Английская Википедия:Far-right politics in Serbia

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Far-right politics in Serbia Far-right politics in SerbiaШаблон:Efn emerged shortly before the break-up of Yugoslavia and has been present ever since. Its manifestation mostly focuses on national and religious factors.

In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the far-right had a small amount of support, though politicians and groups alike existed. Milan Stojadinović, the prime minister of Yugoslavia from 1935 to 1939, saw fascism as an ideological role model for his premiership, while Milan Nedić, who was appointed prime minister of the puppet government in 1941, was a supporter of fascist ideas. Dimitrije Ljotić headed Zbor, a minor party that was inspired by Italian fascism. Ljotić cooperated with Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović, who is viewed as an antisemite and a promoter of anti-Western sentiment. The Chetniks under Draža Mihailović, who collaborated with the Axis powers as early as in 1941, remained as an inspiration for modern far-right groups.

After the break-up of Yugoslavia, the far-right re-emerged, with the Serbian Radical Party (SRS), led by Vojislav Šešelj, gaining support after using sanctions, increased inflation, and high unemployed rate in their advantage to boost their support. SRS closely cooperated with Slobodan Milošević during the 1990s, although it also briefly served in opposition. During the Yugoslav Wars, far-right groups committed violence and acted as paramilitaries, such as the SRS-led White Eagles. After the overthrow of Milošević in 2000, attacks orchestrated by the far-right risen. In parliamentary politics, SRS won most votes in the 2003 and 2007 parliamentary election, campaigning on an anti-corruption platform. The Belgrade anti-gay riot, which occurred in October 2010, was organised by the far-right, including groups such as Obraz. The Constitutional Court later concluded a ban on Nacionalni stroj and Obraz, in 2011 and 2012 respectively. The far-right embraced opposition to immigration in the late 2010s, with parties and organisations such as Dveri, Levijatan, and People's Patrol embracing the sentiment. The Russian invasion of Ukraine helped far-right parties cross the electoral threshold in the 2022 parliamentary election.

In Serbia, the Christian right and neo-Nazi variants of the far-right exist. Far-right groups tend to be antisemitic and Islamophobic and they often promote conspiracy theories. They promote anti-communism, militarism and religious fanaticism. Some also have ties with the Serbian Orthodox Church (SPC). The far-right often glorifies convicted war criminals like Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić, while some groups also called for rehabilitation of collaborationists Nedić and Ljotić. The far-right has orchestrated violent protests and attacks against ethnic minorities, the LGBT community, activists, and non-governmental organisations, whom they label as "foreign mercenaries". The far-right promotes anti-Westernism, Euroscepticism, closer ties with Russia, and the return of Kosovo's sovereignty under Serbia. The unemployed working-class youth is often recruited by far-right groups; the far-right tends to present themselves as "patriotic" groups or as humanitarian organisations. Far-right groups are often small in number and have been institutionally marginal, though on Internet, far-right content has received large amounts of following.Шаблон:TOC limit

Overview

Definition

Шаблон:Multiple image According to contemporary historian Barbara N. Wiesinger, the far-right could be divided into two groups; the first group is influenced by the Christian right, clerical nationalism, conservatism, xenophobia, and it generally has ties with the Serbian Orthodox Church (SPC). The other group is well-connected with international neo-Nazi and white supremacist groups who also promote xenophobia and authoritarian views; the difference between the two groups is that the latter's views are rather centered on race.Шаблон:Sfn Jovo Bakić, a sociologist, noted that far-right groups also tend to be antisemitic and Islamophobic.Шаблон:Sfn Far-right individuals also often glorify convicted war criminals such as Vojislav Šešelj, Radovan Karadžić, and Ratko Mladić,Шаблон:Sfn while some groups are also supportive of collaborationists Milan Nedić and Dimitrije Ljotić, and called for their rehabilitation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Far-right groups also promote historical revisionism about these figures.Шаблон:Sfn Promotion of conspiracy theories is common amongst the far-right.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Bakić also noted that far-right groups also promote a culture of "youth violence", since they regularly organise clashes with the police, or against minorities such as the Romani, LGBT population, and leftists. He also stated that far-right groups form a perception of enemies, which commonly tend to be the West, traditional political parties, or minorities, while they regard Russia as a friend or a "brother".Шаблон:Sfn Far-right groups focus their ideological aims towards minorities to gain public support; besides the Romani popularity, Muslims are also a common target.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This resulted into the formation of "welfare chauvinism", which portrays the minorities as "undeserving". The development of welfare chauvinism in Serbia has been similar to that in other parts of Europe; they portray minorities as "undeserving" and they argue that minorities do not deserve to benefit from Serbian welfare programs.Шаблон:Sfn Initially, the far-right focused on other ethnic groups in former Yugoslavia due to the Yugoslav Wars, although they turned towards "internal enemies" after the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević.Шаблон:Sfn At least since the late 2010s, far-right groups also began promoting several narratives regarding migrants due to the European migrant crisis, such as referring them as an enemy, and claiming that migrants are criminals or terrorists.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Far-right groups regularly organise protests that are known for generating violence;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn they often participate in football match fights,Шаблон:Sfn and organised attacks against participators at pride parades.Шаблон:Sfn Neo-Nazi groups are connected with hooligan groups, while far-right groups and football fan organisations generally have conjoint membership.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Far-right groups are also known by their anti-Western sentiment and Euroscepticism, which they manifest through attacks towards non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and activists; far-right groups usually describe them as "anti-state", "anti-Serb" or "foreign mercenaries".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They are also known for assaulting human rights and pro-democracy activists and NGO headquarters.Шаблон:Sfn Studies had shown that far-right groups tend to feel less close to other European nations.Шаблон:Sfn Far-right groups also promote the notion that Western powers advocated secessionist nationalism in the republics of SFR Yugoslavia; this was due to the positions of Western politicians that advocated for the internal borders of republics to remain unchanged.Шаблон:Sfn Alongside perceiving the West as an enemy, the far-right also outlined the socialist government of Yugoslavia as an enemy; they refer it as a dictatorship and as "anti-patriots" due to the narratives that the government allegedly attempted to destroy "Serbian national and religious identity and tradition".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Anti-communism is also a key element of far-right groups; they tend to downplay the success of Yugoslav Partisans during World War II by promoting historical revisionism, and attempt to discredit the progress that was achieved during the existence of SFR Yugoslavia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Far-right groups had also openly taken part in Victory Day commemorations due to their pro-Russian views; their participation is in stark contrast to the anti-communist sentiment that is present in Serbia and other post-socialist countries.Шаблон:Sfn Most far-right groups espouse militarism, religious fanaticism, chauvinism, and they support the return of Kosovo's sovereignty under Serbia, as well as preserving traditional and patriarchal values, and opposing abortion.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Regarding economics, far-right groups in Serbia tend to advocate economics that are more left-wing than in other countries.Шаблон:Sfn In regards to religion, far-right groups formed connections with the SPC in the 1990s.Шаблон:Sfn

