Английская Википедия:Fatima

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Pp-protected Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox person Шаблон:Shia Islam Fatima bint Muhammad (Шаблон:Lang-ar, 605/15–632 CE), commonly known as Fatima al-Zahra' (Шаблон:Lang), was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife Khadija.Шаблон:Sfn Fatima's husband was Ali, the fourth of the Rashidun Caliphs and the first Shia Imam. Fatima's sons were Hasan and Husayn, the second and third Shia Imams, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Fatima has been compared to Mary, mother of Jesus, especially in Shia Islam.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Muhammad is said to have regarded her as the best of womenШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and the dearest person to him.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn She is often viewed as an ultimate archetype for Muslim women and an example of compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering.Шаблон:Sfn It is through Fatima that Muhammad's family line has survived to this date.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Her name and her epithets remain popular choices for Muslim girls.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

When Muhammad died in 632, Fatima and her husband Ali refused to acknowledge the authority of the first caliph, Abu Bakr. The couple and their supporters held that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad,Шаблон:Sfn possibly referring to his announcement at the Ghadir Khumm.Шаблон:Sfn Controversy surrounds Fatima's death within six months of Muhammad's.Шаблон:Sfn Sunni Islam holds that Fatima died from grief.Шаблон:Sfn In Shia Islam, however, Fatima's (miscarriage and) death are said to have been the direct result of her injuries during a raid on her house to subdue Ali, ordered by Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn It is believed that Fatima's dying wish was that the caliph should not attend her funeral.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn She was buried secretly at night and her exact burial place remains uncertain.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Name and titles

Шаблон:See also Her most common epithet is al-Zahra (Шаблон:Lit),Шаблон:Sfn which encodes her piety and regularity in prayer.Шаблон:Sfn This epithet is believed by the Shia to be a reference to her primordial creation from light that continues to radiate throughout the creation.Шаблон:Sfn The Shia Ibn Babawahy (Шаблон:Died in) writes that, whenever Fatima prayed, her light shone for the inhabitants of the heavens as starlight shines for the inhabitants of the earth.Шаблон:Sfn Other titles of her in Shia are al-Ṣiddiqa (Шаблон:Lit),Шаблон:Sfn al-Tahira (Шаблон:Lit),Шаблон:Sfn al-Mubaraka (Шаблон:Lit),Шаблон:Sfn and al-Mansura (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:Sfn Another Shia title is al-Muḥadditha, in view of the reports that angels spoke to Fatima on multiple occasions,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn similar to Mary, mother of Jesus.Шаблон:Sfn

Fatima is also recognized as Sayyidat Nisa' al-Janna (Шаблон:Lit) and Sayyidat Nisa' al-Alamin (Шаблон:Lit) in Shia and Sunni collections of hadith, including the canonical Sunni Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim.Шаблон:Sfn

Fatima

The name Fatima is from the Arabic root f-t-m (Шаблон:Lit) and signifies the Shia belief that she, her progeny, and her adherents (Шаблон:Transl) have been spared from hellfire.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, the word Fatima is associated in Shia sources with Fatir (Шаблон:Lit, a name of God) as the earthly symbol of the divine creative power.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Transls

A [[Kunya (Arabic)|Шаблон:Transl]] or honorific title of Fatima in Islam is Umm Abiha (Шаблон:Lit), suggesting that Fatima was exceptionally nurturing towards her father.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Umm al-Aima (Шаблон:Lit) is a Шаблон:Transl of Fatima in Twelver sources,Шаблон:Sfn as eleven of the Twelve Imams descended from her.Шаблон:Sfn

Early life

Шаблон:See also Fatima was born in Mecca to Khadija, the first of Muhammad's wives.Шаблон:Sfn The mainstream Sunni view is that Khadija gave birth to Fatima in 605 CE, at age fifty, five years before the first Quranic revelations.Шаблон:Sfn This implies that Fatima was over eighteen at the time of her marriage, which would have been unusual in Arabia.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Twelver sources, however, report that Fatima was born in about 612 or 615 CE,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn when Khadija would have been slightly older.Шаблон:Sfn The report of the Sunni Ibn Sa'd in his Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kubra suggests that Fatima was born when Muhammad was about thirty-five years old.Шаблон:Sfn

The Sunni view is that Fatima had three sisters, named Zaynab, Umm Kulthum, and Ruqayyah, who did not survive Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, a number of Shia sources state that Zainab, Ruqayyah, and Umm Kulthum were adopted by Muhammad after the death of their mother, Hala, a sister of Khadija.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn According to Abbas, most Shia Muslims hold that Fatima was Muhammad's only biological daughter,Шаблон:Sfn whereas Fedele limits this belief to the Twelver Shia.Шаблон:Sfn Hyder reports that this belief is prevalent among the Shia in South Asia.Шаблон:Sfn Fatima also had three brothers, all of whom died in childhood.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Fatima grew up in Mecca while Muhammad and his few followers suffered the ill-treatment of disbelievers.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn On one occasion, she rushed to help Muhammad when filth was thrown over him at the instigation of Abu Jahl, Muhammad's enemy and a polytheist.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Fatima lost her mother, Khadija, in childhood.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn When Khadija died, it is said that Gabriel descended upon Muhammad with a message to console Fatima.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Marriage

