Английская Википедия:Fayetteville Shale
Шаблон:Infobox rockunit Шаблон:Commons category The Fayetteville Shale is a geologic formation of Mississippian age (354–323 million years ago) composed of tight shale within the Arkoma Basin of Arkansas and Oklahoma.[1][2] It is named for the city of Fayetteville, Arkansas, and requires hydraulic fracturing to release the natural gas contained within.
Nomenclature
Named by Frederick Willard Simonds in 1891, Simonds recognized what is now the Fayetteville Shale as three separate formations overlying the now abandoned Wyman Sandstone: the Fayetteville Shale, the Batesville Sandstone, and the Marshall Shale.[3] In 1904, the name "Fayetteville Shale" replaced all three of these names. The Fayetteville Shale that Simonds recognized is now considered as the lower Fayetteville Shale. Simonds' Batesville Sandstone was found to be the same as the Wyman Sandstone, and replaced the name "Wyman Sandstone", while Simonds' Batesville Sandstone became known as the "Wedington Sandstone Member" presumably after Wedington Mountain. The name Marshall Shale was abandoned and is now known as the upper Fayetteville Shale.[4]
Natural gas
The formation holds natural gas in a fine-grained rock matrix which requires hydraulic fracturing to release the gas.[5] This process became cost-effective in some shales such as the Fayetteville after years of experimentation in the Barnett Shale in North Texas, especially when combined with horizontal drilling.
The Fayetteville Shale play began in July 2004 by Southwestern Energy Company in north-central Arkansas with the Thomas #1-9 vertical well in Conway County, Arkansas.[6] In February 2005, Southwestern Energy drilled the first horizontal well, the Seeco-Vaughan #4-22H, also in Conway County.[7]
The US Energy Information Administration estimated that the Шаблон:Convert shale play held 13,240 billion cubic ft (375 billion cubic meters) of unproved, technically recoverable gas.[2] The average well was estimated to produce 1.3 billion cubic feet of gas.[8] As of 2018, new drilling in the Fayetteville Shale had ceased and almost 1/5 of wells were abandoned.[9]
Paleontology
Flora
Because the Fayetteville Formation is a marine unit, most of the plants found in the black shales must have been washed into the Carboniferous sea from a landmass. However one unit within the formation, the Weddington Sandstone Member, is a series of river deposited sand beds. Fossil plants from this unit were probably deposited closer to their source.
- A. minima[10]
- C. inquirenda[10]
- C. hirta[10]
- C. chesterianus[10]
- L. chesterensis[10]
- L. sagittatum[10]
- L. occidentalis[10]
- L. royalii[12]
- R. fayettevillense[10]
- R. quinnii [13]
- T. arkansana[14]
Fauna
Vertebrates
- Carcharopsis wortheni[15]
- "Cobelodus" (remains now attributed to Ozarcus) [16]
- Ozarcus mapesae[17]
Echinoderms
- Acrocrinus constrictus[18]
- Agassizocrinus conicus[18]
- Alcimocrinus ornatus[18]
- Allocatillocrinus carpenteri[18]
- Ampelocrinus erectus[18]
- Aphelecrinus exoticus[18]
- Childonocrinus trinodus[18]
- Cymbiocrinus gravis[18]
- Dasciocrinus aulicus[18]
- Heliosocrinus aftonensis[18]
- Intermediacrinus modernus[18]
- Linocrinus[18]
- Mantikosocrinus castus[18]
- Onchyocrinus[19]
- Onychocrinus pulaskiensis[18]
- Ophiurocrinus hebdenensis[18]
- Pentremites platybasis[20]
Cephalopods
- Dombarites mapesi [22]
- Eurmorphoceras plummeri [23][22]
- Fayettevillea planorbis [22]
- Girtyoceras [24]
- Goniatites granosus [23][22]
- Lusitanites subcircularis [22]
- Metadimorphoceras wiswellense [22]
- Neoglyphioceras crebriliratum [22]
- Paracravenoceras ozarkense [23][22]
- Paradimorphoceras [23]
- Pronorites baconi [22]
- Rayonnoceras solidiforme [23]
- Tumulites varians [23][22]
Corals
Bivalves
- Canyella peculiaris [26]
- Cardiomorpha inflata [26]
- Conocardium peculiare [26]
- Cypricardia fayettevillensis [26]
- Cyprecardella sublata [26]
- Edmondia equilateralis [26]
- Palaeoneilo sera [26]
- Phestia stevensiana [26]
- Solenamorpha nitida [26]
- Sphenotus branneri [26]
Brachiopods
Gastropods
- Euconospira disjuncta [29]
- Mourlonia lativittata [29]
- Patellilabia laevigata [29]
- Platyceras subelegans [29]
Arthropods
- Amphissites[30]
- Bairdia[30]
- Cyrtoproetus kerhini[31]
- Kirkbya [30]
- Geisina[30]
- Glyptopleura[30]
- Graphiadactyllis[30]
- Orthobairdia[30]
- Paladin murconatus [32]
- Paraparchites
- Roundyella[30]
- Sansabella[30]
- Serenida[30]
Ostracods
Bryozoans
Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-1-of-2
Foraminifera
Trace Fossils
References
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Sando, W. 1969. Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part B- Corals. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокSimondsне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ US Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy outlook 2012, accessed 14 Sept. 2013.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 10,00 10,01 10,02 10,03 10,04 10,05 10,06 10,07 10,08 10,09 10,10 10,11 10,12 10,13 10,14 10,15 10,16 10,17 10,18 10,19 10,20 10,21 10,22 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 11,5 11,6 Taylor, T., Eggard, D.,1967. Petrified Plants from the Upper Mississippian (Chester Series) of Arkansas. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 86: 4
- ↑ Tomescu, A. 2001. Lyginopteris royalii sp. nov. from the Upper Mississippian of North America. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology. 116: 3-4
- ↑ Dunn, M., Rothwell, G., Mapes, G. 2002.Additional observations on Rhynchosperma quinnii (Medullosaceae): a permineralized ovule from the Chesterian (Upper Mississippian) Fayetteville Formation of Arkansas. Journal of Botany. 89:11
- ↑ Dunn, M., Rothwell, G., Mapes, G. 2003. On Paleozoic plants from marine strata: Trivena arkansana (Lyginopteridaceae) gen. et sp. nov., a lyginopterid from the Fayetteville Formation (middle Chesterian/Upper Mississippian) of Arkansas, USA. Journal of Botany. 90:8
- ↑ Lund, R., Mapes, R. 1984. Carcharopsis wortheni from the Fayetteville Formation (Mississippian) of Arkansas. Journal of Paleontology. 58:3.
- ↑ Maisey, J. G. (2007). The braincase in Paleozoic symmoriiform and cladoselachian sharks. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2007(307), 1-122.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 18,00 18,01 18,02 18,03 18,04 18,05 18,06 18,07 18,08 18,09 18,10 18,11 18,12 18,13 18,14 18,15 18,16 18,17 18,18 18,19 18,20 18,21 18,22 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Burdick, D., Strimple, H. 1973. Flexible Crinoids from the Fayetteville Formation (Chesterian) of Northeastern Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology. 47:2
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Strimple, H. 1948. Notes on Phanocrinus from the Fayetteville Formation of Northeastern Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology. 22:4
- ↑ 22,00 22,01 22,02 22,03 22,04 22,05 22,06 22,07 22,08 22,09 22,10 22,11 22,12 22,13 22,14 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 23,4 23,5 23,6 Mapes, R. 1966. Late Mississippian Lycopsid Branch from Arkansas. Oklahoma Geology Notes.
- ↑ Doughouzhaeva L, Mapes, R., Mutvei, H. 1997. Beaks and radulae of Early Carboniferous goniatites. Lethia. 30:4
- ↑ Easton, W. 1945. Kinkaid Corals from Illinois and Amplexoid Corals from the Chester of Illinois and Arkansas. Journal of Paleontology. 19:4
- ↑ 26,00 26,01 26,02 26,03 26,04 26,05 26,06 26,07 26,08 26,09 26,10 26,11 26,12 26,13 26,14 26,15 26,16 26,17 Pojeta, J. 1969. Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part C- Pelecypods. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 27,3 27,4 M. Gordon Jr. and T. W. Henry. 1993. Late Mississippian Productoid Brachiopods Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia, Ozark Region of Oklahoma and Arkansas. Paleontological Society Memoir 30:1-29
- ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 29,3 29,4 29,5 29,6 Yochelson, E 1969. Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part C- Pelecypods. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606
- ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 30,4 30,5 30,6 30,7 30,8 30,9 Sohn, I. 1969.Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part F- Ostracodes. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Gordon, M. 1969.Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part E- Trilobites. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606
- ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 34,00 34,01 34,02 34,03 34,04 34,05 34,06 34,07 34,08 34,09 34,10 34,11 34,12 34,13 34,14 34,15 34,16 34,17 34,18 34,19 34,20 34,21 34,22 34,23 34,24 34,25 34,26 34,27 34,28 34,29 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 35,0 35,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 36,0 36,1 36,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
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