Symbolism

National symbols, such as the Serbian cross and Serbian eagle, had been adopted by far-right groups. In case of the cross, far-right groups often use two different variants; the first one is silver-coloured while the other one is red-coloured.Шаблон:Sfn Other groups also use the Russian cross as their symbol, while Obraz and Serbian Action use the Christogram as a "Christian Orthodox-patriotic" symbol.Шаблон:Sfn The Serbian tricolor is widely used by far-right organisations.Шаблон:Sfn Far-right groups also frequently use chants such as "Serbia to the Serbs" (Шаблон:Lang-sr-Cyrl).Шаблон:Sfn They also use pejorative terms for minority groups in Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn

During the Yugoslav Wars, turbo-folk music was used to promote nationalist and revisionist viewpoints.Шаблон:Sfn Notably Serbia Strong, a song that lauded the actions of Serb military personnel such as war criminal Radovan Karadžić, and boasted about ethnic cleansing against Croats and Bosniaks, later became an internet meme where it was alternatively titled "Remove Kebab", and attracted further attention when it was played by Brenton Tarrant before instigating the Christchurch mosque shootings.Шаблон:Sfn Beogradski Sindikat (BS), a hip-hop collective, promoted conservative and far-right views through music.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Škabo, a prominent member of BS, used to associate himself with Dveri, while Aleksandar Protić headed the Third Serbia political party, which was formed out of Dveri.Шаблон:Sfn A clothing brand name Otadžbina depicts neo-Nazi imagery and is used by some football fans in Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn

Influence

Far-right and pro-Russian symbols in Belgrade
Belgrade graffiti that translates to "Glory to Russia!" The far-right supports the establishment of closer ties with Russia, and it has also sided with Russia in the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Far-right groups recruit working-class youth who are usually unemployed and generally uneducated.Шаблон:Sfn The youth developed strong public political opinions against the West, NATO, and Western democracy due to the Yugoslav Wars and sanctions.Шаблон:Sfn According to authors Denoeux and Carter, in 2009 they stated that socio-economic, political, and cultural issues tend to radicalise the population.Шаблон:Sfn Far-right groups present themselves as "patriotic" groups or humanitarian organisations, while neo-Nazi groups tend to present themselves as "radical nationalists" by making covert or overt use of Nazi symbolism.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Far-right groups stayed small in number;Шаблон:Sfn according to Džombić, about 30 far-right groups were active with about 5,000 members in 2011.Шаблон:Sfn As of 2018, far-right groups remain institutionally marginal, although their public influence is at a higher rate.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Bojan Klačar, the executive director of CeSID, contemporary far-right groups do not pose a threat unless if the groups receive a large amount of support, while the political articulation of the groups are too weak to make an impact on the institutions.Шаблон:Sfn Clerical-fascist groups had been considered to be more politically influential and organised than neo-Nazi groups.Шаблон:Sfn

Far-right groups are centered on using the Internet, while many individuals have also published magazines and books.Шаблон:Sfn Stormfront, a neo-Nazi Internet forum, was established in the early 2000s in Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn Some groups are also centered on using social networks such as Facebook, Telegram and Signal, and alt-tech such as Parler.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Far-right Facebook pages and groups in Serbia had received large amounts of following.Шаблон:Sfn Anti-immigrant activists had also formed a number of pages; this includes the Generation Identity, which also has branches in other countries.Шаблон:Sfn Followers of the far-right European Solidarity Front for Syria (ESFS) page had attended the first major anti-immigrant protest in Serbia in 2016.Шаблон:Sfn Regarding the media, they had stayed neutral regarding the migrant issue; they had reported incidents in which they participated, as well as the problems which they experienced.Шаблон:Sfn Publications such as Glas javnosti, Večernje novosti, Kurir, Alo!, and Pravda were associated with the far-right according to 2010 and 2011 reports.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Far-right groups had also attacked publications that were viewed as more liberal.Шаблон:Sfn Local media in Serbia also tend to promote "Russian-friendly" news stories or anti-Western narratives; many websites were found to be spreading the idea of ethnic purification or neo-Nazism. It was also found out that website owners also tend to have connections with Russian state-controlled agencies such as RT and Sputnik.Шаблон:Sfn

Jim Dowson, a British far-right activist, and his Knights Templar International organisation had supplied bullet-proof vests and radios to Serbian groups in Kosovo.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Dowson had regularly accompanied with Aleksandr Dugin and former British National Party leader Nick Griffin in Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn In late 2017, far-right groups threatened to murder Marinika Tepić, an opposition politician, after criticising Jim Dowson's visits to Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn Robert Rundo, the co-founder of the white supremacist Rise Above Movement (RAM), had appeared and recorded videos in Serbia throughout of 2020.Шаблон:Sfn Russia had also solidified its presence in Serbian politics through connections with far-right parties;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn it had also asserted itself as a "protector of traditional values" and an alternative to the West.Шаблон:Sfn Sources claim that between 100 and 300 Serb "foreign fighters" joined the Russo-Ukrainian War on the side of Russia;Шаблон:Sfn Aleksandar Vučić, the president of Serbia, claimed that the foreign fighters were mercenaries, while others had stated that they were motivated by the sense of "nationalist solidarity".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Some had received media attention, such as Dejan Berić.Шаблон:Sfn Some Serb foreign fighters had even joined pro-Russian paramilitary groups in Syria.Шаблон:Sfn

The Serbian far-right made a major impact on domestic terrorists such as Anders Behring Breivik and Brenton Tarrant.Шаблон:Sfn Far-right groups in Serbia had also followed the trend of the global far-right such as showing populist tendencies and representing themselves as the protectors of the "people" and "free speech".Шаблон:Sfn The growth of global far-right views, such as anti-immigrant views, had also spread in Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn Although the socio-economic situation of individuals, insufficient trust in institutions, and the inconsistent attitude of the state towards the far-right had also influenced the rise of anti-immigration.Шаблон:Sfn