Шаблон:Main Fatima married Muhammad's cousin, Ali, in Medina around 1 or 2 AH (623-5 CE),Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn possibly after the Battle of Badr.Шаблон:Sfn There is Sunni and Shia evidence that some of the companions, including Abu Bakr and Umar, had earlier asked for Fatima's hand in marriage but were turned down by Muhammad,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn who said he was waiting for the moment fixed by destiny.Шаблон:Sfn It is also said that Ali was reticent to ask Muhammad to marry Fatima on account of his poverty.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn When Muhammad put forward Ali's proposal to Fatima, she remained silent, which was understood as a tacit agreement.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn On the basis of this report, woman's consent in marriage has always been necessary in Islamic law.Шаблон:Sfn Muhammad also suggested that Ali sell his shield to pay the bridal gift ([[Mahr|Шаблон:Transl]]).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Muhammad performed the wedding ceremony,Шаблон:Sfn and they prepared an austere wedding feast with gifts from other Muslims.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Shia sources have recorded that Fatima donated her wedding gown on her wedding night.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Later, the couple moved into a house next to Muhammad's quarters in Medina.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Their marriage lasted about ten years until Fatima's death.Шаблон:Sfn Fatima's age at the time of her marriage is uncertain, reported between nine and twenty-one.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Ali is said to have been about twenty two.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:The Marriage of 'Ali and Fatima, Iran, ca. 1850.jpg

The marriage of Ali and Fatima. Artwork created in Iran, Шаблон:Circa

As with the majority of Muslims, the couple lived in severe poverty in the early years of Islam.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In particular, both had to do hard physical work to get by.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Shia sources elaborate that Ali worked at various jobs while Fatima was responsible for domestic chores.Шаблон:Sfn It has also been related that Muhammad taught the couple a [[Tasbih|Шаблон:Transl]] to help ease the burden of their poverty:Шаблон:Sfn The Tasbih of Fatima consists of the phrases Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit), Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit), and Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:Sfn Their financial circumstances later improved after more lands fell to Muslims in the Battle of Khaybar.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Fatima was at some point given a maidservant, named Fidda.Шаблон:Sfn

Following the Battle of Uhud, Fatima tended to the wounds of her fatherШаблон:Sfn and regularly visited the graves to pray for those killed in the battle.Шаблон:Sfn Later, Fatima rejected Abu Sufyan's pleas to mediate between him and Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Fatima also accompanied Muhammad in the Conquest of Mecca.Шаблон:Sfn

Significance

Among others, the Sunni al-Suyuti (Шаблон:Died in) ascribes to Muhammad that, "God ordered me to marry Fatima to Ali."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn According to Veccia Vaglieri and Klemm, Muhammad also told Fatima that he had married her to the best member of his family.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn There is another version of this hadith in the canonical Sunni collection Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, in which Muhammad lauds Ali as the first in Islam, the most knowledgeable, and the most patient of the Muslim community.Шаблон:Sfn Nasr writes that the union of Fatima and Ali holds a special spiritual significance for Muslims, as it is seen as the marriage between the "greatest saintly figures" surrounding Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn

Ali did not marry again while Fatima was alive.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn However, al-Miswar ibn Makhrama, a companion who was nine when Muhammad died, appears to be the sole narrator of an alleged marriage proposal of Ali to Abu Jahl's daughter in Sunni sources. While polygyny is permitted in Islam, Muhammad reportedly banned this marriage from the pulpit, saying that there can be no joining of the daughter of the prophet and the daughter of the enemy of God (Abu Jahl). He is also said to have praised his other son-in-law, possibly Uthman or Abu al-As. Soufi notes that the reference to the third caliph Uthman might reflect the Sunni orthodoxy, in which Uthman is considered superior to his successor Ali.Шаблон:Sfn

Buehler suggests that such Sunni traditions that place Ali in a negative light should be treated with caution as they mirror the political agenda of the time.Шаблон:Sfn In Shia sources, by contrast, Fatima is reported to have had a happy marital life, which continued until her death in 11 AH.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, Ali is reported to have said, "Whenever I looked at her [Fatima], all my worries and sadness disappeared".Шаблон:Sfn

Appearance

The Sunni al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (Шаблон:Died in) and al-Khwarazmi (Шаблон:Died in Шаблон:Sfn), and the Shia al-Qadi al-Nu'man (Шаблон:Died in) and al-Tabari al-Shia (eleventh centuryШаблон:Sfn), have likened Fatima to the full moon, the sun hidden by clouds, or the sun that has come out of the clouds. The first expression is a common metaphor for beauty in Arabic and Persian. The Shia al-Majlesi (Шаблон:Died in) explains that the second expression is a reference to Fatima's chastity, while the third expression refers to her primordial light.Шаблон:Sfn

Soufi details that Fatima's manners closely resembled Muhammad's.Шаблон:Sfn Her gait was also similar to the prophet's, according to Veccia Vaglieri, who also argues that Fatima must have enjoyed good health on the account of bearing multiple children, her arduous house chores, and her journeys to Mecca.Шаблон:Sfn Her sources are silent about the appearance of Fatima, which leads her to the conclusion, "Fatima was certainly not a beautiful woman".Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, the Sunni al-Khwarazmi relates from the prophet that, "If beauty (Шаблон:Transl) were a person, it would be Fatima; indeed she is greater," while some Shia authors have likened her to a human [[houri|Шаблон:Transl]].Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Events after Muhammad's death

Шаблон:See also Fatima was severely bereaved after Muhammad's death in A.H.Шаблон:Nbsp11/632 C.E.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Several elegies to Muhammad, attributed to Fatima, have survived and are collected in a [[Diwan (poetry)|Шаблон:Transl]] of poetry.Шаблон:Sfn At the same time, Fatima also actively contested the succession of Abu Bakr and maintained that Ali was the rightful successor to Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Fatima died within six months of her father and her death at a young age is subject of intense controversy with allegations against Abu Bakr and his ally Umar,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn as detailed below.

