instead of malā'ikah (angels).[5] Ibn Abbas, on the other hand, asserts that the verse in Surah 18:50 "except Iblis, he was one of the jinn", means "he was one of the inhabitants of paradise" and generally allows the concept of fallen angels within Islamic tradition.[2]
Academic scholars have discussed whether or not the Quranic jinn are identical to the biblical fallen angels. Although the different types of spirits in the Quran are sometimes hard to distinguish, the jinn in Islamic traditions seem to differ in their major characteristics from fallen angels.[1] In classical Islamic traditions, the jinn are often thought of as a race of Pre-Adamites,[6] who dwelt on earth. However, their ethereal bodies, as in the Christian conception of fallen angels, would allow them to ascend to heaven to obtain knowledge, thus passing secret information to soothsayers (a notion also corresponding with the Greek Daimon). The Quran also refers to the idea of jinn trying to climb up to heaven. As Patricia Crone points out, one of the characteristics of fallen angels is that they fall from heaven, not that they try to get back to it.[1]
Second Temple period
The concept of fallen angels derives mostly from works dated to the Second Temple period between 530 BC and 70 AD: in the Book of Enoch, the Book of Jubilees and the Qumran Book of Giants; and perhaps in Genesis 6:1–4.[7] A reference to heavenly beings called "Watchers" originates in Daniel 4, in which there are three mentions, twice in the singular (v. 13, 23), once in the plural (v. 17), of "watchers, holy ones". The Ancient Greek word for watchers is Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration, plural of Шаблон:Transliteration), literally translated as "wakeful".[8] Some scholars consider it most likely that the Jewish tradition of fallen angels predates, even in written form, the composition of Gen 6:1–4.[9][10]Шаблон:Efn In the Book of Enoch, these Watchers "fell" after they became "enamored" with human women. The Second Book of Enoch (Slavonic Enoch) refers to the same beings of the (First) Book of Enoch, now called Grigori in the Greek transcription.[11] Compared to the other Books of Enoch, fallen angels play a less significant role in 3 Enoch. 3 Enoch mentions only three fallen angels called Azazel, Azza and Uzza. Similar to The first Book of Enoch, they taught sorcery on earth, causing corruption.[12] Unlike the first Book of Enoch, there is no mention of the reason for their fall and, according to 3 Enoch 4.6, they also later appear in heaven objecting to the presence of Enoch.
1 Enoch
Шаблон:See also According to 1 Enoch 7.2, the Watchers become "enamoured" with human women[13] and have intercourse with them. The offspring of these unions, and the knowledge they were giving, corrupt human beings and the earth (1 Enoch 10.11–12).[13] Eminent among these angels are Samyaza and Azazel. Like many other fallen angels mentioned in 1 Enoch 8.1–9, Azazel introduces men to "forbidden arts", and it is Azazel who is rebuked by Enoch himself for illicit instruction, as stated in 1 Enoch 13.1.[14] According to 1 Enoch 10.6, God sends the archangel Raphael to chain Azazel in the desert Dudael as punishment. Further, Azazel is blamed for the corruption of earth:Шаблон:Blockquote
An etiological interpretation of 1 Enoch deals with the origin of evil. By shifting the origin of mankind's sin and their misdeeds to illicit angel instruction, evil is attributed to something supernatural from without. This motif, in 1 Enoch, differs from that of later Jewish and Christian theology; in the latter evil is something from within.[15] According to a paradigmatic interpretation, 1 Enoch might deal with illicit marriages between priests and women. As evident from Leviticus 21:1–15, priests were prohibited to marry impure women. Accordingly, the fallen angels in 1 Enoch are the priests counterpart, who defile themselves by marriage. Just like the angels are expelled from heaven, the priests are excluded from their service at the altar. Unlike most other apocalyptic writings, 1 Enoch reflects a growing dissatisfaction with the priestly establishments in Jerusalem in the 3rd century BC. The paradigmatic interpretation parallels the Adamic myth in regard of the origin of evil: In both cases, transcending one's own limitations inherent in their own nature causes their fall. This contrasts the etiological interpretation, which implies another power besides God, in heaven. The latter solution therefore poorly fits into monotheistic thought.[16] Otherwise, the introduction to illicit knowledge might reflect a rejection of foreign Hellenistic culture. Accordingly, the fallen angels represent creatures of Greek mythology, which introduced forbidden arts, used by Hellenistic kings and generals, resulting in oppression of Jews.[17]
2 Enoch
The concept of fallen angels is also in the Second Book of Enoch. It tells about Enoch's ascent through the layers of heaven. During his journey, he encounters fallen angels imprisoned in the 2nd heaven. At first, he decides to pray for them, but refuses to do so, since he himself as merely human, would not be worthy to pray for angels. In the 5th heaven however, he meets other rebellious angels, here called Grigori, remaining in grief, not joining the heavenly hosts in song. Enoch tries to cheer them up by telling about his prayers for their fellow angels and thereupon they join the heavenly liturgy.[18]
Strikingly, the text refers to the leader of the Grigori as Satanail and not as Azael or Shemyaza, as in the other Books of Enoch.[19] But the Grigori are identified with the Watchers of 1 Enoch.[20][21]
The narration of the Grigori in 2 Enoch 18:1–7, who went down on to earth, married women and "befouled the earth with their deeds", resulting in their confinement under the earth, shows that the author of 2 Enoch knew about the stories in 1 Enoch.[19] The longer recension of 2 Enoch, chapter 29 refers to angels who were "thrown out from the height" when their leader tried to become equal in rank with the Lord's power (2 Enoch 29:1–4), an idea probably taken from Ancient Canaanite religion about Attar, trying to rule the throne of Baal. The equation of an angel called Satanail with a deity trying to usurp the throne of a higher deity, was also adapted by later Christian in regard to the fall of Satan.[22]
Jubilees
Шаблон:Main The Book of Jubilees, an ancient Jewish religious work, accepted as canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Beta Israel, refers to the Watchers, who are among the angels created on the first day.[23][24] However, unlike the (first) Book of Enoch, the Watchers are commanded by God to descend to earth and to instruct humanity.[25][26] It is only after they copulate with human women that they transgress the laws of God.[27] These illicit unions result in demonic offspring, who battle each other until they die, while the Watchers are bound in the depths of the earth as punishment.[28] In Jubilees 10:1, another angel called Mastema appears as the leader of the evil spirits.[27] He asks God to spare some of the demons, so he might use their aid to lead humankind into sin. Afterwards, he becomes their leader:[27] Шаблон:Quotation