History

Yugoslavia

Following World War I, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was established. The state was composed of multiple ethnic groups, with the Serbs being the most populous group.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was initially a liberal Parliamentary Democracy, although in 1929, Alexander I imposed a dictatorship which lasted until 1934, and renamed the state to Yugoslavia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Alexander I's regime was described as "conservative authoritarian".Шаблон:Sfn During the interwar period, fascists and advocates of other far-right political movements in Yugoslavia received little support and some of them were even repressed by Alexander I's regime.Шаблон:Sfn The display of antisemitism in Yugoslavia was also rare.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Multiple image The post-World War I Chetniks were ideologically divided; some of them believed that Yugoslavia should be governed in accordance with Serbian traditions and they also believed that the other two major ethnic groups, Croats and Slovenes, should be assimilated, while others had believed that a new Yugoslav national identity should be developed. Its members were also divided between the Democratic Party (DS), which favoured an all-Yugoslav identity, and the People's Radical Party (NRS) which favoured a Greater Serbian identity.Шаблон:Sfn Chetniks later developed into "parafascists" and adopted anti-liberal and anti-democratic views, while maintaining nationalist traditions.Шаблон:Sfn Members of the National Defence (Шаблон:Lang-sr-Cyrl), a militaristic association, usually sided with Chetniks in conflicts. National Defence adopted fascism in the mid-1920s and became sceptical about the parliamentary system.Шаблон:Sfn It had also opposed internationalism and promoted the cultural unity of South Slavs.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Velibor Jonić, a Serbian fascist politician, was a member of the National Defence.Шаблон:Sfn Following the assassination of Alexander I, Milan Stojadinović and his Yugoslav Radical Union (JRZ) came to power. JRZ acted as an all-Yugoslav party, and its members consisted of all three major ethnic groups.Шаблон:Sfn Stojadinović ruled as an authoritarian and imposed anti-democratic acts, while he had also seen fascism as an ideological role model, and adopted centralism during his premiership.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Stojadinović was dismissed in 1939 and was replaced by Dragiša Cvetković.Шаблон:Sfn Dimitrije Ljotić, a Yugoslav Serb politician, who formed the Yugoslav National Movement (JNP Zbor), sought to introduce radical right and fascist policies.Шаблон:Sfn Zbor supported the creation of a corporative authoritarian regime, while it was also inspired by Italian fascism, anti-communism, and antisemitism.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ljotić cooperated with Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović,Шаблон:Sfn who was an antisemite and promoted anti-Western views; he had made an impact on Ljotić during the late interwar period.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A chunk of its members had also left the party to join JRZ during Stojadinović's premiership.Шаблон:Sfn Zbor mainly received support from Serbs,Шаблон:Sfn and it remained a minor party after it received 1% of popular vote in 1935 and 1938 elections.Шаблон:Sfn After the beginning of World War II, the government of Yugoslavia adopted anti-Jewish laws.Шаблон:Sfn Milan Nedić was appointed prime minister of the puppet government in 1941; he was a supporter of fascist and ultranationalist policies.Шаблон:Sfn During his premiership, Nedić also promoted conspiracy theories about Jews.Шаблон:Sfn Kosta Pećanac, who headed Chetnik units from the 1930s, embraced chauvinism and led his group of Chetniks into allegiance with Nedić's government.Шаблон:Sfn Chetniks under Draža Mihailović began collaborating with the Axis Forces as early as in 1941.Шаблон:Sfn Mihailović denied that he collaborated with the Axis forces, although in 1943 he admitted it in a conversation with a British liaison officer. After 1943, Mihailović collaborated with the Nazi Germany on an informal basis.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Chetniks during World War II were royalist and nationalist, while their main objective was the creation of a Greater Serb state within Yugoslavia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Chetniks also favoured population transfer.Шаблон:Sfn

After World War II, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ), later known as League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ), came to power and reformed the state as Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. Josip Broz Tito led Yugoslavia until his death in 1980, and shortly after his death, local branches of the SKJ began promoting ethno-nationalist rhetoric, including the League of Communists of Serbia (SKS).Шаблон:Sfn The leadership of SKS was replaced by a more conservative one that argued for more nationalist views.Шаблон:Sfn The early 1980s recession had an impact on Yugoslavia, the crisis was exploited by ethnic nationalists to capture power.Шаблон:Sfn Also, in the 1980s, a number of paramilitaries began forming in Kosovo.Шаблон:Sfn The SANU Memorandum, which was leaked in 1986, made an impact on the far-right politics in Serbia; the document combined xenophobic nationalist views with conservative socialism, and it argued for the establishment of Greater Serbia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Slobodan Milošević, who held conservative, communist, and anti-liberal views, supported the memorandum and used it to rise to power.Шаблон:Sfn Milošević garnered support to remove Ivan Stambolić, who opposed the memorandum, at the 8th Session of the SKS Central Committee and later organised a campaign of street protests, named the anti-bureaucratic revolution.Шаблон:Sfn This served as a resurgence of the far-right.Шаблон:Sfn

1990s–2000s

Vojislav Šešelj holding a book in 2016
Vojislav Šešelj, leader of the Serbian Radical Party (SRS), became one of the most known far-right individuals in Serbia in the 1990s.

Following the revolutions of 1989, the far-right emerged again to the mainstream.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Far-right groups brought extreme nationalism as well as the support for establishment of the Greater Serbia, while at the same time, they also gained broader acceptance due to Serbia's position in the Yugoslav Wars. After being sanctioned and following the increased inflation and high unemployment rate, xenophobia saw an increase during Serbia's period of isolationism.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Nationalists, such as the Serbian Radical Party (SRS), exploited this to garner broader support amongst the public. They promoted historical revisionism, which had been already on the rise since the 1970s, and portrayed other Yugoslav ethnic groups as "betrayers" which formed the narrative of victimhood.Шаблон:Sfn SRS closely cooperated with Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS) during the 1990s, although it also briefly served in opposition.Шаблон:Sfn The Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), a major opposition party during the 1990s, had also promoted extremist nationalism, although it abandoned the ideology following the beginning of the Bosnian War.Шаблон:Sfn Milošević, although declaratively a leftist, had connections with the far-right and promoted extreme-nationalist and anti-Western sentiment; he also promoted antisemitic and racist conspiracy theories.Шаблон:Sfn

Many far-right organisations acted as paramilitary organisations and openly supported and committed violence during the Bosnian and Kosovo wars.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The White Eagles, a paramilitary unit operated by SRS and its leader Vojislav Šešelj, committed war crimes in Croatia and Bosnia and Hezegovina. Its members were also referred as "chetniks".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to a United Nations report from 1994, 55 out of 82 paramilitaries in former Yugoslavia were led by Serbs.Шаблон:Sfn According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, far-right groups criticised the United States during the Kosovo War, including foreign individuals such as white nationalist Louis Beam, while neo-Nazis had done it because "they saw Muslims as a threat to Europe".Шаблон:Sfn After the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 and up to the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević in October 2000, far-right conspiracy theories were spread, while critics of the government were assassinated. Journalist Slavko Ćuruvija was assassinated in 1999, while former president of Serbia, Ivan Stambolić, was assassinated in August 2000; an assassination attempt on Vuk Drašković, the leader of SPO, also occurred in October 1999.Шаблон:Sfn