Inheritance

Шаблон:Main Fadak was a village located to the north of Medina, at a distance of two days travel.Шаблон:Sfn As part of a peace treaty with a Jewish tribe, half of the agricultural land of Fadak was considered Шаблон:Transliteration and belonged to the prophet, in line with verse 59:6 of the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn There is some evidence that Muhammad gifted his share of Fadak to Fatima when verse 17:26 was revealed,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and her agents managed the property when Muhammad was alive.Шаблон:Sfn This is the Shia view. Among Sunnis, al-Suyuti (Шаблон:Died in) and al-Dhahabi (Шаблон:Died in) are of this view, while al-Jurjani (Шаблон:Died in) and Ibn Kathir (Шаблон:Died in) are uncertain if the verse was revealed to Muhammad in Medina.Шаблон:Sfn The revenue of Fadak largely supported needy travelers, the poor, military expeditions, and Muhammad's family,Шаблон:Sfn who were forbidden from receiving general alms.Шаблон:Sfn

Following Muhammad's death in 632 and early in his caliphate, Abu Bakr is said to have seized Fadak from FatimaШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn by evicting her agents, possibly as a show of authority to Muhammad's clan (Banu Hashim) who had not yet pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn This is the Shia view. Among Sunnis, the charge of usurpation appears, for instance, in the works of Ibn Hajar al-Haythami (Шаблон:Died in) and Ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Among others, the Sunni al-Baladhuri (Шаблон:Died in) reports that Fatima objected to Abu Bakr, saying that Fadak was a gift from her father. Her husband Ali and a maid at Muhammad's house, named Umm Aiman, are reported to have offered their testimonies in support of Fatima.Шаблон:Sfn By some accounts, Fatima also brought her two sons as witnesses.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr, however, did not find their testimonies sufficient to establish the ownership of Fatima,Шаблон:Sfn requiring two men or one man and two women as witnesses per Islamic law.Шаблон:Sfn Khetia adds that Fatima might have expected her closeness with Muhammad to strengthen her case.Шаблон:Sfn In the same vein, Shias argue the truthful Fatima would have not claimed something which was not hers.Шаблон:Sfn In another account, Abu Bakr agreed to return Fadak to Fatima but was dissuaded by his ally Umar,Шаблон:Sfn who tore up the deed written by Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn

Probably after Abu Bakr rejected Fatima's claim, she demanded her inheritance from the estate of her father.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr rejected this too, claiming that Muhammad had disinherited his family.Шаблон:Sfn More specifically, he maintained that Muhammad had personally told him that prophets do not leave inheritance, and what they leave behind is public property that should be administered by the caliph.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr was initially the sole witness to this statement, referred to as the hadith of Muhammad's inheritance.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

In his al-Tabaqat al-kubra, the Sunni traditionist Ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in) furnishes the hadith of inheritance with two chains of transmission which include numerous prominent companions of Muhammad, such as Umar, Uthman, and Zubayr.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, he includes in these chains some notable Hashimites, such as Ali and Ibn Abbas, who are both known to have vehemently disputed this claim of Abu Bakr in other sources.Шаблон:Sfn

On the other hand, Soufi holds that Abu Bakr is generally regarded as the only credible narrator of this hadith in Sunni sources, adding that similar reports attributed to other companions have been rejected by Sunnis.Шаблон:Sfn Along these lines, Sajjadi writes that all (credible) versions of this hadith are narrated from Abu Bakr, his ally Umar, his daughter Aisha, and Malik ibn Aus Al-Hadathan,Шаблон:Sfn though some primary sources have disputed whether the last one was a companion of Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, Soufi notes that Abu Bakr's testimony is strong enough for Sunnis to make an exception to the Quranic rules of inheritance.Шаблон:Sfn Twelvers, however, reject the authenticity of the hadith of inheritance based on their own traditions, pointing also to the contradictions of this hadith with the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn

Sermon of Fadak

In protest, Fatima is said to have delivered a speech at the Prophet's Mosque, known as the Sermon of Fadak,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Among other sources, this sermon appears in Balaghat al-nisa', a collection of eloquent speeches by Muslim women,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn though the attribution of this speech to Fatima is rejected by Sunnis.Шаблон:Sfn Fatima is said to have upheld Ali in her speech as the rightful successor to Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn She is also reported to have chastised Abu Bakr for denying her inheritanceШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and accused him of (hadith) fabrication,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn saying that Muhammad could have not contradicted the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn To support her claim, she is believed to have quoted verse 27:16 of the Quran in which Solomon inherits from his father David Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and verse 19:6 in which Zechariah prays for a son who would inherit from him and from the House of Jacob.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn As reported in Balaghat, Fatima also quoted verses 8:75 and 33:6 about the rights of every Muslim to inheritance.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Views