Both the (first) Book of Enoch and the Book of Jubilees include the motif of angels introducing evil to humans. However, unlike the Book of Enoch, the Book of Jubilees does not hold that evil was caused by the fall of angels in the first place, although their introduction to sin is affirmed. Further, while the fallen angels in the Book of Enoch are acting against God's will, the fallen angels and demons in the Book of Jubilees seem to have no power independent from God but only act within his power.[29]
Rabbinic Judaism
Early Rabbinic literature
Although the concept of fallen angels developed from Judaism during the Second Temple period, rabbis from the second century onward turned against the Enochian writings, probably in order to prevent fellow Jews from worship and veneration of angels. Thus, while many angels were individualized and sometimes venerated during the Second Temple period, the status of angels was degraded to a class of creatures on the same level of humans, thereby emphasizing the omnipresence of God. The 2nd-century rabbi Shimon bar Yochai cursed everyone who explained the term sons of God as angels. He stated sons of God were actually sons of judges or sons of nobles. Evil was no longer attributed to heavenly forces, now it was dealt as an "evil inclination" (yetzer hara) within humans.[30] In some Midrashic works, the "evil inclination" is attributed to Samael, who is in charge of several satans in order to test humanity.[31][32] Nevertheless, these angels are still subordinate to God; the reacceptance of rebel angels in Midrashic discourse was posterior and probably influenced by the role of fallen angels in Islamic and Christian lore.[33]
Post-Talmudic works
The idea of rebel angels in Judaism reappears in the Aggadic-Midrashic work Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, which shows not one, but two falls of angels. The first one is attributed to Samael, who refuses to worship Adam and objects to God favoring Adam over the angels, ultimately descending onto Adam and Eve to tempt them into sin. This seems rooted in the motif of the fall of Iblis in the Quran and the fall of Satan in the Cave of Treasures.[34] The second fall echoes the Enochian narratives. Again, the "sons of God" mentioned in Gen 6:1–4 are depicted as angels. During their fall, their "strength and stature became like the sons of man" and again, they give existence to the giants by intercourse with human women.[34]
Kabbalah
Although not strictly speaking fallen, evil angels reappear in Kabbalah. Some of them are named after angels taken from the Enochian writings, such as Samael.[35] According to the Zohar, just as angels can be created by virtue, evil angels are an incarnation of human vices, which derive from the qlippoth, the representation of impure forces.[36]
However, the Zohar also recalls a narration of two angels in a fallen state, called Aza and Azael. These angels are cast down from the heaven after mistrusting Adam for his inclination towards sin.[37] Once on Earth, they complete the Enochian narrative by teaching magic to humans and producing offspring with them, as well as consorting with Lilith (hailed as "the sinner"). In the narrative, the Zohar affirms but simultaneously prohibits magical practices.[38] As a punishment, God puts the angels in chains, but they still copulate with the demoness Naamah, who gives birth to demons, evil spirits and witches.[37]
Christianity
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The Fall of the Rebel Angels (Apocryphal) (Шаблон:Circa), by William de Brailes. God sits on a throne within a mandorla. The rebelling angels are depicted as falling out of heaven and into a hell, in the shape of a mouth. As they fall, the angels become demons.
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Michael casts out rebel angels. Illustration by Gustave Doré for John Milton's Paradise Lost (1866)
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Angels fighting against fallen angels during the War in Heaven. Illustration by Gustave Doré for John Milton's Paradise Lost (1866)
Bible
Luke 10:18 refers to "Satan falling from heaven" and Matthew 25:41 mentions "the Devil and his angels", who will be thrown into hell. All Synoptic Gospels identify Satan as the leader of demons.[39] Paul the Apostle (Шаблон:Circa or 67) states in 1 Corinthians 6:3 that there are angels who will be judged, implying the existence of wicked angels.[39] 2 Peter 2:4 and Jude 1:6 refer paraenetically to angels who have sinned against God and await punishment on Judgement Day.[40] The Book of Revelation, chapter 12, speaks of Satan as a great red dragon whose "tail swept a third part of the stars of heaven and cast them to the earth".[41] In verses 7–9, Satan is defeated in the War in Heaven against Michael and his angels: "the great dragon was thrown down, that ancient serpent who is called the Devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world—he was thrown down to the earth and his angels were thrown down with him".[42] Nowhere within the New Testament writings are fallen angels identified with demons,[39] but by combining the references to Satan, demons and angels, early Christian exegetes equated fallen angels with demons, for which Satan was regarded as the leader.[39][43]
The First Epistle to the Corinthians in 11:10, according to the early Church Father Tertullian, references fallen angels; Tertullian taught that protection from the lust of the fallen angels was the reason for Saint Paul's directive to Christian women to wear a headcovering (veil).[44] Tertullian referenced a woman who was touched on the neck by a fallen angel "who found her to be a temptation".[45]
Origen and other Christian writers linked the fallen morning star of Isaiah 14:12 of the Old Testament to Jesus' statement in Luke 10:18 that he "saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven", as well as a passage about the fall of Satan in Revelation 12:8–9.[46] The Latin word lucifer, as introduced in the late 4th-century AD Vulgate, gave rise to the name for a fallen angel.[47]
Christian tradition has associated Satan not only with the image of the morning star in Isaiah 14:12, but also with the denouncing in Ezekiel 28:11–19 of the king of Tyre, who is spoken of as having been a "cherub". The Church Fathers saw these two passages as in some ways parallel, an interpretation also testified in apocryphal and pseudepigraphic works.[48] However, "no modern evangelical commentary on Isaiah or Ezekiel sees Isaiah 14 or Ezekiel 28 as providing information about the fall of Satan".[49]
Early Christianity
During the period immediately before the rise of Christianity, the intercourse between the Watchers and human women was often seen as the first fall of the angels.[50] Christianity stuck to the Enochian writings at least until the third century.[51] Many Church Fathers such as Irenaeus, Justin Martyr, Clement of Alexandria and Lactantius[52][53] accepted the association of the angelic descent to the sons of God passage in Genesis 6:1–4.[52] However, some ascetics, such as Origen (Шаблон:Circa),[54] rejected this interpretation. According to the Church Fathers who rejected the doctrine by Origen, these angels were guilty of having transgressed the limits of their nature and of desiring to leave their heavenly abode to experience sensual experiences.[55] Irenaeus referred to fallen angels as apostates, who will be punished by an everlasting fire. Justin Martyr (Шаблон:Circa) identified pagan deities as fallen angels or their demonic offspring in disguise. Justin also held them responsible for Christian persecution during the first centuries.[56] Tertullian and Origen also referred to fallen angels as teachers of astrology.[57]