Far-right groups in Serbia gained a considerable amount of public attention in the early 2000s,Шаблон:Sfn although after the election of Zoran Đinđić as prime minister it was seen that the development of far-right ideas would become less conducive.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Far-right groups had also turned into registered movements and organisations.Шаблон:Sfn During June 2001, far-right groups had orchestrated violent attacks at the participators of the first pride parade in Serbia; the parade was cancelled half-way through.Шаблон:Sfn After Đinđić's assassination in 2003, far-right groups emerged again. According to Jovo Bakić, this rise occurred due to the promised social development and European Union accession which were not feasible, including the wave of privatisation that left vast numbers of people unemployed.Шаблон:Sfn These organisations were also often in opposition to each other, although they had common ideological motives.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Since the 2000s, attacks orchestrated by far-right groups had risen.Шаблон:Sfn These attacks had often received media attention, although far-right groups did not attract much attention to the public.Шаблон:Sfn Due to the allegations that the government was involved in corrupt privatisation, SRS ran on an anti-corruption platform and placed first in the 2003 parliamentary election. SRS did not take part in forming a government.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Věra Stojarová, a Masaryk University professor, pointed out that the high number of votes for SRS showed the "high frustration of Serbs".Шаблон:Sfn In 2004, a law that defined the Chetniks as "anti-fascist" was welcomed by parties on the right.Шаблон:Sfn A year later, Chetniks were de facto equalised with the Yugoslav Partisans following the implementation of the law on soldiers' pensions.Шаблон:Sfn SRS placed first again in the 2007 parliamentary election.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Aleksandar Gavrilović, an editor for Istinomer, stated that following the formation of the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) in 2008, the far-right saw its support drop to bare minimums.Шаблон:Sfn The far-right received further expansion following the declaration of independence of Kosovo in 2008.Шаблон:Sfn Later in July 2008, far-right groups had organised protests in support of Radovan Karadžić, which turned out violent.Шаблон:Sfn In 2009, a Belgrade Pride event was cancelled due to the announcement that far-right groups would prevent the holding of the event.Шаблон:Sfn The Public Prosecutor's Office had stated that Obraz and SNP 1389 should be banned due to their threats that led to the cancellation of the Belgrade Pride event.Шаблон:Sfn

Contemporary period

Flag of Nacionalni stroj
Nacionalni stroj was banned by the Constitutional Court in 2011 due to their violent acts, which were viewed as unconstitutional.

In October 2010, the Belgrade anti-gay riot occurred; it was marked with violence orchestrated by the far-right, which led to clashes with the police.Шаблон:Sfn Obraz was a notable participant in the riot.Шаблон:Sfn The Public Prosecutor's Office responded by submitting multiple proposals to the Constitutional Court in 2011. The Constitutional Court rejected the ban of 14 far-right groups in March, while in June, it deemed that actions of Nacionalni stroj were unconstitutional and the Court banned it; the 2011 pride event was cancelled due to threats from far-right groups.Шаблон:Sfn The Constitutional Court also rejected the proposal to ban SNP 1389 and SNP Naši.Шаблон:Sfn Obraz was banned a year later due to "violation of human and minority rights and causing national and religious hatred", although it continued to operate under a similar name.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Since then, some far-right groups had pacificated their actions.Шаблон:Sfn Far-right groups had also organised protests in support of Ratko Mladić in May 2011.Шаблон:Sfn In the 2012 parliamentary election, for the first time since its establishment, SRS had not managed to cross the then-5 per cent electoral threshold and lost all of its seats in the National Assembly.Шаблон:Sfn According to Izabela Kisić, the executive director of Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, the newly elected government had since then practically tolerated the far-right.Шаблон:Sfn A year later, anti-Romani attacks in Zemun Polje were concluded by far-right groups.Шаблон:Sfn Draža Mihailović, the leader of Chetniks during World War II, was rehabilitated in 2015 by the Supreme Court of Cassation, claiming that he was politically and ideologically trialed;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn far-right groups had organised protests during the process of rehabilitation of Milan Nedić, although in the end, Nedić was not rehabilitated.Шаблон:Sfn Far-right groups had returned to the National Assembly following the 2016 parliamentary election.Шаблон:Sfn

A far-right group belonging to the white nationalist Identitarian movement had organised protests in 2017.Шаблон:Sfn Although a year later, the Identitarian branch in Serbia was dissolved due to unknown reasons;Шаблон:Sfn the branch was also linked with the promotion of discrimination.Шаблон:Sfn Kisić noted that Islamic extremism had seen a significant decline, while the far-right had been on the rise in the late 2010s. The Belgrade Centre for Security Policy (BCSP) noted that the far-right had begun showing anti-immigrant views, which did not exist before.Шаблон:Sfn This initially began during the 2015 migrant crisis, although political parties such as Dveri and Enough is Enough (DJB) began advocating anti-immigrant views in 2018.Шаблон:Sfn The two parties explicitly promoted the Eurabia conspiracy theory, and claimed that Serbian citizens would become a minority in their own country.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Some organisations, such as Leviathan and People's Patrol orchestrated attacks against migrants. Its members had also begun "patrolling the streets" to intercept, threaten, warn, arrest, or expel migrants from public transport.Шаблон:Sfn Both groups also video-record their actions and share them across social media, while they also targeted citizens who had rented apartments to migrants.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Opinion polls had also showed that the public shared similar anti-immigrant views with far-right organisations. According to a BCSP survey from 2020, the public viewed migrants as the greatest external threat to Serbia's security and as one of the three main threats to internal security, while three-quarters of respondents were concerned about free movement of migrants in towns and villages.Шаблон:Sfn In comparison with the research from 2017, in which the migrants were listed lower, the far-right made an impact on increasing anti-immigrant views among the public.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the same research, voters were also interested to know positions of political parties regarding migrants.Шаблон:Sfn

Following the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia in 2020, conspiracy theories regarding the virus had begun to spread;Шаблон:Sfn the far-right had also spread conspiracy theories.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the same year, the far-right had also seen a sudden rise in popularity.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Following the 2020 parliamentary election, a series of protests took place in July. The government had portrayed the protests as led by the far-right; a small group of far-right activists did participate in the protests, including former MP Srđan Nogo.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In October 2021, Facebook Inc. had published a series of documents that had included far-right groups in Serbia that were connected with terrorism, violence, and hate.Шаблон:Sfn A month later, a far-right group harassed and attacked several peace activist groups, including Women in Black, due to their opposition to denying the notion that Srebrenica massacre was a genocide.Шаблон:Sfn During the same period, a conflict emerged in Belgrade, after a far-right group had made a mural dedicated to Ratko Mladić; peace activists had thrown eggs and paint at the mural to destroy it, although the groups would occasionally re-paint the mural.Шаблон:Sfn The conflict received national media attention, although the mural did not end up getting removed.Шаблон:Sfn Following the beginning of Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, far-right groups had protested in support of Russia.Шаблон:Sfn The invasion had helped the far-right to cross the electoral threshold in the 2022 general election due to their pro-Russian views.Шаблон:Sfn Far-right groups had also stated their opposition to imposing sanctions on Russia.Шаблон:Sfn Dveri, Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS), and Serbian Party Oathkeepers (SSZ), all whom are pro-Russian, had entered the National Assembly.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At the time of the campaign period, SSZ, SRS, and Serbian Right (SD) were viewed to be allegedly under the control of the government.Шаблон:Sfn During the 2022 EuroPride event in Belgrade, far-right groups clashed with the police.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Political groups

According to the Anti-Discrimination Act, it is illegal for neo-Nazi or fascist groups to organise or to display fascist symbols. Organisations that were banned due to their far-right views had usually re-organised under a different name, while organisations that had received legal measures have either moved underground or transformed their ideological image.Шаблон:Sfn The government of Serbia had declared Obraz as a clerical-fascist organisation, while Nacionalni stroj, skinheads, Blood and Honour, and Rasonalisti were labelled as neo-Nazi.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Organisations