Abu Bakr terminated the status of purity of Muhammad's kin by forcing them to rely on general alms which the prophet had forbidden for them in his lifetime.Шаблон:Sfn At the same time, Abu Bakr allowed the prophet's widows to inherit his quarters in Medina. In particular, he granted his daughter Aisha some properties in the Aliya part of Medina and in Bahrain.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn By maintaining their status, Abu Bakr might have signaled to the Muslim community that his daughter Aisha and the rest of Muhammad's widows were the true heirs of Muhammad, according to Aslan.Шаблон:Sfn Madelung holds a similar view.Шаблон:Sfn

Madelung suggests that the caliphate of Abu Bakr was inherently inconsistent with maintaining the privileged status of Muhammad's kin and applying the Quranic rules of inheritance to them.Шаблон:Sfn As phrased by Mavani, if the Banu Hashim had inherited Muhammad's material property, then they might have also been expected to inherit the spiritual authority of Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Similar views are voiced by Jafri, Margoliouth, Ayoub, and Lalani,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn while El-Hibri does not view the saga of Fadak as a mere financial dispute.Шаблон:Sfn According to Aslan, Abu Bakr's actions are often regarded as a political move to weaken Muhammad's clan and strip his kin from their privileged status.Шаблон:Sfn Aslan also argues that Abu Bakr's efforts were intended to undermine Ali's claim to the caliphate. These efforts, writes Aslan, are partly explained by Abu Bakr's conviction that the caliphate must reside outside of Muhammad's clan and partly by the personal enmity between Abu Bakr and Ali.Шаблон:Sfn Madelung, Abbas, and Anthony have noted the poor relations between the two men.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Attack on her house

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Residence of Fatimah.JPG

The location of Fatima's house in the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, present-day Saudi Arabia

In the immediate aftermath of Muhammad's death in 11/632, the Ansar (natives of Medina) gathered in the Saqifa (Шаблон:Lit) of the Sa'ida clan.Шаблон:Sfn The conventional wisdom is that they met to decide on a new leader for the Muslim community among themselves. For Madelung, however, the absence of the Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca) from this meeting suggests that the Ansar gathered to re-establish the control of the Ansar over their city Medina, under the belief that the Muhajirun would mostly return to Mecca after Muhammad's death.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Abu Bakr and Umar, both companions of Muhammad, hastened to the gathering upon learning about it.Шаблон:Sfn After a heated session, in which a chief of the Ansar was likely beaten into submission by Umar, those gathered at Saqifa agreed on Abu Bakr as the new head of the community.Шаблон:Sfn The Saqifa event is said to have excluded Muhammad's family, who were preparing to bury him, and most of the Muhajirun.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn To protest the appointment of Abu Bakr, al-Baladhuri (Шаблон:Died in) reports that the Banu Hashim (Muhammad's clan) and some of his companions gathered at Fatima's house.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Among them were Muhammad's uncle Abbas and his companion Zubayr, according to Madelung.Шаблон:Sfn The protesters, including Fatima, held that her husband Ali was the rightful successor to Muhammad,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn possibly referring to Muhammad's announcement at Ghadir Khumm.Шаблон:Sfn Ali is believed to have explained this position to Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

After the Saqifa affair, Abu Bakr reportedly tasked his ally Umar with securing Ali's pledge of allegiance.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn As noted by al-Tabari (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn the latter led an armed mob to Ali's residence and threatened to set the house on fire if Ali and his supporters would not pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The scene soon grew violent, and Zubayr was disarmed and carried away.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The mob, however, retreated without Ali's pledge after Fatima pleaded with them,Шаблон:Sfn as reported in al-Imama wa al-siyasa.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, al-Baladhuri states that Ali capitulated and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr immediately after Umar's threat.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, the canonical Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim relate that Ali pledged to Abu Bakr after Fatima died.Шаблон:Sfn Soufi comments that all but one of the traditions cited by al-Tabari and al-Baladhuri do not have chains of transmission that reach back to the time of the conflict.Шаблон:Sfn

Madelung believes that Abu Bakr later placed a boycott on Ali and, more broadly, on the Banu Hashim to abandon their support for Ali.Шаблон:Sfn As a result, prominent men ceased to speak to Ali, according to a Sunni hadith attributed to Aisha.Шаблон:Sfn Hazleton similarly writes that Ali prayed alone even in the mosque.Шаблон:Sfn Jafri adds that those who initially supported Ali gradually turned and pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn It appears that only his wife Fatima and their four small children remained on his side, writes Hazleton,Шаблон:Sfn in line with a statement to this effect attributed to Ali in Nahj al-balagha.Шаблон:Sfn

Use of violence

Umar has been noted for his severity and misogyny,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn especially in Shia sources.Шаблон:Sfn "Umar's toughness" (Шаблон:Transl) is cited in a Sunni tradition by Aisha as the reason Umar was excluded from a supposed attempt at reconciliation between Ali and Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn Kelen describes an incident of Umar's violence against his sister when she professed Islam (before Umar).Шаблон:Sfn It is uncertain what followed the above altercation at Fatima's house.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Shia sources allege that Fatima suffered injuries and miscarriage during a raid on her house led by Umar.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, Shia alleges that Fatima miscarried her son Muhsin,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn whose name had been chosen by Muhammad before his death, according to Abbas.Шаблон:Sfn These claims are categorically rejected by Sunnis,Шаблон:Sfn who maintain that Muhsin died in infancy of natural causes.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

