Английская Википедия:Falx

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Italic title

Файл:AdamclisiMetope34.jpg
Roman monument commemorating the Battle of Adamclisi clearly shows Dacian warriors wielding a two-handed Шаблон:Lang

The Шаблон:Lang was a weapon with a curved blade that was sharp on the inside edge used by the Thracians and Dacians. The name was later applied to a siege hook used by the Romans.

Etymology

Шаблон:Lang is a Latin word originally meaning 'sickle' but was later used to mean any of a number of tools that had a curved blade that was sharp on the inside edge like a sickle. Шаблон:Lang was thus also used to mean the weapon of the Thracians and Dacians, and the Roman siege hook.

Dacian falx

Файл:Dacian Weapons.jpg
Dacian weaponry including a falx (top) exhibited in Cluj National History Museum[1]

In Latin texts, the weapon was described as an Шаблон:Lang (whence Шаблон:Lang) by Ovid in Шаблон:Lang and as a Шаблон:Lang by Juvenal in Шаблон:Lang.

The Dacian Шаблон:Lang came in two sizes: one-handed and two-handed. The shorter variant was called Шаблон:Lang[2] (sickle) in the Dacian language (Valerius Maximus, III, 2.12) with a blade length that varied but was usually around Шаблон:Convert long with a handle one-third longer than the blade. The two-handed Шаблон:Lang was a polearm. It consisted of a Шаблон:Convert wooden shaft with a long curved iron blade of nearly-equal length attached to the end. Archaeological evidence indicates that the one-handed Шаблон:Lang was also used two-handed.[3]

The blade was sharpened only on the inside and was reputed to be devastatingly effective. However, it left its user vulnerable because, being a two-handed weapon, the warrior could not also make use of a shield. It may be imagined that the length of the two-handed Шаблон:Lang allowed it to be wielded with great force, the point piercing helmets and the blade splitting shields – it was said to be capable of splitting a shield in two at a single blow. Alternatively, it might have been used as a hook, pulling away shields and cutting at vulnerable limbs, or striking the edge of a strong shield. The inward curving point was still able to pierce the armour or flesh of the target behind the shield, rendering even the most reinforced shields much less effective against a Шаблон:Lang wielder.

Trajan's column is a monument to the emperor’s conquest of Dacia. The massive base is covered with reliefs of trophies of Dacian weapons and includes several illustrations of the two-handed Шаблон:Lang. The column itself has a helical frieze that tells the story of the Dacian wars. On the frieze, almost all the Dacians that are armed have shields and therefore cannot be using two-handed Шаблон:Lang. The exact weapon of those few shown without shields cannot be determined with certainty. The frieze of Trajan's column also shows Dacians using smaller, sword-sized Шаблон:Lang. However, this column is also largely stylized, with the sculptor believed to have worked from Trajan's now lost commentary and unlikely to have witnessed the events himself. A further problem is that most of the weapons on the monument were made of metal, which have since disappeared.[4]

The Adamclisi monument, built by Trajan to commemorate the Romans who lost their lives in the Dacian counterattack in Moesia, is thought to have been constructed by the soldiers who fought there, so it may be more accurate. This column shows four distinct types of Шаблон:Lang, whereas Trajan's shows only one type that does not resemble any on the Adamclisi monument. Because of this, historians disagree on which depiction is correct, but it has been pointed out that if the Trajan's column Шаблон:Lang are correct, then there would have been no need to modify Roman armour.[5] Both columns show the Dacians fighting with no armour apart from a shield, although some on the Adamclisi are wearing helmets. Some historians believe that armour was not depicted to differentiate Dacians from Romans, as both used the same style of shield. Other sources indicate that Dacians by this time had undergone Romanisation, used Roman military tactics, and sometimes wore Roman style scale armour. It is likely that the nobles at least wore armour and, combined with the Шаблон:Lang, the Dacians would have been a formidable threat.[6]

Effectiveness

Marcus Cornelius Fronto described the large gaping wounds that a Шаблон:Lang inflicted, and experiments have shown that a blow from a Шаблон:Lang easily penetrated the Romans' Шаблон:Lang, enough to incapacitate or kill a majority of opponents. These experiments also show that the Шаблон:Lang was most efficient when targeting the head, shoulders, legs and especially the right (sword) arm, which was generally exposed. A legionary who had lost the use of his right arm became a serious liability to his unit in battle.[3]

During conquest of Dacia by Trajan the Roman army adapted personal equipment while on campaign, and it seems likely that this was a response to this deadly weapon. Roman legionaries had transverse reinforcing iron straps applied to their helmets - it is clear that these are late modifications because they are roughly applied across existing embossed decoration. The legions also reintroduced the wearing of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang for the Dacia campaign as both were more flexible than the newer Шаблон:Lang armour which was able to distribute damage more widely. In addition, both these older armour styles had unique modifications, a row of Шаблон:Lang was added to the sleeves, a double row of Шаблон:Lang was added to the skirt and a heavily padded vestment was worn underneath them. Roman armour of the time left limbs unprotected; Trajan introduced the use of greaves and an arm protector (Шаблон:Lang) for the right arm, which had previously been used only by gladiators, and which was never used again by soldiers once the Dacia campaign concluded.[7]Шаблон:Contradict-inline

Thracian Шаблон:Lang

The Thracians also made use of the Шаблон:Lang. They also used the Шаблон:Lang, a weapon very similar to the two-handed Шаблон:Lang but less curved.

Development

Файл:Falx.png
Шаблон:Lang, drawing based on the Adamclisi monument

The two-handed Шаблон:Lang is clearly related to the Thracian Шаблон:Lang. It is a derivative of both the sword and the spear, having evolved from a spear to a polearm before becoming more dramatically curved to facilitate a superior cutting action.Шаблон:Citation needed This drastic curve rendered the Шаблон:Lang a purely offensive weapon to be used against a broken or routing force.Шаблон:Citation needed Typically, an enemy would be broken by a sustained hail of missile fire from javelin, dart, bow, sling, and stone throwing troops before being chased down and cut to pieces by the Шаблон:Lang wielders.Шаблон:Citation needed

The ancestor of the two-handed Шаблон:Lang may have been a farming implement used as an improvised weapon, in a manner analogous to the bill-guisarme.Шаблон:Citation needed The single-handed Шаблон:Lang might have been inspired by the sickle, although agricultural sickles of the time were typically quite small – no more than 30 cm or so in length.Шаблон:Citation needed

At the time of the Dacian wars, producing a long, sharp blade was technically challenging.Шаблон:Citation needed As such, it might be that the larger two-handed Шаблон:Lang was a high-status weapon and used only by the best warriors.Шаблон:Citation needed

Other variations

Similarly, there are the Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang. The Шаблон:Lang is a much smaller variation, some with very dramatic curves or bends. The Шаблон:Lang is often larger and used with two hands, though there were some one handed ones.

Gallery

See also

Шаблон:Columns-list

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons

Шаблон:Dacia topics Шаблон:Pole weapons

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Rome's Enemies, Vol. 1: Germanics and Dacians (Men at Arms Series, 129) by Peter Wilcox and Gerry Embleton, 1982, p. 35
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Michael Schmitz The Dacian threat, 101-106 AD Caeros 2005, p. 31 Шаблон:ISBN
  4. ↑ Michael Schmitz The Dacian threat, 101-106 AD, p. 4
  5. ↑ Michael Schmitz The Dacian threat, 101-106 AD, p. 30
  6. ↑ Michael Schmitz The Dacian threat, 101-106 AD, pp. 32–33
  7. ↑ Michael Schmitz The Dacian threat, 101-106 AD, pp. 33–36
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