Blood and Honour

Blood & Honour (Шаблон:Lang-sr-Cyrl) was formed in Serbia in 1995. It cooperates with its UK-based counterpart.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ideologically orientated towards neo-Nazism, Blood & Honour has been operating as an unregistered and secret organisation in Serbia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Combat 18 is its self-described "activist branch", while Blood & Honour also has chapters in Belgrade, Novi Sad, and Niš.Шаблон:Sfn The organisation has been regularly organising music concerts, it also takes part in neo-Nazi meetings abroad.Шаблон:Sfn Its members had meetings with the National Socialist Movement of Denmark.Шаблон:Sfn The organisation is opposed to abortions, capitalism, and communism.Шаблон:Sfn It also claimed that Jews are enemies of the "white race", and that they were responsible for the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, a view that they also share with Obraz.Шаблон:Sfn

I live for Serbia

I live for Serbia (Шаблон:Lang-sr-Cyrl) was a far-right organisation that spread anti-vax and nationalist views.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Its views had been also described as militaristic, while it was also opposed to LGBT rights.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn I live for Serbia wanted to repeal the law that made vaccination mandatory and declared its support to make all non-governmental organisations illegal.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Jovana Stojković, a former member of Dveri, headed the organisation from its foundation until it merged into Healthy Serbia in 2023.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Stojković is a prominent anti-vaccination activist; she had claimed that vaccines cause autism, while she had also spread misinformation regarding COVID-19.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn During the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia, Stojković and her organisation opposed wearing protective masks. Due to her views, Stojković was detained several times, while the Court of the Regional Medical Chamber of Belgrade had initiated a procedure to revoke her medical doctor licence in 2018.Шаблон:Sfn

I live for Serbia previously cooperated with the neo-fascist Leviathan Movement. They organised protests together and participated in a joint list in the 2020 parliamentary election.Шаблон:Sfn During the electoral campaign in 2020, I live for Serbia had promoted antifeminist content.Шаблон:Sfn Their electoral list did not pass the 3-percent threshold.Шаблон:Sfn I live for Serbia was later a part of the Sovereignists coalition, together with DJB and ZS.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It participated in the 2022 general election but failed to win any seats.Шаблон:Sfn

Leviathan

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Leviathan is a self-described animal rights group. Observers had described it as a "mix of National Front and PETA".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Formed in 2015, it initially got its reputation from posting confessional videos on social media, in which individuals would apologise on camera for being cruel to animals.Шаблон:Sfn Individuals would continue by saying their personal information, while Leviathan would sometimes confiscate pets from certain individuals. It had later built a large following and garnered a large number of fans.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Members of Leviathan had previously been a part of neo-Nazi organisations.Шаблон:Sfn It has been described as a vigilantist group, a group of its members were sentenced in prison for four months, and additional 11 months under house arrest in 2020.Шаблон:Sfn Pavle Bihali, leader of Leviathan, had claimed that they do not use violence.Шаблон:Sfn A member of the group had driven into a migrant reception center in Obrenovac in May 2020; the driver was later sentenced to eight months in prison.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn While driving, the driver had chanted that "he does not want Serbia to become an Islamic country".Шаблон:Sfn Leviathan had later organised an operation against the largest animal shelter in Serbia in 2021, claiming that its owner had let its dogs die. Dejan Gačić, the owner of the animal shelter, had claimed that his animal shelter was attacked because Leviathan wanted to force him out due to the amount of foreign donations that he had received before the raid.Шаблон:Sfn Leviathan had also conducted personal attacks on the Internet.Шаблон:Sfn

Observers had described Leviathan as neo-fascist,Шаблон:Sfn neo-Nazi,Шаблон:Sfn and alt-right.Шаблон:Sfn Bihali identifies himself as a far-right nationalist and has expressed sympathy for Nazism; observers had also assessed him as a neo-Nazi. Bihali is a supporter of the Greek neo-fascist Golden Dawn organisation, and had considered the group as a model for Leviathan.Шаблон:Sfn An anti-migrant group, members of Leviathan had taken part in "street patrols" with the People's Patrol, while they had also portrayed migrants as "rapists".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Bihali had had published misinformation regarding migrants.Шаблон:Sfn Its members had publicly expressed racist, anti-immigrant, and anti-ziganist views.Шаблон:Sfn Leviathan had promoted the Great Replacement conspiracy theory,Шаблон:Sfn while during the COVID-19 pandemic, Leviathan had spread misinformation about the virus.Шаблон:Sfn

Leviathan registered as an organisation in 2020, and participated in a joint list with I live for Serbia in the 2020 parliamentary election, although it failed to cross the threshold.Шаблон:Sfn Jovo Bakić had claimed that the organisation is in control of Aleksandar Vučić, while it has been also alleged that Leviathan had cooperated with SNS.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Nacionalni stroj

Шаблон:Main Nacionalni stroj (Шаблон:Lit) was a secret neo-Nazi organisation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was affiliated with Blood & Honour and the neo-Nazi Internet forum Stormfront, and was considered to be a part of the "racist international".Шаблон:Sfn It was alleged that Nacionalni stroj and Blood & Honour concluded the destruction of Belgrade and Niš mosques in March 2004, attacks on the Women in Black movement in July 2005, and an assault on peace activists in Niš in May 2007.Шаблон:Sfn Nacionalni stroj also organised several far-right marches in 2007. These acts were celebrated by the organisations as "patriotic acts".Шаблон:Sfn During the anti-fascist walk in October 2007, members of the organisation had attacked participators and threw rocks at them. The gendarmery responded by detaining the attackers, while some of them were sentenced to be trialed at the Court.Шаблон:Sfn The Public Prosecutor's Office submitted a request in 2008 to ban Nacionalni stroj, which was concluded by the Constitutional Court in 2011.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Its leader, Goran Davidović, nicknamed Führer, participated in the attack and was put on trial for the violent attacks. He did not appear in court, and instead moved to Trieste, where had lived until 2020, when he moved back to Serbia. The trial was suspended and charges were dropped in 2019.Шаблон:Sfn After moving back to Serbia, Davidović met with leaders of Obraz and Leviathan.Шаблон:Sfn

The organisation supported the establishment of a strong centralised nation-state that would be headed by an authoritarian head of state, who would enjoy the support of the military and Serbian Orthodox Church.Шаблон:Sfn Nacionalni stroj was antisemitic,Шаблон:Sfn and had stated that only white people would be entitled to full citizenship, while homosexuality, pornography, abortion, and other religious groups should be outlawed.Шаблон:Sfn

National Serb Front

Formed in 2011, National Serb Front (Шаблон:Lang-sr-Cyrl) came to the far-right scene after the ban of Nacionalni stroj in 2011. Stefan Dolić, a former member of Nacionalni stroj, has headed the organisation since its inception.Шаблон:Sfn National Serb Front had organised meetings with several neo-Nazi parties, including the National Democratic Party of Germany and People's Party Our Slovakia.Шаблон:Sfn Its logo had drawn comparisons with the New Force of Italy and Noua Dreaptă of Romania.Шаблон:Sfn Members of the National Serb Front had regularly participated in far-right protests and street fights.Шаблон:Sfn The organisation had published content dedicated to the leader of Nacionalni stroj.Шаблон:Sfn In 2017, the liberal New Party had called for the ban of National Serb Front.Шаблон:Sfn National Serb Front is ideologically opposed to neoliberalism and advocates for a "Europe of Nations".Шаблон:Sfn

Obraz

Шаблон:Main

Posters showcasing the anti-pride parade campaign slogan "Čekamo vas" by Obraz
Obraz had organised attacks against homosexuals throughout the 2000s. It was banned in 2012 by the Constitutional Court, although it re-registered under a similar name.