The Babylonian king, who is described as a fallen "morning star" in Isaiah 14:1–17, was probably the first time identified with a fallen angel by Origen.[58][59] This description was interpreted typologically both as an angel and a human king. The image of the fallen morning star or angel was thereby applied to Satan by early Christian writers,[60][61] following the equation of Lucifer to Satan in the pre-Christian century.[62]
Catholicism
The subject of fallen angels is covered in a number of catechisms, including Rev. George Hay's in which he answers the question What was the sin by which they fell?: "It was pride, arising from the great beauty and sublime graces which God had bestowed upon them. For, seeing themselves such glorious beings, they fell in love with themselves, and, forgetting the God that made them, wished to be on an equality with their Creator." The consequence of this fall being that, "they were immediately deprived of all their supernatural graces and heavenly beauty: they were changed from glorious angels into hideous devils; they were banished out of heaven, and condemned to the torments of hell, which was prepared to receive them."[63]
In terms of the history of fallen angel theology it is thought to be rooted in Enochian literature, which Christians began to reject by the third century. The sons of God came to be identified merely with righteous men, more precisely with descendants of Seth who had been seduced by women descended from Cain. The cause of evil was shifted from the superior powers of angels, to humans themselves, and to the very beginning of history; the expulsion of Satan and his angels on the one hand and the original sin of humans on the other hand.[51][64] However, the Book of Watchers, which identified the sons of God with fallen angels, was not rejected by Syriac Christians or the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.[65] Augustine of Hippo's work Civitas Dei (5th century) became the major opinion of Western demonology and for the Catholic Church.[66] He rejected the Enochian writings and stated that the sole origin of fallen angels was the rebellion of Satan.[67][68] As a result, fallen angels came to be equated with demons and depicted as non-sexual spiritual entities.[69] The exact nature of their spiritual bodies became another topic of dispute during the Middle Ages.[66] Augustine based his descriptions of demons on his perception of the Greek Daimon.[66] The Daimon was thought to be a spiritual being, composed of ethereal matter, a notion also used for fallen angels by Augustine.[70] However, these angels received their ethereal body only after their fall.[70] Later scholars tried to explain the details of their spiritual nature, asserting that the ethereal body is a mixture of fire and air, but that they are still composed of material elements. Others denied any physical relation to material elements, depicting the fallen angels as purely spiritual entities.[71] But even those who believed the fallen angels had ethereal bodies did not believe that they could produce any offspring.[72][73]
Augustine, in his Civitas Dei describes two cities (Civitates) distinct from each other and opposed to each other like light and darkness.[74] The earthly city is caused by the act of rebellion of the fallen angels and is inhabited by wicked men and demons (fallen angels) led by Satan. On the other hand, the heavenly city is inhabited by righteous men and the angels led by God.[74] Although, his ontological division into two different kingdoms shows resemblance of Manichean dualism, Augustine differs in regard of the origin and power of evil. In Augustine works, evil originates from free will. Augustine always emphasized the sovereignty of God over the fallen angels.[75] Accordingly, the inhabitants of the earthly city can only operate within their God-given framework.[68] The rebellion of angels is also a result of the God-given freedom of choice. The obedient angels are endowed with grace, giving them a deeper understanding of God's nature and the order of the cosmos. Illuminated by God-given grace, they became incapable of feeling any desire for sin. The other angels, however, are not blessed with grace, thus they remain capable of sin. After these angels decide to sin, they fall from heaven and become demons.[76] In Augustine's view of angels, they cannot be guilty of carnal desires since they lack flesh, but they can be guilty of sins that are rooted in spirit and intellect such as pride and envy.[77] However, after they have made their decision to rebel against God, they cannot turn back.[78][79] The Catechism of the Catholic Church does not take "the fall of the angels" literally, but as a radical and irrevocable rejection of God and his reign by some angels who, though created as good beings, freely chose evil, their sin being unforgivable because of the irrevocable character of their choice, not because of any defect in infinite divine mercy.[80] Present-day Catholicism rejects Apocatastasis, the reconciliation with God suggested by the Church Father Origen.[81]
Orthodox Christianity
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Like Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox Christianity shares the basic belief in fallen angels as spiritual beings who rebel against God. Unlike Catholicism, however, there is no established doctrine about the exact nature of fallen angels, but Eastern Orthodox Christianity unanimously agrees that the power of fallen angels is always inferior to God. Therefore, belief in fallen angels can always be assimilated with local lore, as long it does not break basic principles and is in line with the Bible.[82] Historically, some theologians even tend to suggest that fallen angels could be rehabilitated in the world to come.[83] Fallen angels, just like angels, play a significant role in the spiritual life of believers. As in Catholicism, fallen angels tempt and incite people into sin, but mental illness is also linked to fallen angels.[84] Those who have reached an advanced degree of spirituality are even thought to be able to envision them.[84] Rituals and sacraments performed by Eastern Orthodoxy are thought to weaken such demonic influences.[85]
Ethiopian Church
Unlike most other Churches, the Ethiopian Church accepts 1 Enoch and the Book of Jubilees as canonical.[86] As a result, the Church believes that human sin does not originate in Adam's transgression alone, but also from Satan and other fallen angels. Together with demons, they continue to cause sin and corruption on earth.[87]
Neutral angels
In Christian folklore tales about encounters between men and spirits, the spirits were often explained as fallen angels. They would have been cast out of heaven, damned to roam the world as demons, but were not so evil that they were sentenced to hell, like Lucifer and his devils. Yet they were still not as good to remain in heaven.[88] Therefore, they would live between heaven and hell among humans in liminal spaces.
