Английская Википедия:Female genital mutilation laws by country

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates The legal status of female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting (FGC), differs widely across the world.

Overview of issues

Geographic perspective

Файл:Female genital mutilation laws by country map.svg
Some states in Somalia have banned Female Genital Mutilation.Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend
Файл:Female genital mutilation laws by U.S. state map.svg
FGM legislation by U.S. state: Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

In international law, there is a consensus that female genital mutilation is a human rights violation that needs to be criminalised and eradicated by all states. International human rights instruments to that effect include global and regional treaties, conventions, protocols, declarations, resolutions and recommendations such as CEDAW Committee General Recommendation No. 14 (1990),[1]Шаблон:Rp Maputo Protocol Article 5 (2003),[1]Шаблон:Rp the Cairo Declaration on the Elimination of FGM (CDEFGM, 2003),[1]Шаблон:Rp Istanbul Convention Article 38 (2011),[2]Шаблон:Rp Sustainable Development Goal 5.3 (2015),[1]Шаблон:Rp the East African Community Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation Act (EAC Act, 2016)[1]Шаблон:Rp and United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution No. 38/61 (2018).[1]Шаблон:Rp

Global efforts to end FGM, including criminalisation, have long focused on Africa, where most countries that have traditionally practiced FGM are located and anti-FGM campaigns have been quite successful in the 1990s through 2010s,[3] but have long under-appreciated traditionally FGM-practicing countries in Asia and immigrant communities in countries with no FGM tradition.[3][4][5] A March 2020 report by End FGM European Network, U.S. End FGM/C Network and Equality Now found that FGM was practiced in at least 92 countries across all continents,[3] while 51 of them had a law that specifically criminalised FGM.[1]Шаблон:Rp

FGM was illegal in 22 of the 28 most FGM-prevalent countries in Africa in September 2018.[6] Sudan criminalised FGM in April 2020.[7]

Some Western countries, where FGM has not been traditionally practiced but where immigrants from traditionally FGM-practicing countries have moved to in the 20th and 21st century, have also criminalised FGM (13 countries as of November 2008).[8][9] By 2013, FGM had been criminalised in all 27 member states of the European Union (including the United Kingdom) and Croatia.[2]Шаблон:Rp

Despite international reports to the contrary,[8][2]Шаблон:Rp[1]Шаблон:Rp female genital mutilation has been explicitly criminalised in the Netherlands since 1 February 2006, namely in the then Articles 5.3 and 5a.1 of the Dutch Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafrecht),[9] and the statute of limitations was increased on 1 July 2009 by not starting until the day after the FGM victim's 18th birthday.[10] As of 25 July 2020, genital mutilation of female persons under age 18 is punishable in the Netherlands, including when committed abroad by Dutch citizens, foreigners who later obtain Dutch citizenship or foreigners with a regular place of residence or stay in the Netherlands, as a form of (aggravated) assault (potentially premeditated) under Articles 300 to 303 per Article 7.d and Article 71.3 of the Dutch Criminal Code.Шаблон:Refn The maximum punishment is 12 years imprisonment (or 15 years if the victim dies).[11] The penalty can be increased by a third if the perpetrator(s) were (a) family member(s) or the life companion of the victim (Article 304.1) or if the victim was underage (Article 304.2).[11]

In the United States, FGM was criminalised federally in 1996 and in 17/50 states during 1994–2006.[8] However, the federal law criminalising FGM was declared unconstitutional by a Michigan court in November 2018, mostly because the judge found that the federal government did not have the authority to legislate on the issue, and that the U.S. states should.[12] At the time of the ruling, 27 states had specifically criminalised FGM,[12] and the court case stimulated the other states to do so as well, both during[12] and after the trial.[13] By March 2020, the practice was illegal in 35/50 states;[3] by May 2020, FGM was banned in 38/50 U.S. states.[14] On 5 January 2021, the STOP FGM Act of 2020 was enacted, which considers FGM 'a form of child abuse, gender discrimination, and violence', empowering federal authorities to prosecute people who 'carry out or conspire to carry out FGM' and increasing the maximum prison sentence from 5 to 10 years. This replaced the 1996 law that was declared unconstitutional in 2018. At the time of signing, 11 out of the 50 U.S. states still had no state ban on FGM.[15] By August 2023, 41 states had specific laws against FGM.[16]