Obraz was founded in the mid-1990s by a group of students that had published a magazine under an eponymous name.Шаблон:Sfn Nebojša M. Krstić led the organisation until his death in 2001, after which Mladen Obradović succeeded him in 2003.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Under Obradović's leadership, Obraz formed connections with far-right groups from Romania, Slovakia, France, Italy, and Spain.Шаблон:Sfn Since its inception, Obraz organised violent attacks.Шаблон:Sfn It played a central role in the Belgrade anti-gay riot that took place in 2010; its leader and other members were arrested a day before to stop the riot. After the parade, additional 250 individuals were arrested.Шаблон:Sfn The government of Serbia had previously submitted an initiative in regards to its operations,Шаблон:Sfn while in 2012, the Constitutional Court banned Obraz.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Obradović later re-registered the organisation under the name "Svetosavski savez Obraz".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Throughout its existence, Obraz had only participated in the 2014 parliamentary election, when it was a part of a joint list together with the Serbian Radical Party (SRS) and SNP Naši.Шаблон:Sfn Obradović was a controller during the 2022 constitutional referendum.Шаблон:Sfn

The government of Serbia listed Obraz as a clerical-fascist organisation in 2005;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn observers also described Obraz as clerical-fascist.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Obraz has been defined as hardline nationalist,Шаблон:Sfn it is also openly antisemitic and it opposes minority rights.Шаблон:Sfn The organisation had also declared that Jews, Croats, Albanians, and other minority groups in Serbia are their enemies.Шаблон:Sfn Throughout the 2000s, Obraz had concluded a series of attacks against minority groups and homosexuals; major attacks on homosexuals occurred in 2001 and 2010.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They had also called for punishment of homosexuals and non-Orthodox religious believers.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Obraz called for rehabilitation of Dimitrije Ljotić, while it had also celebrated convicted war criminals Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić as war heroes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Obraz supports the dismantling of liberal democracy, which it called a "judeo-masonic tool of oppression", it argued that a corporative state must be established instead, and it promoted theocracy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The organisation is opposed to Serbia joining the European Union, and called instead for the establishment of Greater Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn

People's Patrol

Damnjan Knežević, leader of the People's Patrol, speaking at a pro-Russian protest in April 2022
People's Patrol began its anti-immigrant actions in 2020, and following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, it had also staged several protests in support of the Russian invasion.

The People's Patrol (Шаблон:Lang-sr-Cyrl) is a far-right anti-immigrant organisation which began their actions in 2020.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is centered in Belgrade, although it also has branches in border towns such as Sombor, Bačka Palanka, and Šid. Its members occasionally stop migrants from entering into Serbia in border towns.Шаблон:Sfn They had also disturbed journalists at their protests.Шаблон:Sfn Their members had been involved in several incidents; in fall of 2020, one of them threatened and blocked paths of taxi drivers who were transporting migrants, while in 2021, a People's Patrol member kicked out a group of migrants out of a bus, and threatened them with violence.Шаблон:Sfn Later in October 2021, People's Patrol concluded attacks against a Sombor native after letting migrants sleep in his hostel. The person who operated the hostel received death threats from People's Patrol members and supporters.Шаблон:Sfn Multiple anti-immigrant protests were also organised by the People's Patrol, starting in March 2020.Шаблон:Sfn The participants had also showed nationalist and anti-vaccination sentiment.Шаблон:Sfn

People's Patrol has been also described as ultranationalist.Шаблон:Sfn Alongside Leviathan, the organisation had portrayed migrants as "rapists" and called for people that helped migrants to be lynched.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The People's Patrol had used the lack of trust in institutions as a reason and justification to patrol and arrest migrants, and it had also publicly criticised the police. Its leader, Damnjan Knežević, was summoned several times by the police for inciting hatred and intolerance.Шаблон:Sfn Knežević was a member of the SSZ, and had served as its vice-president at one point.Шаблон:Sfn Besides their anti-immigrant activity, its members had also launched an initiative regarding Kosovo, which was viewed as ethno-nationalist.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The organisation had also promoted antifeminism and misogyny.Шаблон:Sfn Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, People's Patrol had staged several pro-Russian protests in March and April 2022.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn People's Patrol has connections with far-right groups in Russia that took part in the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.Шаблон:Sfn In January 2023, lawyer Čedomir Stojković accused Knežević of being a member of the Wagner Group and recruiting Serbian citizens to fight in Ukraine.Шаблон:Sfn

According to a research, supporters of the People's Patrol tend to be younger and middle-aged men with a secondary education and manual jobs.Шаблон:Sfn Srđan Nogo, Jovana Stojković and Goran Davidović had stated their support for the organisation.Шаблон:Sfn

SNP 1389

Шаблон:Main

A worn out SNP 1389 sticker
SNP 1389 is a far-right organisation. Miša Vacić led the organisation from 2008 until the mid-2010s.

SNP 1389 was formed in 2004.Шаблон:Sfn The organisation was initially called "1389", but it later changed its name to "1389 Movement" and then into SNP 1389. Radojko Ljubičić served as the first leader, although he was dismissed by Miša Vacić in 2008, after which Vacić proclaimed himself as the leader of the organisation.Шаблон:Sfn During his leadership, Vacić had participated in far-right protests across Europe and orchestrated anti-LGBT protests in Serbia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Due to his discriminatory actions against the LGBT population, Vacić was detained several times.Шаблон:Sfn The main belligerents of the movement are far-right hooligan groups that have been linked with organised crime.Шаблон:Sfn In 2008, a group of its members had attacked the participants of the Queer festival; Vacić and others were arrested due to the attack.Шаблон:Sfn SNP 1389 had also organised protests in support of Ratko Mladić.Шаблон:Sfn For a brief period between 2010 and 2011, SNP 1389 was merged with SNP Naši.Шаблон:Sfn SNP 1389 participated in the 2014 Belgrade City Assembly election, in which it won 0.08% of the popular vote.Шаблон:Sfn

The organisation has been classified as far-right, staunchly nationalist and ultraconservative.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn SNP 1389 has been also described as neo-Nazi.Шаблон:Sfn It denies the notion that Srebrenica massacre was a genocide and promotes irredentism; they have also claimed North Macedonia and parts of Northern Albania as part of Greater Serbia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They had listed drug addicts, homosexuals, and the Catholic Church as its enemies.Шаблон:Sfn SNP 1389 also advocates for nationalisation of foreign-acquired Serbian companies.Шаблон:Sfn