Caesarius of Heisterbach's (Шаблон:Circa) asserted that not all fallen angels are equally bad. Some fallen angels would be banished for not actively defending God against Lucifer, but since they did not side with the devils, would not be sentenced to hell. They remain loyal to God on earth, do good deeds, and bearing some resemblances to saints, as seen in the Dialogus Miraculorum, in which a knight is guided by a fallen angel to lead him back on the path of piety.[89] In another tale, a neutral fallen angel became an assistant of a noble knight. However, when the knight learned that his best assistant was actually a demon, he dismissed him. When the knight wants to pay the demon for his service, the demon asserted that the knight should spend the money on a new bell for the church, instead.[89]
According to The Brendan Voyage, during the Medieval Age, Brendan meets a group of angels referred to as "wandering spirits". On holy days, they were embodied as white birds, symbols usually used for purity and the holy spirit. In later versions, such as the 15th Century Dutch and German variant, the fallen angels are much more depicted as akin to grotesque demons. Although they would not have supported Lucifer in his evil schemes, they would have been passive and not fighting for good, thus turned into animal-like creatures cast out of heaven.
Such earthly fallen angels were used as a possible origin of fairies in Irish and Scandinavian folk-tales. Depending on the place they fell, they will remain as spirits of the specific element, but are usually benevolent and harmless.[90] If such fairies were identified with the Biblical fallen angels, their salvation after Judgement Day was usually denied, since the fallen angels could not return to heaven.[91] Later Protestant thinkers increasingly dismissed belief in fairies and neutral angels as part of either fairy-tales or a delusion cast by Satan.[92]
Protestantism
Like Catholicism, Protestantism continues with the concept of fallen angels as spiritual entities unrelated to flesh,[69] but it rejects the angelology established by Catholicism. Martin Luther's (1483–1546) sermons of the angels merely recount the exploits of the fallen angels, and does not deal with an angelic hierarchy.[93] Satan and his fallen angels are responsible for some misfortune in the world, but Luther always believed that the power of the good angels exceeds those of the fallen ones.[94] The Italian Protestant theologian Girolamo Zanchi (1516Шаблон:En dash1590) offered further explanations for the reason behind the fall of the angels. According to Zanchi, the angels rebelled when the incarnation of Christ was revealed to them in incomplete form.[69] While Mainline Protestants are much less concerned with the cause of angelic fall, arguing that it is neither useful nor necessary to know, other Protestant churches do have fallen angels as more of a focus.[69]
Philosophy
In Western philosophy, the devil was understood as a personal identity of evil in opposition to good. Its conception as a fallen angel, in contrast to Manichaeistic absolute evil, allowed to avoid two separate ontological principles.[95]
Theodicy, the question of how evil can exist simultaneously with the existence of an all-powerful and all-good God, may utilize the concept of fallen angels to explain natural evil. Accordingly, the angels would have great power, and by exercising havoc over the earth, they cause suffering and misery, manifesting in natural disasters. Accordingly, natural evil can be traced back to free-will (in that case of super-human agents). Opponents argue that this implies that fallen angels have supernatural powers to influence the world, powers left unproven, thus falling into a devil of the gaps.[96]
Islam
The concept of fallen angels is debated in Islam.[97] Opposition to the possibility of erring angels can be attested as early as the influential Islamic ascetic Hasan of Basra (642–728).Шаблон:Efn On the other hand, evidence for the belief in fallen angels among Muslims can be traced back to reports attributed to some of the companions of Muhammad, such as Ibn Abbas (619–687) and Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud (594–653).[98] To support the doctrine of infallible angels, Hasan of Basra pointed at verses stressing out the piety of angels, while simultaneously reinterpreting verses which might imply acknowledgement of fallen angels. For that reason, he read the term mala'ikah (angels) in reference to Harut and Marut, two possible fallen angels mentioned in 2:102, as malikayn (kings) instead of malā'ikah (angels), depicting them as ordinary men and advocated the belief that Iblis was a jinn and had never been an angel before.[99] However, none of these verses declare angels as immune from sin.[100]
Contemporary Muslim scholars have argued, even if fallen angels are considered, they are conceptually different from the fallen angels in Christianity, since they remain at the service of God and do not become God's enemies.[101] It has been stated that "(...) according to Christianity, the devils are fallen angels who renounced their loyalty to God, in Islam it is God who dismissed the fallen angels".[2]
The Quran mentions the fall of Iblis in several Surahs. Surah al-Anbiya states that angels claiming divine honors were to be punished with hell.[102] Further, Surah 2:102 implies that a pair of fallen angels introduces magic to humanity. According to the Isma'ilism work Umm al-Kitab, Azazil, the first angel created by God, boasts about himself being superior to God until he is thrown into lower celestial spheres and ends up on earth.[103] Iblis is often described as being chained in the lowest pit of hell (Sijjin) and commands, according to Al-Tha'labi (961–1038), his host of rebel angels (shayāṭīn) and the fiercest jinn (ifrit) from there.[2][104] In a Shia narrative from Ja'far al-Sadiq (700 or 702–765), Idris (Enoch) meets an angel, which the wrath of God falls upon, and his wings and hair are cut off; after Idris prays for him to God, his wings and hair are restored. In return they become friends and at his request the angel takes Idris to the heavens to meet the angel of death.[105] In a similar stroy, a cherub called Fuṭrus (فطرس) was cast out from heaven and fell to the earth. When Muhammad intercedes for the angel and God restores his wings after he touches al-Husayn's cradle.[106]
Some recent non-Islamic scholars suggest Uzair, who is according to Surah 9:30 called a son of God by Jews, originally referred to a fallen angel.[107] While exegetes almost unanimously identified Uzair as Ezra,Шаблон:Efn there is no historical evidence that the Jews called him son of God. Thus, the Quran may refer not to the earthly Ezra, but to the heavenly Ezra, identifying him with the heavenly Enoch, who in turn became identified with the angel Metatron (also called lesser YHWH) in merkabah mysticism.[108]
Iblis
The Quran repeatedly tells about the fall of Iblis. According to Quran 2:30,[109] the angels object to God's intention to create a human, because they will cause corruption and shed blood,[110] echoing the account of 1 Enoch and the Book of Jubilees. This happens after the angels observe men causing unrighteousness.[111] However, after God demonstrates the superiority of Adam's knowledge in comparison to the angels, He orders them to prostrate themselves. Only Iblis refuses to follow the instruction. When God asks for the reason behind Iblis' refusal, he boasts about himself being superior to Adam, because he is made of fire. Thereupon God expels him from heaven. In the early Meccan period, Iblis appears as a degraded angel.[112] But since he is called a jinni in Surah 18:50, some scholars argue that Iblis is actually not an angel. This is the position of the tradition from Hasan al-Basri, who argued that Iblis is not an angel, but an entity apart, and the father of the jinn.[2] Therefore, they reject the concept of fallen angels and emphasize the nobility of angels by quoting certain Quranic verses like 66:6 and 16:49, distinguishing between infallible angels and jinn capable of sin.
