Английская Википедия:Feijiahe culture
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox archaeological culture The Feijiahe culture, also known as Zhangshutan-Feijiahe cultureШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn or Duimenshan-Feijiahe,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn is a Bronze Age archaeological culture in China.Шаблон:Sfn It has been commonly dated to approximately 1300 to 1000 BC. Centered in the area east of Dongting Lake, the Feijiahe culture was a post-Erligang culture marked by the increase of localized traditions.
History
The Feijiahe culture has been usually dated as beginning around 1300 BC,Шаблон:Efn existing mostly simultaneous to the late Shang dynasty which was centered at Yinxu.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It has been described as an "indigenous culture" of northeastern Hunan.Шаблон:Sfn
Even though the Feijiahe culture sites are variable, they have been grouped together by archaeologistsШаблон:Sfn as they exist in a geographic cluster and share certain elements.Шаблон:Sfn The Feijiahe sites emerged during a period of fragmentation in Hubei and Hunan,Шаблон:Sfn east of Dongting Lake.Шаблон:Sfn This area had previously been dominated by Panlongcheng, a site associated with the Erligang culture of the Central Plains. However, Panlongcheng's connections to the Central Plains waned from around 1300 BC, allowing smaller, local sites such as those associated with the Feijiahe culture to grow.Шаблон:Sfn The Feijiahe culture appears to have profiliated and expanded just as the Erligang culture retreated, with the main Erligang site east of Dongting Lake, Tonggushan, entering its terminal phase or already being abandoned.Шаблон:Sfn The Feijiahe culture was possibly also influenced by other cultures such as those in Jiangxi.Шаблон:Sfn
The Feijiahe culture was marked by a "flourishing bronze industry" which produced ding cauldrons, nao bells, zun, and possibly you vessels. These bronzes showed significant differences to bronze objects produced in the Central Plains at the time, with animal motifs and forms such as nao and zun being more uncommon further north.Шаблон:Sfn In addition, the culture differed in regards to where the objects have been found: Whereas bronzes of the Central Plains were mostly associated with graves, Feijiahe culture objects are often found in pits or on mountaintops.Шаблон:Sfn As a result, bronze objects of the region including those of the Feijiahe culture are difficult to date, as they are often found in relative isolation.Шаблон:Sfn However, bronze remained a scarce commodity for the culture; in contrast, pottery was produced in much greater numbers and played a much more important role.Шаблон:Sfn Large amounts of glazed and unglazed ceramics were unearthed at Feijiahe culture sites; these are distinct from other regional ceramic traditions such as those in Jiangxi.Шаблон:Sfn However, the exact usage and roles of many ceramic objects remains unclear.Шаблон:Sfn
Overall, the Feijiahe culture seems to have existed in a period when its territory, the Yueyang area, was a hub for interregional exchange and trade.Шаблон:Sfn Its ceramics showcased Erligang,Шаблон:Sfn Jiangxi, and Sichuan influences.Шаблон:Sfn In turn, pottery of the Feijiahe culture was exported to other regions, with Guo Shengbin even suggested that the local products were exported to centers of the Shang dynasty.Шаблон:Sfn
Sites
The Feijiahe culture is associated with the sites of Feijiahe, Tonggushan, Zhangshutan, Duimenshan, Yusishan,Шаблон:Sfn Wenjiashan,Шаблон:Sfn and Laoyazhou.Шаблон:Sfn All of the sites are east of Dongting Lake, and most are close to the Xinqiang River. Yusishan is located at the banks of the Mi-Luo River southeast of Dongting Lake.Шаблон:Sfn
Tonggushan is mainly a site of the Erligang culture,Шаблон:Sfn known for findings of Erligang-style bronzes and ceramics.Шаблон:Sfn It was occupied since at least the Erligang II period,Шаблон:Sfn and had probably been founded by non-native settlers from the north, as it shared little in regards to culture with local traditions and was founded on virgin land despite the region being densely inhabited since the Neolithic.Шаблон:Sfn Accordingly, archaeologists speculated that Tonggushan might have served as outpost of Panlongcheng or the Erligang culture in general.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Over time, local elements became more dominant,Шаблон:Sfn and by the middle Shang dynasty (Xiaoshuangqiao-Huanbei II period), the site showed a strong mixture of local and Shang elements. At this point, it was possibly influenced by Wucheng, Baota, Jingnansi.Шаблон:Sfn Tonggushan remained occpied into the late Shang dynasty and became largely localized as well as fully integrated into the Feijiahe culture;Шаблон:Sfn it was abandoned around the same time of Panlongcheng's final demise,Шаблон:Sfn around 1200 BC.Шаблон:Sfn Overall, Tonggushan appears to have influenced several nearby sites and led to a continued small-scale bronze production after the regional demise of the Erligang culture.Шаблон:Sfn
The Feijiahe site yielded sixty-three kilns, an "astonishing" find,Шаблон:Sfn and a massive bronze nao bell.Шаблон:Sfn Zhangshutan was occupied since the late Erligang periodШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn until the end of the Shang dynasty, approximately from 1300 to 1000 BC.Шаблон:Sfn Slag and fragments of molds associated with the production of bronze objects were found at Zhangshutan.Шаблон:Sfn However, the site is especially rich in pottery remains, and appears to have been a production center for pottery. As a result, it has become gradually recognized as the main type site of the culture.Шаблон:Sfn The site was probably under the influence of Tonggushan.Шаблон:Sfn Laoyazhou is also dated to the post-Erligang period; the site yielded crucibles for bronze production. It is associated with Zhangshutan and Yusishan, and was also influenced by Tonggushan.Шаблон:Sfn Stone molds for bronze implements were found at Wenjiashan, south of Zhangshutan.Шаблон:Sfn
The sites of the Feijiahe culture probably received raw materials from the mining centers of Tonglushan and Tongling located further south.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
References
Works cited
Шаблон:Prehistoric cultures of China
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Archaeological cultures of China
- Bronze Age in China
- Shang dynasty
- 2nd-millennium BC establishments in China
- 13th-century BC establishments
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
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