SNP Naši

The organisation was founded in 2006 by former members of Obraz.Шаблон:Sfn A far-right organisation led by Ivan M. Ivanović, it has used similar rhetoric to SNP 1389.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ivanović appeared on court multiple times, proceedings against him were held due to provoking racial discrimination. Charges against him were dropped in 2018.Шаблон:Sfn SNP Naši had later changed its name to Conservative Movement Naši.Шаблон:Sfn Observers had described it as a clerical-fascist organisation,Шаблон:Sfn it supports the creation of Greater Serbia and has opposed LGBT rights.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As a staunch pro-Russian organisation, SNP Naši had called for Eurasian integration; it had also organised antisemitic acts.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn SNP Naši is staunchly critical of Josip Broz Tito.Шаблон:Sfn The organisation had also called to ban George Soros-funded NGOs in Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn

Serbian Action

Шаблон:Main

Файл:U-slavu-ucitelja-1.jpg
Serbian Action members honouring with torchlight 70th anniversary of the death of Serbian fascist ideologue Dimitrije Ljotić

Serbian Action was formed in 2010.Шаблон:Sfn The organisation had tried to stop the "Propaganda Poster in Nedić's Serbia" forum from being held in 2015, although it had failed.Шаблон:Sfn Serbian Action had also attended multiple far-right protests;Шаблон:Sfn in 2018, it had organised a meeting in support of rehabilitation of Milan Nedić.Шаблон:Sfn The organisation has been described as clerical-fascist,Шаблон:Sfn and also as neo-fascist with clerical elements.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is staunchly socially conservative, and it opposes LGBT rights; it had accused the LGBT community of spreading "gay propaganda".Шаблон:Sfn Serbian Action had previously published several anti-ziganist articles. One of its members was arrested in 2014 after calling to lynch Romanis.Шаблон:Sfn It had also stated its support for monarchism and opposition to capitalism.Шаблон:Sfn

Serbian Honour

Шаблон:Main A self-described humanitarian organisation, Serbian Honour was formed in 2014. It has been led by Bojan Stojković since its formation.Шаблон:Sfn The organisation also has a branch in Republika Srpska; the branch was previously headed by Igor Bilbija, who was arrested for prostitution and racketeering.Шаблон:Sfn Serbian Honour garnered public attention in 2014 after participating in attacks during a football game between Albania and Serbia. Three years later, Stojković had organised a protest to stop the projection of a documentary movie that had showed positive relations between Serbs and Albanians during the Yugoslav Wars.Шаблон:Sfn In 2019, members of the Serbian Honour organisation stole a horse from a Romani boy. They subsequently video-taped his "re-education" and posted it across social media.Шаблон:Sfn Serbian Honour had returned the horse to its owners later that year.Шаблон:Sfn

According to the Business Register Agency (APR), the organisation has been listed as a youth organisation that promotes youth activism, human rights, and conservationism.Шаблон:Sfn In practice, it has been described as an extremist paramilitary organisation,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn while the organisation had also promoted militarism and praised convicted war criminals. Its members had also promoted homophobia and opposed minority rights.Шаблон:Sfn Serbian Honour has been also described as a Russian-trained paramilitary organisation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Political parties

Dveri

Шаблон:Main

A photo of Boško Obradović
Boško Obradović co-founded Dveri in 1999 as a student organisation. He has been the president of the party since 2015.

Initially a political organisation, Dveri was formed in 1999 by a group of students that had published a magazine named Dveri Srpske.Шаблон:Sfn Boško Obradović, one of the co-founders of the organisation, has led Dveri since 2015.Шаблон:Sfn Dveri had already taken the characteristics of a political party in the late 2000s, although it registered as a political party in 2015.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The party began participating in electoral politics in 2012, and has continued to participate in them since then, although it boycotted the 2020 parliamentary election.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The party entered the National Assembly in 2016 after winning 7 seats in the parliamentary election.Шаблон:Sfn It was later a part of the catch-all opposition Alliance for Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn Dveri returned to the National Assembly following the 2022 election.Шаблон:Sfn It had also proved to have a relatively stable electorate at the national level.Шаблон:Sfn Dveri had previously cooperated with United Russia and Alternative for Germany.Шаблон:Sfn

Throughout the 2000s, Dveri promoted a combination of clericalism and extreme nationalism named svetosavlje, an ideology linked to Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović.Шаблон:Sfn Dveri promotes closer ties of state and church, and has been accused of homophobia due to their Christian right stances.Шаблон:Sfn Máté-Tóth described Dveri as "religious fundamentalist".Шаблон:Sfn Dveri has regularly organised "family walks" in 2009, as a counter-parade that promotes conservative values.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It also has close ties with the Serbian Orthodox Church.Шаблон:Sfn Dveri had also campaigned against abortion and gay rights.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A populist party,Шаблон:Sfn Dveri had shifted their views from Jews to homosexuals, and later campaigned for the "traditional family".Шаблон:Sfn It had also campaigned on anti-immigration.Шаблон:Sfn Regarding economics, Dveri is supportive of economic nationalism and protectionism.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A party that advocates for monarchism, it supports a hierarchical society that would be governed by a king and pseudo-democratic institutions, which would eventually replace liberal democracy.Шаблон:Sfn Dveri is opposed to Serbia joining the European Union, and has showed its opposition to the West and its support for Russia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Vladan Glišić, a former high-ranking member, had accused the European Union of being "fascist".Шаблон:Sfn It opposes sanctioning Russia in regards to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.Шаблон:Sfn

Scholars had described Dveri as far-right and right-wing extremist, while Rada Drezgić described it as a conservative movement.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Bakić rejected to describe Dveri as fascist and instead he had described it as extremely conservative, nationalist and anti-globalist.Шаблон:Sfn It has been also ideologically identified as ultranationalist.Шаблон:Sfn Dinić had commented on their political program, describing it as a fusion of ultranationalism with elements of fascism.Шаблон:Sfn Political scientists Florian Bieber and Filip Milačić have also described Dveri as far-right.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Obradović had self-described Dveri as an anti-fascist party.Шаблон:Sfn

Serbian Party Oathkeepers

Шаблон:Main Formed in 2012, Serbian Party Oathkeepers (SSZ) has been described as a far-right political party.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Milica Đurđević Stamenkovski has been the main spokesperson of the party since its formation.Шаблон:Sfn SSZ had attacked non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and labelled them as "foreign mercenaries".Шаблон:Sfn SSZ has also been aided by the ruling Serbian Progressive Party (SNS).Шаблон:Sfn It had cooperated with the Italian Lega Nord party and had meetings with United Russia.Шаблон:Sfn In 2016, its representatives had met with Sergey Lavrov during his visit to Belgrade.Шаблон:Sfn

An ultranationalist party, SSZ promotes socially conservative views and opposes immigration.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn SSZ has been a vocal supporter of historical revisionism; it had claimed that "Serbians have been victims of the West", and had supported revision of history textbooks.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It opposes Serbia joining the European Union and wants to establish closer ties with Russia.Шаблон:Sfn It had regularly participated in parliamentary elections, although it only managed to cross the threshold after the 2022 election.Шаблон:Sfn

Serbian Radical Party

Шаблон:Main

Serbian Radical Party posters during the 2012 campaign period
Serbian Radical Party (SRS) has remained the most important far-right party in Serbia, although it has suffered from electoral popularity since 2020.