On the other hand, the tradition from ibn Abbas allows the concept of fallen angels.[2] According to Ibn Abbas, angels who guard the jinan (here: heavens) are called Jinni, just as humans who were from Mecca are called Mecci (nisba), but they are not related to the jinn-race.[113][114] This tradition asserts that Iblis and his angels are made from "poisonous fire" (nār as-samūm), the rest of the angels from "light" (Nūr), and the jinn mentioned in the Quran were created from "a mixture of fire" (mārijin min nār).[2] Other scholars assert that a jinn is everything hidden from human eye, both angels and other invisible creatures, thus including Iblis to a group of angels.
In Surah 15:36, God grants Iblis' request to prove the unworthiness of humans. Surah 38:82 also confirms that Iblis' intrigues to lead humans astray are permitted by God's power.[115] However, as mentioned in Surah 17:65, Iblis' attempts to mislead God's servants are destined to fail.[115] The Quranic episode of Iblis parallels another wicked angel in the earlier Books of Jubilees: Like Iblis, Mastema requests God's permission to tempt humanity, and both are limited in their power, that is, not able to deceive God's servants.[116] However, the motif of Iblis' disobedience derives not from the Watcher mythology, but can be traced back to the Cave of Treasures, a work that probably holds the standard explanation in Proto-orthodox Christianity for the angelic fall of Satan.[110] According to this explanation, Satan refuses to prostrate himself before Adam, because he is "fire and spirit" and thereupon Satan is banished from heaven.[117][110] Unlike the majority opinion in later Christianity, the idea that Iblis tries to usurp the throne of God is alien to Islam and due to its strict monotheism unthinkable.[118]
Harut and Marut
Harut and Marut are a pair of angels mentioned in Surah 2:102 teaching magic. Although the reason behind their stay on earth is not mentioned in the Quran, the following narration became canonized in Islamic tradition.[119] The Quran exegete Tabari attributed this story to Ibn Masud and Ibn Abbas[120] and is also attested by Ahmad ibn Hanbal.[121] Briefly summarized, the angels complain about the mischievousness of mankind and make a request to destroy them. Consequently, God offers a test to determine whether or not the angels would do better than humans for long: the angels are endowed with human-like urges and Satan has power over them. The angels choose two (or in some accounts three) among themselves. However, on Earth, these angels entertain and act upon sexual desires and become guilty of idol worship, whereupon they even kill an innocent witness of their actions. For their deeds, they are not allowed to ascend to heaven again.[122]
Probably the names Harut and Marut are of Zoroastrian origin and derived from two Amesha Spentas called Haurvatat and Ameretat.[123] Although the Quran gave these fallen angels Iranian names, Шаблон:Transl recognized them as from the Book of Watchers. In accordance with 3 Enoch, al-Kalbi (737 AD – 819 AD) named three angels descending to earth, and he even gave them their Enochian names. He explained that one of them returned to heaven and the other two changed their names to Harut and Marut.[124] However, like in the story of Iblis, the story of Harut and Marut does not contain any trace of angelic revolt. Rather, the stories about fallen angels are related to a rivalry between humans and angels.[125] As the Quran affirms, Harut and Marut are sent by God and, unlike the Watchers, they only instruct humans to witchcraft by God's permission,[126] just as Iblis can just tempt humans by God's permission.[127]
Literature and popular culture
In the Divine Comedy (1308–1320) by Dante Alighieri, fallen angels guard the City of Dis surrounding the lower circles of hell. They mark a transition: While in previous circles, the sinners are condemned for sins they just could not resist, later on, the circles of hell are filled with sinners who deliberately rebel against God, such as fallen angels or Christian heretics.[128]
In John Milton's 17th-century epic poem Paradise Lost, both obedient and fallen angels play an important role. They appear as rational individuals:[129] their personality is similar to that of humans.[130] The fallen angels are named after entities from both Christian and Pagan mythology, such as Moloch, Chemosh, Dagon, Belial, Beelzebub and Satan himself.[131] Following the canonical Christian narrative, Satan convinces other angels to live free from the laws of God, thereupon they are cast out of heaven.[130] The epic poem starts with the fallen angels in hell. The first portrayal of God in the book is given by fallen angels, who describe him as a questionable tyrant and blame him for their fall.[132] Outcast from heaven, the fallen angels establish their own kingdom in the depths of hell, with a capital called Pandæmonium. Unlike most earlier Christian representations of hell, it is not the primary place for God to torture the sinners, but the fallen angels' own kingdom. The fallen angels even build a palace, play music and freely debate. Nevertheless, without divine guidance, the fallen angels themselves turn hell into a place of suffering.[133]
The idea of fallen angels plays a significant role in the various poems of Alfred de Vigny. In Le Déluge (1823),[134] the son of an angel and a mortal woman learns from the stars about the great deluge. He seeks refuge with his beloved on Mount Ararat, hoping that his angelic father will save them. But since he does not appear, they are caught by the flood. Éloa (1824) is about a female angel created by the tears of Jesus. She hears about a male angel, expelled from heaven, whereupon she seeks to comfort him, but goes to perdition as a consequence.[135]
The Turkish horror film Semum (2008 ), produced and directed by Hasan Karacadağ, is about a shayṭān who has been summoned from hell to torment a woman named Canan. The movie is based on the ibn Abbas interpretation of the Quran and depicts the devil as a fallen angel who seeks revenge on humans for being abandoned by God (Allah). The devil accepts ʿAzāzīl as his new deity, who is praised as the ruler of hell and supporting his minions against God's new creation (humans). However, at the end, the movie affirms in accordance with Islamic teachings, that ʿAzāzīl has no real power but only to seduce people to follow him. When the shayṭān battles a human priest (Hoca) in hell, it is God who intervenes on behalf of humanity while ʿAzāzīl has forsaken his servant. By that, the movie further rejects dualism in favor of Islamic tawḥīd, emphazising that even hell is under God's control.[136]
See also
Notes
Citations
References
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Further reading
External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Angels, see section "The Evil Angels"
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Fall of Angels
Шаблон:Christian theology Шаблон:Angels in Abrahamic religions
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 "Mehdi Azaiez, Gabriel Said Reynolds, Tommaso Tesei, Hamza M. Zafer The Qur'an Seminar Commentary / Le Qur'an Seminar: A Collaborative Study of 50 Qur'anic Passages / Commentaire collaboratif de 50 passages coraniques Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG Шаблон:ISBN Q 72
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 Erdağı, Deniz Özkan. "Evil in Turkish Muslim horror film: the demonic in “Semum”." SN Social Sciences 4.2 (2024): 1-22.