The allegations of violence and miscarriage appear in some Shia works,Шаблон:Sfn including the canonical Kitab al-Kafi,Шаблон:Sfn Kamil al-ziyarat,Шаблон:Sfn Kitab al-Irshad,Шаблон:Sfn Tarikh al-Ya'qubi,Шаблон:Sfn and Dala'il al-imama.Шаблон:Sfn Of these, Tarikh al-Ya'qubi does not mention miscarriage,Шаблон:Sfn while Kitab al-irshad by al-Mufid (Шаблон:Died in) is quiet about any violence.Шаблон:Sfn For the latter, considering that al-Mufid writes about violence against Fatima elsewhere, Khetia suspects that he refrained from controversial topics in his Kitab al-Irshad to render it accessible to most Twelvers without provoking the anger of Sunnis.Шаблон:Sfn In his al-Saqifa wa Fadak, al-Jawhari (Шаблон:Died in Шаблон:Sfn) includes a tradition to the effect that Umar and his men first threatened to set Fatima's house on fire. Then they entered the house, despite her pleas, and forced Ali and his supporters out of the house.Шаблон:Sfn The remainder of the account in al-Imama wa al-siyasa describes that Ali was pulled out of his house by force and threatened with death, according to Khetia.Шаблон:Sfn Mu'awiya (Шаблон:Reign) is known to have alluded to the violent arrest of Ali in a letter to him before the Battle of Siffin.Шаблон:Sfn

Madelung is uncertain about the use of force. Still, he notes that there is evidence (in Sunni sources) that Fatima's house was searched. According to Madelung, Ali later repeatedly said that he would have resisted (Abu Bakr) had there been forty men with him.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, Buehler suggests that the allegations of violence should be treated with caution as they reflect the political agendas of the time.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, Veccia Vaglieri is of the view that the Shia allegations are based on facts, even if they have been exaggerated.Шаблон:Sfn Abbas writes that some well-regarded Sunni sources mention Umar's raid and Fatima's injuries.Шаблон:Sfn Khetia believes that there are known instances where sensitive information has been censored by Sunni authors, such as the prominent jurist Abu Ubayd al-Salam (Шаблон:Died in), who was possibly concerned with the righteous representation of Muhammad's companions.Шаблон:Sfn Similar allegations have emerged against al-Tabari and al-Mas'udi (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Along these lines, Lucas and Soufi both note the Sunni tendency to minimize and neutralize the conflicts among companions after Muhammad,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn particularly about the Saqifa affair,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn while these conflicts might have been amplified in Shia records.Шаблон:Sfn

Both al-Tabari and al-Mas'udi note that Abu Bakr regretted the events after Saqifa on his deathbed.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, al-Tabari states that Abu Bakr wished he had "never opened Fatima's house to anything, even though they had locked it as a gesture of defiance."Шаблон:Sfn This appears to have been a sensitive admission that has been censored by the Sunni author Abu Ubayd al-Salam in his Kitab al-amwal.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr's regret is also cited by the Shia al-Ya'qubi (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Sunni sources are nearly unanimousШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn that Ali pledged his allegiance to Abu Bakr after Fatima's death.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn When it became clear that Muslims did not broadly support his cause, Ali is said to have relinquished his claims to the caliphate for the sake of the unity of a nascent Islam,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn which faced internal and external threats, according to Mavani.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, Jafri notes that Ali turned down proposals to forcefully pursue the caliphate,Шаблон:Sfn including an offer from Abu Sufyan.Шаблон:Sfn In reference to Abu Bakr's caliphate, Madelung writes that a poem later began to circulate among the Banu Hashim ending with, "Surely, we have been cheated in the most monstrous way."Шаблон:Sfn Ali forbade the poet to recite it, adding that the welfare of Islam was dearer to him than anything else.Шаблон:Sfn

In sharp contrast with Muhammad's lifetime,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Ali is believed to have retired from public life during the caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman.Шаблон:Sfn Anthony describes this change in Ali's attitude as a silent censure of the first three caliphs.Шаблон:Sfn While he reportedly advised Abu Bakr and Umar on government and religious matters,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn the mutual distrust and hostility of Ali with Abu Bakr and Umar is well-documented,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn though largely downplayed or ignored in Sunni sources.Шаблон:Sfn Their differences were epitomized during the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn A common Sunni argument is that Ali would have never continued his relations with Umar had the latter organized a raid on Ali's home.Шаблон:Sfn A typical Shia response is that Ali gave up his rights and exercised restraint for the sake of a nascent Islam, according to Abbas.Шаблон:Sfn

