Английская Википедия:Faustina the Elder
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox Roman emperor
Annia Galeria Faustina the Elder, sometimes referred to as Faustina I or Faustina Major[1] (Шаблон:Circa 100Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Refn – late October 140),[2][3][4] was a Roman empress and wife of the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius. The emperor Marcus Aurelius was her nephew and later became her adopted son, along with Emperor Lucius Verus. She died early in the principate of Antoninus Pius, but continued to be prominently commemorated as a diva, posthumously playing a prominent symbolic role during his reign.[5]
Early life
Faustina was the only known daughter of consul and prefect Marcus Annius Verus and Rupilia Faustina.[6] Her brothers were consul Marcus Annius Libo and praetor Marcus Annius Verus. Her maternal aunts were Roman Empress Vibia Sabina and Matidia Minor. Her paternal grandfather was named Marcus Annius Verus, like her father, while her maternal grandparents were suffect consul Lucius Scribonius Libo Rupilius Frugi Bonus and possibly Vitellia.[7][8] Faustina was born and raised in Rome.
While a private citizen, she married Antoninus Pius between 110 and 115. Faustina bore four children with Pius: two sons and two daughters.[9] These were:
- Marcus Aurelius Fulvius Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.[6][10]
- Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.[6][10] He is commemorated by a high-quality series of bronze coins, possibly struck at Rome, though their language is Greek.[11]
- Aurelia Fadilla (died in 135); she married Aelius Lamia Silvanus or Syllanus. She appears to have had no children with her husband and her sepulchral inscription has been found in Italy.[6][10]
- Annia Galeria Faustina Minor or Faustina the Younger (between 125–130 to 175), a future Roman Empress; she married her maternal cousin, future Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius. She was the only child who survived to see Antoninus and Faustina elevated to the imperial rank.[6][10]
According to the unreliable Historia Augusta, there were rumours while Antoninus was proconsul of Asia that Faustina conducted herself with "excessive frankness and levity".[12]
Empress
On July 10, 138, her uncle, the emperor Hadrian, died and her husband became the new emperor, as Antoninus was Hadrian's adopted son and heir. Faustina became Roman Empress and the Senate accorded her the title of Augusta.[6] As empress, Faustina was well respected and was renowned for her beauty and wisdom. Throughout her life, as a private citizen and as empress, Faustina was involved in assisting charities for the poor and sponsoring and assisting in the education of Roman children, particularly girls.Шаблон:Citation needed A letter between Fronto and Antoninus Pius has sometimes been taken as an index of the latter's devotion to her.[13]
After Antoninus Pius' accession to the principate, the couple never left Italy; instead, they divided their time between Rome, Antoninus' favourite estate at Lorium, and other properties at Lanuvium, Tusculum, and Signia.Шаблон:Sfnp
Faustina's personal style was evidently much admired and emulated. Her distinctive hairstyle, consisting of braids pulled back in a bun behind or on top of her head, was imitated for two or three generations in the Roman world.Шаблон:Sfnp
Several provincial groups chose to honour her while she was empress: a company of couriers in Ephesus named themselves after her,Шаблон:Sfnp while a company of clapper-players in Puteoli dedicated an altar to her in her lifetime.[14]
Death and legacy
Faustina died near Rome in 140, perhaps at Antoninus Pius's estate at Lorium.Шаблон:Sfnp Antoninus was devastated at Faustina's death and took several steps to honor her memory. He had the Senate deify her (her apotheosis was portrayed on an honorary column) and dedicate the Temple of Faustina to her in the Roman Forum.[6] Because of this, Faustina was the first Roman empress with a permanent presence in the Forum Romanum.[15] The Senate authorized gold and silver statues of her, including an image to appear in the circus,[16] where it might be displayed in a carpentum (a kind of covered wagon) or currus elephantorum (a cart drawn by elephants).Шаблон:Sfnp Antoninus also ordered various coins with her portrait struck, inscribed DIVA FAVSTINA ("Divine Faustina") and elaborately decorated. He also established a charity called Puellae Faustinianae ("Girls of Faustina") to assist orphaned Roman girls and created a new alimenta (see Grain supply to the city of Rome).[17] Her remains were interred in the Mausoleum of Hadrian.[18][19] Certain cities struck coin issues in honour of the "divine Faustina" (Шаблон:Lang-grc);[20] the most notable such cities were Delphi, Alexandria, Bostra, and Nicopolis.[21] Martin Beckmann suggests that the coins of Nicopolis might have been minted at Rome and given out as imperial largesse at the Actian Games.Шаблон:Sfnp The coins issued in the wake of Faustina's funeral illustrate her elaborate funeral pyre, which may have influenced the design of later private mausolea;Шаблон:Sfnp the deities Pietas and Aeternitas, among others;[22] and an eagle (or less often a winged genius) bearing a figure aloft, with the legend CONSECRATIO (i.e. Faustina's ascension into heaven).Шаблон:Sfnp Coins of Faustina were sometimes incorporated into jewellery and worn as amulets.Шаблон:Sfnp