- ↑ Akbari, Mahtab, and Reza Ashrafzadeh. "A comparative study of the image of the devil in the logic of Attar Attar and the commentary of Abolfotuh Razi." Propósitos y representaciones 9.2 (2021): 100.
- ↑ Öztürk, Mustafa. "The Tragic Story of Iblis (Satan) in the Qur’an." Journal of Islamic Research 2.2 (2009): 128-144.
- ↑ Al-Saïd Muhammad Badawi Arabic–English Dictionary of Qurʾanic Usage M. A. Abdel Haleem Шаблон:ISBN, p. 864
- ↑ Amira El-Zein Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn Syracuse University Press 2009 Шаблон:ISBN p. 39
- ↑ Lester L. Grabbe, An Introduction to First Century Judaism: Jewish Religion and History in the Second Temple Period (Continuum International Publishing Group 1996 Шаблон:ISBN), p. 101
- ↑ ἐγρήγορος Шаблон:Webarchive. Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek–English Lexicon revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940. p. 474. Available online at the Perseus Project Texts Loaded under PhiloLogic (ARTFL project) at the University of Chicago.
- ↑ Lester L. Grabbe, A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (Continuum 2004 Шаблон:ISBN), p. 344
- ↑ Matthew Black, The Book of Enoch or I Enoch: A New English Edition with Commentary and Textual Notes (Brill 1985 Шаблон:ISBN), p. 14
- ↑ Andrei A. Orlov, Dark Mirrors: Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology (SUNY Press 2011 Шаблон:ISBN), p. 164
- ↑ Annette Yoshiko Reed Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature Cambridge University Press 2005 Шаблон:ISBN p. 256
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ra'anan S. Boustan, Annette Yoshiko Reed Heavenly Realms and Earthly Realities in Late Antique Religions Cambridge University Press 2004 Шаблон:ISBN p. 60
- ↑ Annette Yoshiko Reed Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature Cambridge University Press 2005 Шаблон:ISBN p. 6
- ↑ SUTER, DAVID. Fallen Angel, Fallen Priest: The Problem of Family Purity in 1 Enoch 6—16. Hebrew Union College Annual, vol. 50, 1979, pp. 115–135. JSTOR,
- ↑ George W. E. Nickelsburg. "Apocalyptic and Myth in 1 Enoch 6–11." Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 96, no. 3, 1977, pp. 383–405
- ↑ Annette Yoshiko Reed Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature Cambridge University Press 2005 Шаблон:ISBN pp. 103–104
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Andrei Orlov, Gabriele Boccaccini New Perspectives on 2 Enoch: No Longer Slavonic Only Brill 2012 Шаблон:ISBN pp. 150, 164
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Howard Schwartz Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism Oxford University Press 2006 Шаблон:ISBN p. 108
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Todd R. Hanneken The Subversion of the Apocalypses in the Book of Jubilees Society of Biblical Lit Шаблон:ISBN p. 57
- ↑ Todd R. Hanneken The Subversion of the Apocalypses in the Book of Jubilees Society of Biblical Lit Шаблон:ISBN p. 59
- ↑ Annette Yoshiko Reed Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature Cambridge University Press 2005 Шаблон:ISBN p. 90
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 Chad T. Pierce Spirits and the Proclamation of Christ: 1 Peter 3:18–22 in Light of Sin and Punishment Traditions in Early Jewish and Christian Literature Mohr Siebeck 2011 Шаблон:ISBN p. 112
- ↑ Jeffrey Burton Russell The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity Cornell University Press 1987 Шаблон:ISBN p. 193
- ↑ Todd R. Hanneken The Subversion of the Apocalypses in the Book of Jubilees Society of Biblical Lit Шаблон:ISBN p. 60
- ↑ https://www.hs.ias.edu/files/Crone_Book_of_Watchers.pdf Шаблон:Webarchive: Patricia Crone. The Book of Watchers in the Qurān, p. 6 (from The Qurʾānic Pagans and Related Matters: Collected Studies in Three Volumes, Band 1)
- ↑ Geoffrey W. Dennis The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic and Mysticism: Second Edition Llewellyn Worldwide 2016 Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Yuri Stoyanov The Other God: Dualist Religions from Antiquity to the Cathar Heresy Yale University Press 2000 Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Annette Yoshiko Reed, Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature Cambridge University Press 2005 Шаблон:ISBN p. 266
- ↑ 34,0 34,1 Rachel Adelman The Return of the Repressed: Pirqe de-Rabbi Eliezer and the Pseudepigrapha Brill 2009 Шаблон:ISBN pp. 77–80
- ↑ Adele Berlin; Maxine Grossman, eds. (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 651. Шаблон:ISBN. Retrieved 2012-07-03
- ↑ Christian D Ginsburg The Kabbalah (Routledge Revivals): Its Doctrines, Development, and Literature Routledge 2015 Шаблон:ISBN p. 109
- ↑ 37,0 37,1 Michael Laitman, The Zohar
- ↑ Aryeh Wineman, Mystic Tales from the Zohar Princeton University Press Шаблон:ISBN p. 48
- ↑ 39,0 39,1 39,2 39,3 Martin, Dale Basil. When Did Angels Become Demons? Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 129, no. 4, 2010, pp. 657–677. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/25765960.