Death

Fatima died in 11/632, within six months of Muhammad's death.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn She was 18 or 27 years old at that time according to Shia and Sunni sources, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn The exact date of her death is uncertain but the Shia commonly commemorates her death on 13 Jumada II.Шаблон:Sfn The Sunni belief is that Fatima died from grief after Muhammad's death.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Shia Islam, however, holds that Fatima's injuries during a raid by Umar directly caused her miscarriage and death shortly after.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Al-Tabari mentions the suffering of Fatima in her final days.Шаблон:Sfn Shia traditions similarly describe Fatima's agony in her final days.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, the Isma'ili jurist al-Nu'man similarly reports a hadith from the fifth Imam to the effect that "whatever had been done to her by the people" caused Fatima to become bedridden, while her body wasted until it became like a specter.Шаблон:Sfn This hadith seems to contain a reference to Fatima's injuries during the raid.Шаблон:Sfn Ayoub describes Fatima a symbol of quiet suffering in Islamic piety.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, the Twelver Shia believe in the redemptive power of the pain and martyrdom endured by the Ahl al-Bayt, including Fatima, for those who empathize with their divine cause and suffering.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Multiple sources report that Fatima never reconciled with Abu Bakr and Umar,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn partly based on a tradition to this effect in the canonical Sunni collection Sahih al-Bukhari.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn There are some accounts that Abu Bakr and Umar visited Fatima on her deathbed to apologize, which Madelung considers self-incriminatory.Шаблон:Sfn As reported in al-Imama wa al-siyasa,Шаблон:Sfn Fatima reminded the two visitors of Muhammad's words, "Fatima is part of me, and whoever angers her has angered me."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The dying Fatima then told the two that they had indeed angered her, and that she would soon take her complaint to God and His prophet, Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn There are also Sunni reports that Fatima reconciled with Abu Bakr and Umar, though Madelung suggests that they were invented to address the negative implications of Fatima's anger.Шаблон:Sfn

Burial

Al-Baqi' cemetery is a probable site for Fatima's grave, depicted here before the demolition of its mausoleums by the Wahhabis in 1927.

Following her will, Ali buried Fatima secretly at nightШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and hid her burial plot.Шаблон:Sfn According to the Sunni al-Tabari, her dying wish was that Abu Bakr should not attend the funeral,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and this request was fulfilled by Ali.Шаблон:Sfn Fatima's wish is believed to be at odds with the common practice of Muslims, who are encouraged to join funerals.Шаблон:Sfn In Shia sources, her wish for a secret burial is viewed as a sign of the disassociation of Muhammad's daughter with the Muslim community who largely failed to support her against Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn

The prominent Twelver traditionist al-Tusi (Шаблон:Died in) reports an account of the burial that vividly describes the suffering of Ali after the death of his wife, attributed to their son Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Mufid (Шаблон:Died in), another notable Twelver scholar, includes in his Ikhtisas a related tradition ascribed to Ja'far al-Sadiq, the sixth Imam. This tradition describes that the next morning Abu Bakr and Umar berated Ali for the secret burial of Fatima. After learning that this was Fatima's wish, the account continues that Umar threatened to locate and exhume Fatima's body and then re-bury her after funeral prayer.Шаблон:Sfn According to this account, what prevented Umar from materializing his threat was Ali's warning, "By God, as long as I'm alive and [my sword] Zulfiqar is in my hands, you will not reach her, and you know best [not to do it]."Шаблон:Sfn For Khetia, the interpretation is that the loss of Fatima was so traumatizing for Ali that he threatened Umar with violence for the first time, despite his previous restraint.Шаблон:Sfn

Fatima's exact burial place in Medina remains uncertain,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn with often contradictory reports.Шаблон:Sfn The two most probable locations for her grave are the al-Baqi' cemetery and her home, which was later annexed to the Prophet's Mosque.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The former location is reportedly supported by her son Hasan's wish to be buried next to his mother.Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, the Sunni al-Samhoodi (Шаблон:Died in) concludes that Hasan is buried next to his grandmother Fatimah bint Asad, rather than his mother Fatima.^[1] This uncertainty in Shia sources again underscores Fatima's displeasure with the Muslim community.Шаблон:Sfn

Descendants

Шаблон:See also

Fatima was survived by two sons, Hasan and Husayn, and two daughters, Zaynab and Umm Kulthum.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Controversy surrounds the fate of her third son Muhsin. Some canonical Shia sources report that Muhsin died in miscarriage, following Umar's raid on Fatima's house.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, Sunnis hold that Muhsin died in infancy of natural causes.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn It is through Fatima that Muhammad's progeny has spread throughout the Muslim world.Шаблон:Sfn Fatima's descendants are given the honorific titles of [[sayyid|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lit) or [[sharif|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lit) and are respected by Muslims.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The Fatimid dynasty (Шаблон:Reign) in North Africa claimed descent from Fatima via the Isma'ili imam Muhammad ibn Isma'il,Шаблон:Sfn though this claim has been challenged.Шаблон:Sfn

In the Quran and hadith texts

Шаблон:See also While Fatima is not mentioned in the Quran by name, some verses are associated with her in classical exegeses.Шаблон:Sfn

Verse of mubahala

An example is verse 3:61 of the Quran. After an inconclusive debate about Jesus with a Christian delegation from Najran in 10/631-2, it was decided to engage in Шаблон:Transl, where both parties would pray to invoke God's curse upon whoever was the liar. This is when Muhammad is reported to have received verse 3:61 of the Quran, also known as the verse of mubahala,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn which readsШаблон:BlockquoteMadelung argues that 'our sons' in the verse of mubahala must refer to Muhammad's grandchildren, Hasan and Husayn. In that case, he continues, it would be reasonable to also include in the event their parents, Ali and Fatima.Шаблон:Sfn Madelung writes that their inclusion by Muhammad in this significant ritual must have raised the religious rank of his family.Шаблон:Sfn A similar view is voiced by Lalani.Шаблон:Sfn

