Английская Википедия:Faroese language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language FaroeseШаблон:Efn (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell;[1] Шаблон:Lang-fo Шаблон:IPA-fo) is a North Germanic language spoken as a first language by about 69,000 Faroe Islanders, of which 21,000 reside mainly in Denmark and elsewhere.
It is one of six languages descended from Old West Norse spoken in the Middle Ages, the others being Norwegian, Icelandic, and the extinct Norn and Greenlandic Norse. Faroese and Icelandic, its closest extant relative, are not easily mutually intelligible in speech, but the written languages resemble each other quite closely, largely owing to Faroese's etymological orthography.[2]
History
Around 900 AD, the language spoken in the Faroes was Old Norse, which Norse settlers had brought with them during the time of the settlement of Faroe Islands (Шаблон:Lang) that began in 825. However, many of the settlers were not from Scandinavia, but descendants of Norse settlers in the Irish Sea region. In addition, women from Norse Ireland, Orkney, or Shetland often married native Scandinavian men before settling in the Faroe Islands and Iceland.Шаблон:Citation needed As a result, the Irish language has had some influence on both Faroese and Icelandic.
There is speculation about Irish language place names in the Faroes: for example, the names of Mykines, Stóra Dímun, Lítla Dímun and Argir have been hypothesized to contain Celtic roots.[4] Other examples of early-introduced words of Celtic origin are: Шаблон:Wikt-lang/Шаблон:Lang (buttermilk), cf. Middle Irish Шаблон:Wikt-lang; Шаблон:Lang (tail-piece of an animal), cf. Middle Irish Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Wikt-lang (head, headhair), cf. Middle Irish Шаблон:Wikt-lang; Шаблон:Wikt-lang (hand, paw), cf. Middle Irish Шаблон:Wikt-lang; Шаблон:Wikt-lang (bull), cf. Middle Irish Шаблон:Wikt-lang; and Шаблон:Wikt-lang (pasture in the outfield), cf. Middle Irish Шаблон:Lang.[5]
Between the 9th and the 15th centuries, a distinct Faroese language evolved, although it was probably still mutually intelligible with Old West Norse, and remained similar to the Norn language of Orkney and Shetland during Norn's earlier phase.
Faroese ceased to be a written language after the union of Norway with Denmark in 1380, with Danish replacing Faroese as the language of administration and education.[6] The islanders continued to use the language in ballads, folktales, and everyday life. This maintained a rich spoken tradition, but for 300 years the language was not used in written form.
In 1823, the Danish Bible Society published a diglot of the Gospel of Matthew, with Faroese on the left and Danish on the right.
Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb and the Icelandic grammarian and politician Jón Sigurðsson published a written standard for Modern Faroese in 1854, which still exists.[7] They set a standard for the orthography of the language, based on its Old Norse roots and similar to that of Icelandic. The main purpose of this was for the spelling to represent the diverse dialects of Faroese in equal measure. Additionally, it had the advantages of being etymologically clear and keeping the kinship with the Icelandic written language. The actual pronunciation, however, often differs considerably from the written rendering. The letter ð, for example, has no specific phoneme attached to it.
Jakob Jakobsen devised a rival system of orthography, based on his wish for a phonetic spelling, but this system was never taken up by the speakers.[8]
In 1908, Scripture Gift Mission published the Gospel of John in Faroese.
In 1937, Faroese replaced Danish as the official school language, in 1938, as the church language, and in 1948, as the national language by the Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands. Шаблон:Cn-span Today, Danish is considered a foreign language, Шаблон:Cn-span, and it is taught in school from the first grade.Шаблон:Cn
In 2017, the tourist board Visit Faroe Islands launched a website entitled Faroe Islands Translate. Text can be entered in thirteen languages, including English, Chinese, Russian, Japanese, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. Instead of an instant machine translation being given, the text goes to a volunteer who will provide a live video translation, or else a recorded one later. The aim of this project was to get Faroese featured on Google Translate. [9]
Old Faroese
Шаблон:More citations needed section
Old Faroese (Шаблон:Lang, ca. mid-14th to mid-16th centuries) is a form of Old Norse spoken in medieval times in the Faroe Islands. The most crucial aspects of the development of Faroese are diphthongisation and palatalisation.[10]
There is not enough data available to establish an accurate chronology of Faroese, but a rough one may be developed through comparison to the chronologies of Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian. In the 12th/13th centuries, á and ǫ́ merged as Шаблон:IPA; later on at the beginning of the 14th century, delabialization took place: y, øy, au > Шаблон:IPA; í and ý merged in addition to i and y, but in the case of í and ý, it appears that labialisation took place instead as is documented by later development to Шаблон:IPA. Further, the language underwent a palatalisation of k, g and sk before Old Norse e, i, y, ø, au > Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA. Before the palatalisation é and ǽ merged as Шаблон:IPA and approximately in the same period epenthetic u is inserted into word-final Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA clusters.