- ↑ J. Daryl Charles The Angels under Reserve in 2 Peter and Jude Bulletin for Biblical Research Vol. 15, No. 1 (2005), pp. 39–48
- ↑ Revelation 12:4
- ↑ Revelation 12:9
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Kaufmann Kohler Heaven and Hell in Comparative Religion: With Special Reference to Dante's Divine Comedy Macmillan original: Princeton University 1923 digitized: 2008 p. 5
- ↑ Hector M. Patmore, Adam, Satan, and the King of Tyre (Brill 2012), Шаблон:ISBN, pp. 76–78
- ↑ Paul Peterson, Ross Cole (editors), Hermeneutics, Intertextuality and the Contemporary Meaning of Scripture (Avondale Academic Press 2013 Шаблон:ISBN), p. 246.
- ↑ Gregory A. Boyd, God at War: The Bible & Spiritual Conflict, InterVarsity Press 1997 Шаблон:ISBN, p. 138
- ↑ 51,0 51,1 Patricia Crone. The Book of Watchers in the Qurān, p. 4
- ↑ 52,0 52,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Annette Yoshiko Reed Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature Cambridge University Press 2005 Шаблон:ISBN p. 149
- ↑ David L Bradnick Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic Brill 2017 Шаблон:ISBN p. 30
- ↑ Annette Yoshiko Reed Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature Cambridge University Press 2005 Шаблон:ISBN p. 163
- ↑ Annette Yoshiko Reed Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature Cambridge University Press 2005 Шаблон:ISBN p. 162
- ↑ Tim Hegedus Early Christianity and Ancient Astrology Peter Lang 2007 Шаблон:ISBN p. 127
- ↑ Jeffrey Burton Russell Satan: The Early Christian Tradition Cornell University Press 1987 Шаблон:ISBN p. 130
- ↑ Philip C. Almond The Devil: A New Biography I.B.Tauris 2014 Шаблон:ISBN p. 42
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Patricia Crone. The Book of Watchers in the Qurān, p. 5
- ↑ 66,0 66,1 66,2 David L Bradnick Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic Brill 2017 Шаблон:ISBN p. 39
- ↑ Heinz Schreckenberg, Kurt Schubert, Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity (Van Gorcum, 1992, Шаблон:ISBN), p. 253
- ↑ 68,0 68,1 David L Bradnick Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic Brill 2017 Шаблон:ISBN p. 42
- ↑ 69,0 69,1 69,2 69,3 Joad Raymond Milton's Angels: The Early-Modern Imagination OUP Oxford 2010 Шаблон:ISBN p. 77
- ↑ 70,0 70,1 David L Bradnick Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic Brill 2017 Шаблон:ISBN p. 40
- ↑ David L Bradnick Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic Brill 2017 Шаблон:ISBN p. 49
- ↑ Jeffrey Burton Russell Satan: The Early Christian Tradition Cornell University Press 1987 Шаблон:ISBN p. 210
- ↑ David L Bradnick Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic Brill 2017 Шаблон:ISBN p. 45
- ↑ 74,0 74,1 Christoph Horn Augustinus, De civitate dei Oldenbourg Verlag 2010 Шаблон:ISBN p. 158
- ↑ Neil Forsyth The Old Enemy: Satan and the Combat Myth Princeton University Press 1989 Шаблон:ISBN p. 405
- ↑ Jeffrey Burton Russell Satan: The Early Christian Tradition Cornell University Press 1987 Шаблон:ISBN p. 211
- ↑ David L Bradnick Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic Brill 2017 Шаблон:ISBN p. 47
- ↑ Joad Raymond Milton's Angels: The Early-Modern Imagination OUP Oxford 2010 Шаблон:ISBN p. 72
- ↑ David L Bradnick Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic Brill 2017 Шаблон:ISBN p. 44
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Frank K. Flinn Encyclopedia of Catholicism Infobase Publishing 2007 Шаблон:ISBN p. 226
- ↑ Charles Stewart Demons and the Devil: Moral Imagination in Modern Greek Culture Princeton University Press 2016 Шаблон:ISBN p. 141
- ↑ Ernst Benz The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life Routledge 2017 Шаблон:ISBN p. 52
- ↑ 84,0 84,1 Sergiĭ Bulgakov The Orthodox Church St Vladimir's Seminary Press 1988 Шаблон:ISBN p. 128
- ↑ Charles Stewart Demons and the Devil: Moral Imagination in Modern Greek Culture Princeton University Press 2016 Шаблон:ISBN p. 147
- ↑ Loren T. Stuckenbruck, Gabriele Boccaccini Enoch and the Synoptic Gospels: Reminiscences, Allusions, Intertextuality SBL Press 2016 Шаблон:ISBN p. 133
- ↑ James H. Charlesworth The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha Hendrickson Publishers 2010 Шаблон:ISBN p. 10
- ↑ Mack, C. K., Mack, D. (1998). A Field Guide to Demons, Fairies, Fallen Angels, and Other Subversive Spirits. USA: Arcade Pub. p. xxiii
- ↑ 89,0 89,1 Newman, Coree. "The Good, the Bad and the Unholy: Ambivalent Angels in the Middle Ages." Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: 'Small Gods' at the Margins of Christendom (2018): 103-122.
- ↑ Wilde, J. F. E. (1888). Ancient Legends, mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland: With Sketches of the Irish Past. To which is Appended a Chaper on "The Ancient Race of Ireland". USA: Ticknor and Company. p. 89
- ↑ Christiansen, R. Th. (1971). Some Notes on the Fairies and the Fairy Faith. Béaloideas, 39/41, 95–111. Шаблон:Doi
- ↑ Oldridge, Darren. "Fairies and the Devil in early modern England." The Seventeenth Century 31.1 (2016): 1-15.