Of those present on Muhammad's side, Shia traditions are unanimous that 'our women' refers to Fatima and 'ourselves' refers to Ali.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, since the verse refers to Ali as the self of Muhammad, Shia holds that the former enjoys the same authority as the latter.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, most Sunni accounts by al-Tabari do not name the participants of the event, while some other Sunni historians agree with the Shia view.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Some accounts about mubahala add that Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak, and this five are thus known as the Ahl al-Kisa (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn On the same occasion, Muhammad is also believed to have referred to them as the Ahl al-Bayt, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn including the canonical Sahih Muslim and Sunan al-Tirmidhi.Шаблон:Sfn

Verse of purification

Файл:آیه تطهیر.jpg

Arabic calligraphy of the verse of purification

The last passage of verse 33:33, also known as the verse of purification,Шаблон:Sfn reads:Шаблон:BlockquoteMuslims disagree as to who belong to the Ahl al-Bayt (Шаблон:Lit) and what political privileges or responsibilities they have.Шаблон:Sfn Shia Islam limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the Ahl al-Kisa, namely, Muhammad, Fatima, Ali, Hasan and Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn There are various views in Sunni Islam, though a typical compromise is to include also Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn The verse of purification is regarded in Shia Islam as evidence of the infallibility of the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn

The majority of the traditions quoted by al-Tabari (Шаблон:Died in) in his exegesis identify the Ahl al-Bayt in the verse of purification with the Ahl al-Kisa, namely, Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn These traditions are also cited by some other early Sunni authorities, including Ahmad ibn Hanbal (Шаблон:Died in), al-Suyuti (Шаблон:Died in), al-Hafiz al-Kabir,Шаблон:Sfn and Ibn Kathir (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn The canonical Sunni collection Sunnan al-Tirmidhi reports that Muhammad limited the Ahl al-Bayt to Ali, Fatima, and their two sons when the verse of purification was revealed to him.Шаблон:Sfn In the event of mubahala, Muhammad is believed to have gathered Ali, Fatima, and their sons under his cloak and referred to them as the Ahl al-Bayt, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn including the canonical Sahih Muslim and Sunan al-Tirmidhi.Шаблон:Sfn Veccia Vaglieri writes that Muhammad recited the last passage of the verse of purification every morning when he passed by Fatima's house to remind her household of the [[Fajr prayer|Шаблон:Transl prayer]].Шаблон:Sfn This makeup of the Ahl al-Bayt is echoed by Veccia Vaglieri and Jafri,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and unanimously reported in Shia sources.Шаблон:Sfn

Possibly because the earlier injunctions in the verse of purification are addressed at Muhammad's wives,Шаблон:Sfn some Sunni authors like Ibn Kathir include Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn A number of Sunni hadiths, including some narrated by Ibn Abbas and Ikrima, also support the inclusion of Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn This view is shared by Goldziher and his coauthors.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, Leaman argues that only those wives of prophets who mother their successors are counted by the Quran in their Шаблон:Transliteration.Шаблон:Sfn

Verse of mawadda

Verse 42:23 of the Quran, also known as the verse of mawadda, includes the passageШаблон:BlockquoteThe word kinsfolk (Шаблон:Transl) in this verse is interpreted by the Shia as the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn Ishaq (Шаблон:Died in) narrates that the prophet specified Шаблон:Transl as his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn As quoted by Madelung, Hasan ibn Ali referred to the verse of mawadda in his inaugural speech as the caliph after the assassination of his father in 661, saying that he belonged to the Ahl al-Bayt "whose love He [God] has made obligatory in His Book [Quran]..."Шаблон:Sfn

The verse of mawadda is often cited by the Shia about the elevated status of the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn In Twelver Shia, the affection in this verse also entails obedience to the Ahl al-Bayt as the source of exoteric and esoteric guidance.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn This obedience is believed to benefit the faithful first and foremost, citing the following passage of verse 34:47,Шаблон:Sfn which contains the passage, "Say, 'I ask not of you any reward; that shall be yours (Шаблон:Transl).'"Шаблон:Sfn Some Sunni commentators agree with the Shia view, including Baydawi, al-Razi,Шаблон:Sfn and Ibn Maghazili.Шаблон:Sfn Most Sunni authors, however, reject the Shia view and offer various alternatives.Шаблон:Sfn The view preferred by al-Tabari is that the verse of mawadda instructs Muslims to love the prophet because of their blood relations to him.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, Madelung suggests that the verse of mawadda demands love towards relatives in general.Шаблон:Sfn

Verses 76:5-22

Verses 76:5-22 are connected to Fatima in most Shia and some Sunni sources, including the works of the Shia al-Tabarsi (Шаблон:Died in), and the Sunni al-Qurtubi (Шаблон:Died in) and al-Alusi (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn According to these exegetes, verses 76:5-22 were revealed to Muhammad after Fatima, Ali, Hasan, Husayn, and their maidservant Fidda gave away their only meal of the day to beggars who visited their home, for three consecutive days.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In particular, verses 76:7-12 read:

Шаблон:Blockquote

Connection with Mary

Файл:Persian miniature of Jesus and Mary.jpg

A Persian miniature of Jesus and Mary, with whom Fatima is often compared, especially in Shia Islam

The Quranic praise for Mary in verse 3:42 has been echoed for Fatima based on a prophetic hadith that lists Fatima, Khadija, Mary, and Asiya as the outstanding women of all time.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Blockquote