A massive quantity shift also operated in Middle Faroese. In the case of skerping, it took place after delabialization but before loss of post-vocalic ð and g Шаблон:IPA. The shift of hv Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA, the deletion of Шаблон:IPA in (remaining) word-initial Шаблон:IPA–sonorant clusters (hr, hl, hn > r, l, n), and the dissolution of þ (þ > t; þ > h in demonstrative pronouns and adverbs)[11] appeared before the end of the 13th century. Another undated change is the merger of ǫ, ø and ǿ into Шаблон:IPA; pre-nasal ǫ, ǫ́ > o, ó. enk, eng probably became Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang in the 14th century; the development of a to Шаблон:IPA before ng, nk appeared after the palatalisation of k, g, and sk had been completed, such a change is quite a recent development, as well as change Cve > Cvø.
Alphabet
Шаблон:Main The Faroese alphabet consists of 29 letters derived from the Latin script:
| Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | Á | B | D | Ð | E | F | G | H | I | Í | J | K | L | M | N | O | Ó | P | R | S | T | U | Ú | V | Y | Ý | Æ | Ø |
| Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | á | b | d | ð | e | f | g | h | i | í | j | k | l | m | n | o | ó | p | r | s | t | u | ú | v | y | ý | æ | ø |
Phonology
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | ||
| Mid | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | ||
| Open | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | ||||||
As with most other Germanic languages, Faroese has a large number of vowels, with 26 in total. Vowel distribution is similar to other North Germanic languages in that short vowels appear in closed syllables (those ending in consonant clusters or long consonants) and long vowels appearing in open syllables.
| Monophthongs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long vowel | Short vowel | |||||
| Шаблон:IPA | linur | Шаблон:IPA | 'soft' | lint | Шаблон:IPA | 'soft (N.)' |
| Шаблон:IPA | frekur | Шаблон:IPA | 'greedy' | frekt | Шаблон:IPA | 'greedy (N.)' |
| Шаблон:IPA | mytisk | Шаблон:IPA | 'mythological' | mystisk | Шаблон:IPA | 'mysterious' |
| Шаблон:IPA | høgur | Шаблон:IPA | 'high (M.)' | høgt | Шаблон:IPA | 'high (N.)' |
| Шаблон:IPA | gulur | Шаблон:IPA | 'yellow' | gult | Шаблон:IPA | 'yellow (N.)' |
| Шаблон:IPA | tola | Шаблон:IPA | 'to endure' | toldi | Шаблон:IPA | 'endured' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Kanada | Шаблон:IPA | 'Canada' | land | Шаблон:IPA | 'land' |
| Diphthongs | ||||||
| Long vowel | Short vowel | |||||
| Шаблон:IPA | hvítur | Шаблон:IPA | 'white (M.)' | hvítt | Шаблон:IPA | 'white (N.)' |
| Шаблон:IPA | deyður | Шаблон:IPA | 'dead (M.)' | deytt | Шаблон:IPA | 'dead (N.)' |
| Шаблон:IPA | feitur | Шаблон:IPA | 'fat (M.)' | feitt | Шаблон:IPA | 'fat (N.)' |
| Шаблон:IPA | gloyma | Шаблон:IPA | 'to forget' | gloymdi | Шаблон:IPA | 'forgot' |
| Шаблон:IPA | spakur | Шаблон:IPA | 'calm (M.)' | spakt | Шаблон:IPA | 'calm (N.)' |
| Шаблон:IPA | vátur | Шаблон:IPA | 'wet (M.)' | vátt | Шаблон:IPA | 'wet (N.)' |
| Шаблон:IPA | fúlur | Шаблон:IPA | 'foul (M.)' | fúlt | Шаблон:IPA | 'foul (N.)' |
| Шаблон:IPA | tómur | Шаблон:IPA | 'empty (M.)' | tómt | Шаблон:IPA | 'empty (N.)' |
Faroese shares with Icelandic and Danish the feature of maintaining a contrast between stops based exclusively on aspiration, not voicing. Geminated stops may be pre-aspirated in intervocalic and word-final position. Intervocalically the aspirated consonants become pre-aspirated unless followed by a closed vowel. In clusters, the preaspiration merges with a preceding nasal or apical approximant, rendering them voiceless.