Legal methods

The way in which legislation (and usually criminalisation) of FGM is enacted, differs from country to country. Some countries' constitutions ban FGM, others have adopted specific laws criminalising FGM, others have subsumed prohibitions on FGM in wider criminal legislation on either child protection, violence against women, sexual violence, or physical assault.[6][2]Шаблон:Rp In EU member states, there is a trend to criminalise FGM in specific rather than general criminal law provisions; by 2013, 10 states of 28 (including Croatia and the UK) had done so.[2]Шаблон:Rp By March 2020, Estonia, Germany, Malta and Portugal had also introduced explicit provisions criminalising FGM, so that 14 out of the current 27 EU Member States have specific anti-FGM legislation.[1]Шаблон:Rp

Indian Minister for Women and Child Development Maneka Gandhi said in 2017 that the 1860 Indian Penal Code, the 1973 Criminal Procedure Code and the 2012 Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO Act) could be invoked to prosecute FGM cases and that a specific law to criminalise FGM was not necessary.[17]

Cross-border FGM and extraterritoriality

Sometimes FGM is performed across the border in a country where it is still legal in order to avoid prosecution in one's country of residence (for example, in Mali by Burkina Faso residents or in Somalia by Kenya residents).[6]Шаблон:Rp As of September 2018, Guinea Bissau, Kenya and Uganda were the only countries in Africa that criminalised and punished cross-border FGM.[6]Шаблон:Rp In the European Union, legislators have applied the legal principle of extraterritoriality to prosecute the practice of FGM when it is committed outside of a member state's territory to girls living in the EU who had been cut or are at risk of being cut in their or their parents' country of birth while on holidays or visits abroad.[2]Шаблон:Rp

Laws by country

Country Criminalised Since Notes
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Criminalised in 6/8 states during 1994–7 as of November 2008.[8]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2000[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2003[8] Specific national anti-FGM law which prohibits FGM.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[2]Шаблон:Rp General criminal law provision.[2]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1996[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp As of September 2018.[6]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1997[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1966[8] As of September 2018.[6]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No A 2002 bill banning FGM hasn't yet been enacted as of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp[6]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No Some native tribes (Emberá, Arhuaco, Koguis) are known to practice FGM, but there is no law against it[18] as of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1998[8] As of September 2018.[6]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2003[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[2]Шаблон:Rp General criminal law provision.[2]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2003[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1994[8] As of September 2018.[6]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2008[8] As of September 2018.[6]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2007[8] Specific national anti-FGM law which prohibits FGM.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2004[8] As of September 2018.[6]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[2]Шаблон:Rp General criminal law provision.[2]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[2]Шаблон:Rp General criminal law provision,[2]Шаблон:Rp has been used successfully to prosecute FGM cases.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2015[19] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1994[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[2]Шаблон:Rp General criminal law provision.[2]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1965[8] New law enacted in 2000.[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific national anti-FGM law which prohibits FGM.[1]Шаблон:Rp Cross-border FGM also criminalised.[6]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[2]Шаблон:Rp General criminal law provision.[2]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[20] 2005[21] General Penal Code Article 218 a. Punishment up to 6 years imprisonment, up to 16 years in aggravated cases.[20]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2 1860 Supposedly criminalised, but not specifically mentioned, by 1860 Indian Penal Code, 1973 Criminal Procedure Code and 2012 POCSO Act.[17]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dunno[22] 2006, 14 Criminalised in 2006,[23] medicalised in 2010, then recriminalised in 2014 but without punishments.[24] Present legal status unclear.[22]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes Criminalised by the Islamic Penal Code of 2013.[25][26] Article 663 explicitly mentions the following: "Mutilating or injuring either side of a woman's genitals shall carry the Diya penalty equal to half of the full Diya. Mutilating or injuring parts of the genitals shall have a proportionate penalty based on the level of injury." Additionally, Article 269 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1991[27] criminalises "intentional mutilation or amputation" without explicitly mentioning FGM.
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision (in the Kurdistan Region).[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2012[28] Specific criminal law provision:[1]Шаблон:Rp the Criminal Justice (Female Genital Mutilation) Act 2012.[28]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2005[8] Specific national anti-FGM law which prohibits FGM.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2001[8] Specific national anti-FGM law which prohibits FGM.[1]Шаблон:Rp Cross-border FGM also criminalised.[6]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[2]Шаблон:Rp General criminal law provision.[2]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No (2018–9) As of September 2018.[6] President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf banned FGM for one year which expired on 22 January 2019.[29]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[2]Шаблон:Rp General criminal law provision.[2]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[2]Шаблон:Rp General criminal law provision.[2]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2005[8] As of September 2018.[6]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[30] Specific criminal law provision [31]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[11] 2006[9] Specific criminal law provision including cross-border FGM: Articles 7.d and 71.3 combined with Articles 300–303 (additional penalties in Article 304).[11]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1995[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2003[8] As of September 2018.[6]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Partial[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision that does not apply in all states of Nigeria.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1995[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[2]Шаблон:Rp General criminal law provision.[2]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[2]Шаблон:Rp General criminal law provision.[2]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[32] General criminal law provision[33]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1999[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[34] Specific criminal law provision [34]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No[1]Шаблон:Rp Initiation rite-related FGM was criminalised in 2019,[35] but there is no national law banning all FGM.[36]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[2]Шаблон:Rp General criminal law provision.[2]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes2[2]Шаблон:Rp General criminal law provision.[2]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Partly The Constitution prohibits FGM, but there are no laws and no known prosecutions of FGM.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag[37] Шаблон:No As of September 2018.[6]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2003[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 2003[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes 2020 Criminalised in April 2020 by amending the Criminal Code. Punishable by a fine and 3 years imprisonment.[7][38]
Already restricted or banned in 6/18 states between 2008 and 2020.[7] Reinfibulation apparently still legal.[39]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1982[8] New law enacted in 1998.[8] Specific national anti-FGM law which prohibits FGM.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1998[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1998[8] Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific national anti-FGM law which prohibits FGM.[1]Шаблон:Rp Cross-border FGM also criminalised.[6]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp Prohibited by the ministry of health in state hospitals and clinics.[40]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp 1985[8] Specific national anti-FGM law which prohibits FGM.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes 96–18,
2021		 Criminalised federally in 1996,[8] but federal law declared "unconstitutional" in 2018.[1]Шаблон:Rp New federal law passed in 2021.[15]
Specifically criminalised in 41/50 states as of August 2023.[16]
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:No As of March 2020.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Yes[1]Шаблон:Rp Specific criminal law provision.[1]Шаблон:Rp