The posthumous cult of Faustina was exceptionally widespread, and Faustina's image continued to be omnipresent throughout Antoninus Pius' principate.Шаблон:Sfnp A colossal marble head, believed to be that of Faustina and discovered in 2008,[23] figured as one of several monumental imperial statues at the ancient site of Sagalassos in today's Turkey. In Olympia, Herodes Atticus dedicated a nymphaeum that displayed statues of Faustina and other Antonines as well as his own ancestors.Шаблон:Sfnp Faustina also appears on the Parthian Monument at Ephesus commemorating members of the imperial family.Шаблон:Sfnp Bergmann and Watson have characterized the commemoration of Faustina as central to Antoninus Pius' political persona.[5]Шаблон:Sfnp One larger-than-life statue, discovered in situ near the Termini railway station at Rome, appears to depict Faustina as Concordia, with a patera and cornucopia; it would have been displayed alongside statues of Diana Lucifera and Apollo-Sol in baths privately owned but available to the public.[24]
Antoninus and Faustina were officially held up as such exemplars of conjugal harmony that newlyweds were directed to pray at an altar of Antoninus and Faustina that they might live up to their example.Шаблон:Sfnp This was evidently the case in Ostia,[25] and probably so in Rome.[26]
The Temple of Faustina is thought to have been dedicated in 144.Шаблон:Sfnp It is a grandШаблон:Sfnp hexastyle structureШаблон:Sfnp with Corinthian columns,Шаблон:Sfnp possibly designed originally to be a temple of Ceres.Шаблон:Sfnp Depictions on coins appear to show a cult image of Faustina seated on a throne and holding a tall staff in her left hand.Шаблон:Sfnp Faustina's portrait on coins from this period is often crowned as well as veiled, which may also recall a feature of Faustina's cult image from the temple.Шаблон:Sfnp
The deified Faustina was associated particularly closely with Ceres, who featured prominently on coins of Faustina; for some years, the torch-bearing Ceres was the dominant motif in her gold coinage.Шаблон:Sfnp Herodes Atticus venerated Faustina as the “new Demeter” (the Greek equivalent of Ceres) at a private sanctuary he established outside Rome,Шаблон:Sfnp now the church of Sant'Urbano.Шаблон:Sfnp In addition to Ceres, Vesta and Juno feature prominently in Faustina's coinage.Шаблон:Sfnp She was also associated with the Magna Mater and at Cyrene with Isis; at Sardis she was worshipped conjointly with Artemis.Шаблон:Sfnp
Ten years after Faustina's death, a new commemorative coinage was introduced, featuring the legend Aeternitas ('eternity'); such coins may have been introduced to be distributed at a public ceremony in her memory.Шаблон:Sfnp
After Antoninus Pius' death, his adoptive sons and successors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus erected the Column of Antoninus Pius, which dramatically depicted Antoninus and Faustina being elevated heavenward together on the back of a winged figure.Шаблон:Sfnp
Marcus Aurelius also built a Temple of Faustina at Elefsina in Greece.[27]
Faustina continued to be commemorated in certain Renaissance depictions as a “model wife”.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:Nerva-Antonine family tree
Notes
Sources
Шаблон:Commons Шаблон:Americana Poster
Шаблон:Roman empresses Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ An inscription from Liguria (Шаблон:CIL) refers to her (in the genitive) as DIVAE FAVSTINAE MAIORIS.
- ↑ Birley, Anthony (2000). Marcus Aurelius, Routledge, p. 243. Routledge. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ According to S. Vidman's interpretation of the Fasti Ostienses (1982, p. 122; cited by Шаблон:Harvp), Faustina died sometime in the range 21–23 October, while her funeral occurred sometime between 6 and 12 November. See Beckmann (2012), p. 22.
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокKне указан текст - ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Harvp: “Antoninus’s ideological program was based upon his pietas (loyalty to family, state, and the gods) and the most concerted expression of Antoninus’s piety was Faustina’s consecration.”
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Rupilius. Strachan stemma.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvp. His name appears as ΓΑΛΕΡΙΟϹ ΑΝΤⲰΝΙΝΟϹ (Galerios Antôninos) on these coins.
- ↑ Historia Augusta: Antoninus Pius 3.7 (the original phrase is nimiam libertatem et uiuendi facilitatem). Шаблон:Harvp, analyzes this passage with some scepticism. The Historia Augusta’s reliability as a historical source is considered to be patchy (see the caveats in, for example The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Volume 2, Latin Literature, Part 5, The Later Principate, E. J. Kenney, Wendell Vernon Clausen, pp. 43, 45, Cambridge University Press, 1983, Шаблон:ISBN; or at Шаблон:Cite web).
- ↑ Antoninus Pius declares that he would rather live in exile on the island of Gyaros with Faustina than on the Palatine Hill without her. Fronto ad Antoninum Pium 2.2. However, the "dear Faustina" referred to may instead have been Pius' daughter. Шаблон:Harvp.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvp. The inscription in question is Шаблон:CIL.
- ↑ Claire Rowan, ‘Communicating a consecratio: the deification coinage of Faustina I’, in: N. Holmes (ed.), Proceedings of the XIV International Numismatic Congress Glasgow, vol. 1, Glasgow (2012), 991.
- ↑ HA Pius 6.7.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvp. The spelling ΦΑΥΣΤΙΝΑ was used in Alexandria, ΦΑΥΣΤΕΙΝΑ elsewhere in the East; both spellings could be found in Delphi.
- ↑ Beckmann (2012) considers that Pietas and Aeternitas are evocative of "the 'spiritual side' of Faustina's divinisation" (p. 19).
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvp. The statue is now on display in the Musei Capitolini.
- ↑ Thus Шаблон:Harvp, arguing from the evidence of an inscription from Ostia (Шаблон:CIL).
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvp, suggests that Cassius Dio (Roman History 72.31.1) may have been mistaken in stating that such a practice in Rome at the temple precinct of Venus and Dea Roma concerned an altar of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger rather than one of Antoninus Pius and Faustina the Elder.
- ↑ Archaeological Site of Eleusis-Temple of Faustina
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