There are several phonological processes involved in Faroese, including:
- Nasals generally assume the place of articulation and laryngeal settings of following consonants.
- Velar stops palatalize to postalveolar affricates before Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA
- Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA before voiceless consonants
- Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA after Шаблон:IPA and before Шаблон:IPA
- Шаблон:IPA becomes retroflex before consonants in consonant clusters, yielding the allophones Шаблон:IPA while Шаблон:IPA itself becomes Шаблон:IPA, example: Шаблон:IPA is realized as Шаблон:IPA.
- Pre-occlusion of original Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA.
- Pre-aspiration of original voiceless stops Шаблон:IPA after non-high long vowels and diphthongs Шаблон:IPA or when a voiceless stop is followed by Шаблон:IPA. All long voiceless stops are pre-aspirated when doubled or in clusters Шаблон:IPA.
Grammar
Шаблон:Main Faroese grammar is related and very similar to that of modern Icelandic and Old Norse. Faroese is an inflected language with three grammatical genders and four cases: nominative, accusative, dative and genitive.
| Faroese | Icelandic | Norwegian (nynorsk) | Norwegian (bokmål) | Danish | Swedish | German | Dutch | Frisian | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vælkomin | Velkomin | Velkomen | Velkommen | Velkommen | Välkommen | Willkommen | Welkom | Wolkom | Welcome |
| Farvæl | Far vel; Farðu heill | Farvel, Far vel | Farvel | Farvel | Farväl | Lebwohl | Vaarwel | Farwol | Farewell |
| Hvussu eitur tú? | Hvað heitir þú? | Kva (kvat) heiter du? | Hva heter du? | Hvad hedder du? | Vad heter du? | Wie heißt du? | Hoe heet je? | Wat is dyn namme? | What is your name? |
| Hvussu gongur? | Hvernig gengur? | Korleis gjeng / går det? | Hvordan går det? | Hvordan går det? | Hur går det? | Wie geht's? | Hoe gaat het? | Hoe giet it? | How is it going? (How goes it?) |
| Hvussu gamal (m) / gomul (f) ert tú? | Hversu gamall (m) / gömul (f) ert þú? | Kor gamal er du? | Hvor gammel er du? | Hvor gammel er du? | Hur gammal är du? | Wie alt bist du? | Hoe oud ben je? | Hoe âld bisto? | How old are you? |
| Reyður / reyð / reytt | Rauður / rauð / rautt | Raud(t) | Rød(t) | Rød(t) | Rött / Röd | Rot | Rood / Rode | Read | Red |
| Bláur / blá / blátt | Blár / blá / blátt | Blå(tt) | Blå(tt) | Blå(t) | Blå(tt) | Blau | Blauw(e) | Blau(e) | Blue |
| Hvítur / hvít / hvítt | Hvítur / hvít / hvítt | Kvit(t) | Hvit(t) | Hvid(t) | Vit(t) | Weiß | Wit(te) | Wyt | White |
See also
Further reading
To learn Faroese as a language
- Adams, Jonathan & Hjalmar P. Petersen. Faroese: A Language Course for beginners Grammar & Textbook. Tórshavn, 2009: Stiðin (704 p.) Шаблон:ISBN
- W. B. Lockwood: An Introduction to Modern Faroese. Tórshavn, 1977. (no ISBN, 244 pages, 4th printing 2002)
- Michael Barnes: Faroese Language Studies Studia Nordica 5, Supplementum 30. Tórshavn, 2002. (239 pages) Шаблон:ISBN
- Höskuldur Thráinsson (Þráinsson), Hjalmar P. Petersen, Jógvan í Lon Jacobsen, Zakaris Svabo Hansen: Faroese. An Overview and Reference Grammar. Tórshavn, 2004. (500 pages) Шаблон:ISBN
