Английская Википедия:Fanya Baron
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Fanya Anisimovna Baron (1887 – 30 September 1921) was a Lithuanian anarchist revolutionary. She spent her early life participating in the Chicago workers' movement, but following the Russian Revolution in 1917, she moved to Ukraine and participated in the Makhnovist movement. For her anarchist activities, she was arrested and executed by the Cheka.
Biography
Growing up in the US
Born in 1887 as Freida Anisimovna Greck, Fanya at a young age moved with her family from the Russian Empire to the United States, where they took the name "Grefenson".Шаблон:Sfn In Chicago, she began a relationship with the exiled Russian anarchist Aron Baron, with whom she participated in the local workers' movement led by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).Шаблон:Sfnm There she spent most of her time and money distributing anarchist propaganda in the factory that she worked in.Шаблон:Sfnm During a workers' demonstration on 17 January 1915, Fanya was physically assaulted by police and arrested,Шаблон:Sfn but was bailed out by the American activist Jane Addams.Шаблон:Sfnm
Moving back to Europe
With the outbreak of the February Revolution, Aron and Fanya Baron returned from their North American exile.Шаблон:Sfnm They moved to Kyiv, in Ukraine, where they participated in the local workers' movement.Шаблон:Sfnm In the wake of the October Revolution, the couple then moved to Kharkiv,Шаблон:Sfnm where they participated in the establishment of the Nabat, a confederation of Ukrainian anarchists.Шаблон:Sfnm Spurred to action by the political repression against the anarchist movement, she travelled throughout Ukraine to organise workers and peasants, provide prisoner aid and spread the influence of the Nabat.Шаблон:Sfnm Baron herself was also a delegate to every one of the Nabat's congresses and conferences, both when they were legal and when they were held clandestinely.Шаблон:Sfn
The Nabat went on to join the Makhnovshchina and officially backed Nestor Makhno's Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine.Шаблон:Sfnm Following the defeat of the White movement at the siege of Perekop in November 1920, the Bolsheviks turned on their anarchist allies, launching a surprise attack against them on several fronts.Шаблон:Sfn On 25 November 1920,Шаблон:Sfnm members of the Nabat, including Aron and Fanya Baron, were arrested in Kharkiv and transferred to Russian prisons.Шаблон:Sfnm In prison, Fanya was beaten by the guards and kept in squalid conditions.Шаблон:Sfnm
Prison break
On 10 July 1921,Шаблон:Sfnm Fanya joined a prison break launched by a cell of the Underground Anarchists.Шаблон:Sfnm She managed to escape from Ryazan prison and went to Moscow,Шаблон:Sfnm where she lived on the streets until her discovery by Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. With their aid,Шаблон:Sfn Fanya found refuge with her brother-in-law Semion Baron,Шаблон:Sfnm a member of the Communist Party.Шаблон:Sfnm She confided in Semion that she planned to break her husband out of prison, and he promised to help her,Шаблон:Sfn with Berkman reporting that she kept in high spirits as the preparations for the prison break went forward.Шаблон:Sfnm But on 17 August 1921,Шаблон:Sfnm she was discovered and arrested by the Cheka,Шаблон:Sfnm before she was able to carry out her plans.Шаблон:Sfnm
She joined her husband and a dozen other Russian anarchists in Taganka prison,Шаблон:Sfnm at a time when the founding congress of the Profintern was underway.Шаблон:Sfnm In an attempt to attract the attention of the foreign syndicalist delegates,Шаблон:Sfnm the anarchists imprisoned at Taganka staged a hunger strike, which Fanya joined.Шаблон:Sfnm
Persecution and execution
Despite formal protests made to the Bolshevik leadership, the accusations of political repression were repeatedly denied by the authorities,Шаблон:Sfnm with Leon Trotsky declaring "We do not imprison the real anarchists, but criminals and bandits who cover themselves by claiming to be anarchists."Шаблон:Sfnm Sustained international and domestic pressure forced the government to relent, with Lenin ordering the release of anarchist political prisoners, on the condition they leave the country.Шаблон:Sfn On 17 September 1921,Шаблон:Sfn most of the anarchist prisoners were released and scheduled for deportation,Шаблон:Sfnm but Fanya Baron and Lev Chernyi were kept behind bars.Шаблон:Sfnm Baron herself was accused of a number of criminal acts, including counterfeiting of the Soviet ruble,Шаблон:Sfn banditryШаблон:Sfn and terrorism.Шаблон:Sfn The Russian anarchist historian Volin denied the charges against Baron and Chernyi, claiming that the alleged counterfeiting had actually been committed by agents of the Cheka.Шаблон:Sfn
On the night of 29–30 September 1921, Fanya Baron was executed by the Cheka.Шаблон:Sfnm According to Emma Goldman, she had resisted her fate until the last moment, having to be carried by Cheka officers to the spot of her execution.Шаблон:Sfn Goldman attempted to protest the execution, but was dissuaded by her friends and eventually left the country, thoroughly disillusioned with the Russian Revolution.Шаблон:Sfnm After 18 years in prison,Шаблон:Sfn Aron Baron himself was executed during the Great Purge.Шаблон:Sfnm
Over the years, Baron's death became symbolic of the Russian anarchists who fell victim to Soviet political repression.Шаблон:Sfn Decades after her execution, the Sydney-based Jura Books named its library after Fanya Baron.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
References
Bibliography
Primary sources
Secondary sources
Tertiary sources
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
Further reading
External links
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