Especially in the Shia literature, there is a strong parallel between Fatima and Mary,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn to the extent that one of the Shia epithets for Fatima is Maryam al-Kubra (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Similar to Mary, some early sources report that angels spoke to Fatima on multiple occasions.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Both are viewed as mothers of exalted progenies: Mary gave birth to Jesus, and Fatima is the mother of the Imams.Шаблон:Sfn Fatima surpasses Mary in purity and divine favor in Shia writingsШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and in some Sunni sources.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, citing the statement "Women's honor is through their fathers," the Shia Ibn Shahr Ashub (Шаблон:Died in) argues about the superiority of Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, over Mary, daughter of Imran.Шаблон:Sfn To reconcile the superiority of Fatima with verse 3:42 above, "the women of the world" in this verse is interpreted as the women of Mary's time by most Shia and some Sunni exegetes.Шаблон:Sfn

Verse of Light

Verse 24:35 of the Quran, also known as the verse of Light, is often associated with Fatima in Shia exegeses.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The verse of Light begins as Шаблон:Blockquote According to the Shia al-Kulayni (Шаблон:Died in), Fatima is in this verse both the niche wherein resides the lamp (i.e., the Imams) and the shimmering glass for the divine light.Шаблон:Sfn

Hadith literature

The canonical Sunni collection Sahih al-Bukhari attributes to Muhammad, "Fatima is a part of me, and whoever makes her angry, makes me angry."Шаблон:Sfn Similar versions of this hadith appear in other Shia and Sunni sources.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The Sunni al-Suyuti relates from Muhammad that "Whoever loves (my) offspring, God loves; whoever gets angry [at them], God gets angry at them."Шаблон:Sfn The Shia Ibn Babawahy similarly narrates from Muhammad that, "Verily God becomes angry when Fatima is angry and is pleased when she is pleased."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Another prophetic hadith in Sahih al-Bukhari elevates Fatima to the mistress of all the women on earth and in paradise.Шаблон:Sfn Muhammad is also famously said to have listed Fatima, Khadija, Mary, and Asiya as the four outstanding women of all time.Шаблон:Sfn Whenever Fatima arrived, Muhammad used to stand up, greet her and ask her to sit next to him.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn When leaving Medina, Fatima was the last person that Muhammad bid farewell to, and she was the first he visited upon his return.Шаблон:Sfn Her manners were described to be similar to Muhammad's.Шаблон:Sfn The prophet held that Fatima will be the first person to enter the paradise and, as with Mary, she will intercede for those who honor her and her descendants.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

It is attributed to Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha that Fatima was the most beloved of women to the prophet, and Ali was the most beloved of men to him, according to the Sunni al-Hakim al-Nishapuri and al-Tirmidhi (Шаблон:Died in) and the Shia al-Qadi al-Nu'man, among others.Шаблон:Sfn A similar tradition is cited by the Sunni al-Suyuti.Шаблон:Sfn There are also competing traditions about Abu Bakr-Aisha instead of Ali-Fatima, though Spellberg believes they were circulated later for political reasons.Шаблон:Sfn

Muhammad's wife Umm Salama relates in possibly the earliest versionШаблон:Sfn of the Hadith al-Kisa that Muhammad gathered Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn under his cloak and prayed, "O God, these are my Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit) and my closest family members; remove defilement from them and purify them completely," thus making a reference to verse 33:33 of the Quran,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn known also as the verse of purification.Шаблон:Sfn The accounts of the Sunni Ibn Kathir and al-Suyuti and the Shia Tabatabai (Шаблон:Died in) continue that Umm Salama asked Muhammad, "Am I with thee, O Messenger of God?" but received the negative response, "Thou shalt obtain good. Thou shalt obtain good."Шаблон:Sfn There also exists a version of this hadith in Sunni sources where Umm Salama is included in the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn In another Sunni version, Muhammad's servant Wathila bint al-Asqa' is counted in the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn

In modern culture

Шаблон:See also While Fatima has been revered as an ultimate archetype for Muslim women,Шаблон:Sfn she has also gained a modern importance as a symbol for the female freedom fighter and the defender of the oppressed.Шаблон:Sfn In Fateme Is Fateme, the Iranian philosopher Shariati portrays Fatima as "the symbol of a responsible, fighting woman when facing her time and the fate of her society."Шаблон:Sfn Fatima is also venerated for her compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering by all Muslims, especially by the Shia.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The first feature-length movie about Fatima set during the lifetime and after the death of Muhammad is titled The Lady of Heaven, produced in 2020 by the Enlightened Kingdom.^[2] The movie premiered in the United States on 10 December 2021.^[3]

Mother's Day in Iran

Iranians celebrate Fatima's birth anniversary on 20 Jumada al-Thani as the Mother's Day.Шаблон:Sfn^[4] On this day, banners reading Ya Fatima (O! Fatima) are displayed on government buildings, private buildings, public streets and car windows.Шаблон:Sfn The Gregorian date for this changes every year.

Year	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Gregorian date	9 March^[5]	26 February^[6]	15 February^[7]	3 February^[8]	24 January^[9]	14 January^[10]	3 January^[11] 22 December

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

References

External links

Шаблон:Sister project links

Шаблон:Honoured women in Islam Шаблон:Authority control

[1] Шаблон:Cite book

[2] Шаблон:Cite web

[3] Шаблон:Cite web

[4] Шаблон:Cite web

[5] Шаблон:Cite web

[6] Шаблон:Cite web

[7] Шаблон:Cite web

[8] Шаблон:Cite web

[9] Шаблон:Cite web

[10] Шаблон:Cite web

[11] Шаблон:Cite web

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