- Richard Kölbl: Färöisch Wort für Wort. Bielefeld 2004 (in German)
- Faroeseonline.com
Dictionaries
- Johan Hendrik W. Poulsen: Føroysk orðabók. Tórshavn, 1998. (1483 pages) Шаблон:ISBN (in Faroese)
- Annfinnur í Skála / Jonhard Mikkelsen: Føroyskt / enskt – enskt / føroyskt, Vestmanna: Sprotin 2008. (Faroese–English / English–Faroese dictionary, 2 volumes)
- Annfinnur í Skála: Donsk-føroysk orðabók. Tórshavn 1998. (1369 pages) Шаблон:ISBN (Danish–Faroese dictionary)
- M.A. Jacobsen, Chr. Matras: Føroysk–donsk orðabók. Tórshavn, 1961. (no ISBN, 521 pages, Faroese–Danish dictionary)
- Hjalmar Petersen, Marius Staksberg: Donsk–Føroysk orðabók. Tórshavn, 1995. (879 p.) Шаблон:ISBN (Danish–Faroese dictionary)
- Eigil Lehmann: Føroysk–norsk orðabók. Tórshavn, 1987 (no ISBN, 388 p.) (Faroese–Norwegian dictionary)
- Jón Hilmar Magnússon: Íslensk-færeysk orðabók. Reykjavík, 2005. (877 p.) Шаблон:ISBN (Icelandic–Faroese dictionary)
- Gianfranco Contri: Dizionario faroese-italiano = Føroysk-italsk orðabók. Tórshavn, 2004. (627 p.) Шаблон:ISBN (Faroese–Italian dictionary)
Faroese literature and research
- V.U. Hammershaimb: Færøsk Anthologi. Copenhagen 1891 (no ISBN, 2 volumes, 4th printing, Tórshavn 1991) (editorial comments in Danish)
- Tórður Jóansson: English loanwords in Faroese. Tórshavn, 1997. (243 pages) Шаблон:ISBN
- Petersen, Hjalmar P. 2009. Gender Assignment in Modern Faroese. Hamborg. Kovac
- Petersen, Hjalmar P. 2010. The Dynamics of Faroese-Danish Language Contact. Heidelberg. Winter
- Faroese/German anthology "From Djurhuus to Poulsen – Faroese Poetry during 100 Years", academic advice: Turið Sigurðardóttir, linear translation: Inga Meincke (2007), ed. by Paul Alfred Kleinert
Other
References
Footnotes
Citations
External links
Шаблон:InterWiki Шаблон:Wiktionarycat Шаблон:WikisourceWiki Шаблон:Wikivoyage
- Faroese-English dictionary
- Faroese online syntactic analyser and morphological analyser/generator
- FMN.fo – Faroese Language Committee (Official site with further links)
- Useful Faroese Words & Phrases for Travelers Шаблон:Webarchive
- How to count in Faroese
- Faroe Island Translate
Шаблон:Faroe Islands topics Шаблон:Germanic languages Шаблон:Languages of Denmark
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite OED
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Chr. Matras. Greinaval – málfrøðigreinir. FØROYA FRÓÐSKAPARFELAG 2000
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:CitationШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ According to Hjalmar Petersen in: Tórður Jóansson: English loanwords in Faroese. Tórshavn: Fannir 1997, S. 45 (in red: later corrections, 21. July 2008). In green: corrections of German Wikipedia article de:Färöische Sprache
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Faroese language
- Languages of Denmark
- West Scandinavian languages
- Subject–verb–object languages
- Verb-second languages
- Culture of the Faroe Islands
- Stress-timed languages
- Vulnerable languages
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