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Female genital mutilation

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  1. ↑ 1,000 1,001 1,002 1,003 1,004 1,005 1,006 1,007 1,008 1,009 1,010 1,011 1,012 1,013 1,014 1,015 1,016 1,017 1,018 1,019 1,020 1,021 1,022 1,023 1,024 1,025 1,026 1,027 1,028 1,029 1,030 1,031 1,032 1,033 1,034 1,035 1,036 1,037 1,038 1,039 1,040 1,041 1,042 1,043 1,044 1,045 1,046 1,047 1,048 1,049 1,050 1,051 1,052 1,053 1,054 1,055 1,056 1,057 1,058 1,059 1,060 1,061 1,062 1,063 1,064 1,065 1,066 1,067 1,068 1,069 1,070 1,071 1,072 1,073 1,074 1,075 1,076 1,077 1,078 1,079 1,080 1,081 1,082 1,083 1,084 1,085 1,086 1,087 1,088 1,089 1,090 1,091 1,092 1,093 1,094 1,095 1,096 1,097 1,098 1,099 1,100 1,101 1,102 1,103 1,104 1,105 1,106 1,107 1,108 1,109 1,110 1,111 1,112 1,113 1,114 1,115 1,116 1,117 1,118 1,119 1,120 1,121 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2,00 2,01 2,02 2,03 2,04 2,05 2,06 2,07 2,08 2,09 2,10 2,11 2,12 2,13 2,14 2,15 2,16 2,17 2,18 2,19 2,20 2,21 2,22 2,23 2,24 2,25 2,26 2,27 2,28 2,29 2,30 2,31 Шаблон:Cite web (pdf)
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,00 6,01 6,02 6,03 6,04 6,05 6,06 6,07 6,08 6,09 6,10 6,11 6,12 6,13 6,14 6,15 6,16 6,17 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ 8,00 8,01 8,02 8,03 8,04 8,05 8,06 8,07 8,08 8,09 8,10 8,11 8,12 8,13 8,14 8,15 8,16 8,17 8,18 8,19 8,20 8,21 8,22 8,23 8,24 8,25 8,26 8,27 8,28 8,29 8,30 8,31 8,32 8,33 Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Wetboek van Strafrecht Nederland не указан текст
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ "INDONESIA: Female genital mutilation persists despite ban", IRIN Global, 2 September 2010.
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Article 151a of the Penal Code of Montenegro
  31. ↑ Article 151a of Article 151a of the Penal Code of Montenegro
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Article 121a of the Serbian Penal Code
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  37. ↑ Somaliland is a self-proclaimed independent state and de facto functioning as such, but internationally recognised as part of Somalia.
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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