- ↑ Peter Marshall, Alexandra Walsham Angels in the Early Modern World Cambridge University Press 2006 Шаблон:ISBN p. 74
- ↑ Peter Marshall, Alexandra Walsham Angels in the Early Modern World Cambridge University Press 2006 Шаблон:ISBN p. 76
- ↑ Karl Rahner, “Devil - The Devil”, in: Sacramentum Mundi Online, General Editor Karl Rahner, SJ. Consulted online on 08 February 2024 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2468-483X_smuo_COM_001082> First published online: 2016
- ↑ Dunnington, Kent. "The Problem with the Satan Hypothesis: Natural Evil and Fallen Angel Theodicies." Sophia 57.2 (2018): 265-274.
- ↑ Welch, Alford T. (2008) Studies in Qur'an and Tafsir. Riga, Latvia: Scholars Press. p. 756.
- ↑ Mahmoud Ayoub The Qur'an and Its Interpreters, Volume 1 SUNY Press 1984 Шаблон:ISBN p. 74
- ↑ Al-Saïd Muhammad Badawi Arabic–English Dictionary of Qurʾanic Usage M. A. Abdel Haleem Шаблон:ISBN, p. 864
- ↑ Valerie Hoffman The Essentials of Ibadi Islam Syracuse University Press 2012 Шаблон:ISBN p. 189
- ↑ Serdar, Murat. "Hıristiyanlık ve İslâm’da Meleklerin Varlık ve Kısımları." Bilimname 2009.2 (2009).
- ↑ T.C. t.c Istanbul Bilimler Enstitütüsü Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Temel Islam bilimeri Anabilim dali yüksek Lisans Tezi Imam Maturidi'nin Te'vilatu'l-Kur'an'da gaybi Konulara Yaklasimi Elif Erdogan 2501171277 Danisman Prof. Dr. Yaşar Düzenli İstanbul 202
- ↑ Christoph Auffarth, Loren T. Stuckenbruck The Fall of the Angels Brill 2004 Шаблон:ISBN p. 161
- ↑ Robert Lebling Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar I.B.Tauris 2010 Шаблон:ISBN p. 30
- ↑ Muham Sakura Dragon The Great Tale of Prophet Enoch (Idris) In Islam Sakura Dragon SPC Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Kohlberg, Etan. "In Praise of the Few. Studies in Shiʿi Thought and History." In Praise of the Few. Studies in Shiʿi Thought and History. Brill, 2020. p. 389
- ↑ Steven M. Wasserstrom Between Muslim and Jew: The Problem of Symbiosis under Early Islam Princeton University Press 2014 Шаблон:ISBN p. 183
- ↑ Patricia Crone. The Book of Watchers in the Qurān, p. 16
- ↑ Q2:30, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com
- ↑ 110,0 110,1 110,2 Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception Brill 2016 Шаблон:ISBN p. 66
- ↑ Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception Brill 2016 Шаблон:ISBN p. 70
- ↑ Jacques Waardenburg Islam: Historical, Social, and Political Perspectives Walter de Gruyter, 2008 Шаблон:ISBN p. 38
- ↑ Al-Tabari J. Cooper W.F. Madelung and A. Jones The commentary on the Quran by Abu Jafar Muhammad B. Jarir al-Tabari being an abbridged translation of Jamil' al-bayan 'an ta'wil ay al-Qur'an Oxford University Press Hakim Investment Holdings p. 239
- ↑ Mahmoud M. Ayoub Qur'an and Its Interpreters, The, Volume 1, Band 1 SUNY Press Шаблон:ISBN p. 75
- ↑ 115,0 115,1 Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception Brill 2016 Шаблон:ISBN p. 71
- ↑ Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception Brill 2016 Шаблон:ISBN p. 72
- ↑ Paul van Geest, Marcel Poorthuis, Els Rose Sanctifying Texts, Transforming Rituals: Encounters in Liturgical Studies Brill 2017 Шаблон:ISBN p. 83
- ↑ Amira El-Zein Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn Syracuse University Press 2009 Шаблон:ISBN p. 45
- ↑ Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik Routledge 2015 Шаблон:ISBN p. 8
- ↑ Amira El-Zein Islam, Arabs, and the Intelligent World of the Jinn Syracuse University Press 2009 Шаблон:ISBN p. 40
- ↑ Reynolds, Gabriel Said, "Angels", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 16 October 2019 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204> Erste Online-Erscheinung: 2009 Erste Druckedition: Шаблон:ISBN, 2009, 2009-3
- ↑ Hussein Abdul-Raof Theological Approaches to Qur'anic Exegesis: A Practical Comparative-Contrastive Analysis Routledge 2012 Шаблон:ISBN p. 155
- ↑ Patricia Crone. The Book of Watchers in the Qurān, p. 10
- ↑ Patricia Crone. The Book of Watchers in the Qurān, pp. 10–11
- ↑ Patricia Crone. The Book of Watchers in the Qurān, p. 11
- ↑ Annette Yoshiko Reed Fallen Angels and the Afterlives of Enochic Traditions in Early Islam University of Pennsylvania 2015 p. 6
- ↑ Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception Brill 2016 Шаблон:ISBN p. 78
- ↑ Wallace Fowlie A Reading of Dante's Inferno University of Chicago Press Шаблон:ISBN p. 70
- ↑ Andrew Milner Literature, Culture and Society Routledge 2017 Шаблон:ISBN chapter 5
- ↑ 130,0 130,1 Biljana Ježik The Fallen Angels in Milton's Paradise Lost Osijek, 2014 p. 4
- ↑ Biljana Ježik The Fallen Angels in Milton's Paradise Lost Osijek, 2014 p. 2
- ↑ Benjamin Myers Milton's Theology of Freedom Walter de Gruyter 2012 Шаблон:ISBN pp. 54, 59
- ↑ Benjamin Myers Milton's Theology of Freedom Walter de Gruyter 2012 Шаблон:ISBN p. 60
- ↑ Henry F. Majewski Paradigm & Parody: Images of Creativity in French Romanticism--Vigny, Hugo, Balzac, Gautier, Musset University of Virginia Press 1989 Шаблон:ISBN p. 157
- ↑ Bamberger, Bernard J. (2006). Fallen angels : soldiers of Satan's realm (first paperback ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Jewish Publ. Soc. of America. Шаблон:ISBN p. 4
- ↑ Erdağı, D. Evil in Turkish Muslim horror film: the demonic in “Semum”. SN Soc Sci 4, 27 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-024-00832-w
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