Often described as the most important far-right party in Serbia, Serbian Radical Party (SRS) was founded in 1991, and has been led by Vojislav Šešelj since then.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn SRS supported Milošević and his SPS in the first half of the 1990s, since Milošević had contributed to the mass support that SRS received due to media control.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It also briefly served in opposition, but it again cooperated with SPS during the "war government".Шаблон:Sfn Members of SRS were involved in paramilitary activities during the Yugoslav Wars.Шаблон:Sfn Šešelj was convicted of war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 2003, and later that year, after campaigning on an anti-corruption platform, it placed first in the 2003 parliamentary election, but it did not join the government.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Tomislav Nikolić and Aleksandar Vučić gradually moderate the image of the party, although in 2008 they had split from SRS to form the SNS.Шаблон:Sfn In comparison with SRS, SNS has been supportive of accession of Serbia to the European Union.Шаблон:Sfn SRS dropped out of the parliament in 2012, although it returned in 2016 after Šešelj was permitted to come back to Serbia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the 2020 election and afterwards, it did not receive enough votes to cross the electoral threshold.Шаблон:Sfn

An ultranationalist party,Шаблон:Sfn it was described as also described as neo-fascist during the 1990s and early 2000s.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Observers had also described it as quasi-fascist.Шаблон:Sfn SRS is a major proponent of Greater Serbia, an irredentist concept that would include parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, and Kosovo.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A populist party,Шаблон:Sfn it opposes Serbia joining the European Union and promotes closer ties with Russia.Шаблон:Sfn It is socially conservative and is in favour of welfare chauvinism.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn SRS was previously supported by far-right skinheads, although they terminated their support following Šešelj's refusal to support them after the murder of a Romani child in 1999.Шаблон:Sfn

Serbian Radical Party has local branches in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and North Macedonia.Шаблон:Sfn It was also the guest of Vladimir Zhirinovsky, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia.Шаблон:Sfn

Serbian Right

Шаблон:Main

Serbian Right (SD) is a far-right political party led by Miša Vacić. Vacić previously headed SNP 1389.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The party was formed out of fifteen movements that had similar ideological beliefs,Шаблон:Sfn while it also received support from Jim Dowson, a British far-right activist, and local political leaders.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Observers had claimed that the party is in control of Aleksandar Vučić.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn During one of its early assembly conferences in Šabac, Vacić threatened opposition politicians Marinika Tepić and Nebojša Zelenović with violence.Шаблон:Sfn Government associates such as Milenko Jovanov and Zoran Đorđević participated in the conference.Шаблон:Sfn Vacić had also organised attacks against opposition figures in 2017 and 2019.Шаблон:Sfn Later in June 2021, Vacić attended a meeting that was organised by the neo-fascist Alliance for Peace and Freedom.Шаблон:Sfn Vacić was a presidential candidate in the 2022 election; he won 0.9 per cent of the popular vote.Шаблон:Sfn

An ultranationalist party,Шаблон:Sfn it has promoted traditionalism,Шаблон:Sfn and had stated its support for Serbia joining the Euroasian Union.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Vacić had stated his support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.Шаблон:Sfn According to its program, the party supports the formation of a patriarchal and hierarchal society, monarchy, authority, and Serbian Orthodoxy.Шаблон:Sfn Its rhetoric has been considered to be racist and anti-migrant.Шаблон:Sfn

Others

A portrait picture of László Toroczkai
László Toroczkai led the Hungarian far-right Sixty-Four Counties Youth Movement.

Far-right organisations such as Sveti Justin Filozof and Nomokanon, had also received media attention.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Sveti Justin Filozof was a nationalist organisation, which was led by Milan Bates. It had later moderated their stances, although it was dissolved by 2008.Шаблон:Sfn Nomokanon was aided by the Serbian Orthodox Church (SPC).Шаблон:Sfn Rasonalisti, a neo-Nazi organisation, was active throughout the 2000s.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They had rejected the left–right political spectrum, and instead supported "racial nationalism".Шаблон:Sfn Rasonalisti also operated an Internet forum, which acted similar to Stormfront.Шаблон:Sfn Solidarité Kosovo, a far-right organisation, is led by Arnaud Gouillon and it promotes historical revisionism.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Gouillion took part in the 2012 French presidential election, in which he was a candidate for the white supremacist Generation Identity movement.Шаблон:Sfn In 2020, he was appointed to the position of director of the Office for Cooperation with the Diaspora and the Serbs in the Region.Шаблон:Sfn Zentropa Srbija is a neo-Nazi group that has praised Nedić and organised a gathering to mark the anniversary of his suicide in 2023.Шаблон:Sfn

Party of Serbian Unity was a far-right political party led by Željko Ražnatović "Arkan".Шаблон:Sfn An ultranationalist party,Шаблон:Sfn it was represented in the National Assembly during the 2000–2003 convocation.Шаблон:Sfn The far-right Sixty-Four Counties Youth Movement, which was led by László Toroczkai, was formed in Serbia in 2004.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It advocated for separatism and the re-creation of Greater Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn Toroczkai was banned from entering Serbia by the government in 2008.Шаблон:Sfn Before forming the Sixty-Four Counties Youth Movement, Toroczkai was associated with the far-right Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP), and later served as vice-president of neo-Nazi Jobbik.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Toroczkai was expelled from Jobbik, who had shifted ideologically to the centre-right, and then formed the Our Homeland Movement in 2018.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Individuals

Vojislav Šešelj, the president of the Serbian Radical Party (SRS), has been noted to be the most famous far-right individual in Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn Alongside him, Tomislav Nikolić and Aleksandar Vučić, who were high-ranking members of SRS, were also noted as notable far-right individuals.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Nikolić and Vučić abandoned the far-right after forming the populist Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) in 2008.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn SNS came to power in 2012, after which Serbia has suffered from democratic backsliding into authoritarianism.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Šešеlj had supported Vučić in the 2022 election.Шаблон:Sfn

Individuals such as Boško Obradović, Miša Vacić, and Mladen Obradović had been also described as notable far-right individuals.Шаблон:Sfn Vacić has been a prominent far-right individual since the 2000s, mainly due to regularly attending and organising far-right protests, and due to his arrests.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Vacić was arrested several times for spreading hatred. Alongside him, Mladen Obradović, leader of Obraz, had received public attraction due to his views.Шаблон:Sfn Srđan Nogo, who previously served as member of the National Assembly from 2016 to 2020, had promoted multiple far-right conspiracy theories.Шаблон:Sfn

Žejko Ražnatović "Arkan" was a prominent mobster who was associated with far-right criminal and paramilitary groups.Шаблон:Sfn He led a group of Belgrade criminals and was the leader of the far-right Party of Serbian Unity.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

News sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Further reading

Шаблон:Europe topic

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