Английская Википедия:Fenghuang

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Infobox mythical creature Шаблон:Chinese

Fènghuáng (Шаблон:Zh, Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPAc-cmn) are mythological birds found in Sinospheric mythology that reign over all other birds. The males were originally called fèng and the females huáng, but this distinction of gender is often no longer made and they are blurred into a single feminine entity so that the bird can be paired with the Chinese dragon, which is traditionally deemed male.

It is known under similar names in various other languages (Japanese: Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang-vi or Шаблон:Lang; Korean: Шаблон:Lang). In the Western world, it is commonly called the Chinese phoenix or simply phoenix, although mythological similarities with the Western phoenix are superficial.Шаблон:Fact

Appearance

Файл:Twelve Symbols national emblem of China.svg
Image of the fenghuang opposite the dragon on the Twelve Symbols national emblem, which was the state emblem of China from 1913 to 1928

A common depiction of fenghuang was of it attacking snakes with its talons and its wings spread. According to the Erya's chapter 17 Shiniao, fenghuang is made up of the beak of a rooster, the face of a swallow, the forehead of a fowl, the neck of a snake, the breast of a goose, the back of a tortoise, the hindquarters of a stag and the tail of a fish.[1] Today, however, it is often described as a composite of many birds including the head of a golden pheasant, the body of a mandarin duck, the tail of a peacock, the legs of a crane, the mouth of a parrot, and the wings of a swallow.Шаблон:Citation needed

The fenghuang's body symbolizes the celestial bodies: the head is the sky, the eyes are the sun, the back is the moon, the wings are the wind, the feet are the earth, and the tail is the planets.[2] The fenghuang is said to have originated in the sun.[2] Its body contains the five fundamental colors: black, white, red, yellow, and green.[2] It sometimes carries scrolls or a box with sacred books.[2] It is sometimes depicted with a fireball.[2] It is believed that the bird only appears in areas or places that are blessed with utmost peace and prosperity or happiness.

Chinese tradition cites it as living atop the Kunlun Mountains in northern China.Шаблон:Citation needed

Origin

Файл:Shang Jade Phoenix, Fu Hao Tomb, c. 1200 BC.jpg
Jade phoenix, unearthed from the tomb of Fu Hao, c. 1200 BC, Shang dynasty.

The earliest known ancient phoenix design dates back to about 7000–8000 years ago and was discovered in Hongjiang, Hunan Province, at the Gaomiao Archeological Site.[3] The earliest known form of dragon-phoenix design, on the other hand, dates back to the Yangshao culture (Шаблон:CircaШаблон:NbspBC) and was found at an archeological site near Xi'an in Shaanxi Province.[3] This ancient usage of phoenix and dragon designs are all evidence of an ancient form of totemism in China.[3]

During the Shang dynasty, phoenix and dragon images appear to have become popular as burial objects.[3] Several archeological artifacts of jade phoenix and jade dragons were unearthed in tombs dating from the Shang dynasty period.[3]

Файл:Silk Painting of a Lady, Phoenix and Dragon.jpg
A phoenix (top) and dragon (left), Silk Painting of a Human Figure with Phoenix and Dragon, Silk painting unearthed from a Chu tomb.

During the Spring and Autumn period (c.Шаблон:Nbsp771Шаблон:Sndc.Шаблон:Nbsp476Шаблон:NbspBC) and the Warring States period, common form of unearthed artifacts is the combination of dragon-phoenix designs together.[3] One such artifact is the Silk Painting of Human Figure with Dragon and Phoenix, pictured left.[3][4]

In the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), phoenix hairpins (i.e. hairpins with fenghuang decorations) and shoes which were also decorated with phoenix designs were supposed to be worn by the Imperial concubines of the Qin Emperor.[3]

During the Han dynasty (2,200 years ago) two phoenixes, one a male (feng, Шаблон:Lang) and the other a female (huang, Шаблон:Lang) were often shown together facing one other.Шаблон:Citation needed In the Han dynasty, an imperial edict decreed that the phoenix hairpins had to become the formal headpiece for the empress dowager and the imperial grandmother.[5]

Файл:吹笙引凤画像砖114639.jpg
Man playing sheng to a phoenix, Шаблон:Ill, Liu Song dynasty.

Later, during the Yuan dynasty the two terms were merged to become fenghuang, but the "King of Birds" came to symbolize the empress when paired with a dragon representing the emperor.

Файл:Verseuse phénix Musée Guimet 2418.jpg
A vase with a phoenix-headed spout, gray sandstone with celadon coating, Song Dynasty, last half of 10th century.

From the Jiajing era (1522–1566) of the Ming dynasty onwards, a pair of phoenixes was differentiated by the tail feathers of the two birds, typically together forming a closed circle patternШаблон:Sndthe male identified by five long serrated tail feathers or "filaments" (five being an odd, masculine, or yang number) and the female by what sometimes appears to be one but is in fact usually two curling or tendrilled tail feathers (two being an even, feminine, or yin number). Also during this period, the fenghuang was used as a symbol representing the direction south. This was portrayed through a male and female facing each other. Their feathers were of the five fundamental colors: black, white, red, green, and yellow. These colours are said to represent Confucius' five virtues:

  1. Ren: the virtue of benevolence, charity, and humanity;
  2. Yi: honesty and uprightness; Yì may be broken down into zhōng, doing one's best, conscientiousness, loyalty and shù: the virtue of reciprocity, altruism, consideration for others
  3. Zhi: knowledge
  4. Xin: faithfulness and integrity;
  5. Li: correct behavior, propriety, good manners, politeness, ceremony, worship.[6]

The phoenix represented power sent from the heavens to the Empress. If a phoenix was used to decorate a house it symbolized that loyalty and honesty were in the people that lived there. Or alternatively, a phoenix only stays when the ruler is without darkness and corruption (Шаблон:Lang).

Etymology and Meaning

Etymology

Linguist Wang Li relates element Шаблон:Old Chinese to Шаблон:Old Chinese "peng, fabulous great bird";[7] Шаблон:Lang is also related to Шаблон:Old Chinese "wind".[8]

Historical linguist Marc Miyake reconstructs Шаблон:Old Chinese, which he proposes, though with uncertainty, to be the affixed form of Шаблон:Old Chinese "wind sovereign".[9]

Meaning

Файл:Basin with dragon and phoenix design, Jingdezhen ware, China, Ming dynasty, Wanli era, 1573-1620 AD, ceramic, overglaze enamel - Tokyo National Museum - Tokyo, Japan - DSC08359.jpg
Basin with dragon and phoenix design, Jingdezhen ware, China, Ming dynasty, Wanli era, 1573-1620 AD. Tokyo National Museum

The fenghuang has positive connotations. It is a symbol of virtue and grace. The fenghuang also symbolizes the union of yin and yang.Шаблон:Citation needed The first chapter of the Classic of Mountains and Seas , the "Nanshang-jing", states that each part of fenghuang's body symbolizes a word. The head represents virtue (Шаблон:Lang), the wing represents duty (Шаблон:Lang), the back represents propriety (Шаблон:Lang), the abdomen represents credibility (Шаблон:Lang) and the chest represents mercy (Шаблон:Lang).[10]

The fenghuang originally consisted of a separate male feng and a female huang as symbols of yin and yang.[3][11] The male feng represented the yang aspect while the huang represented the yin aspect; and together, the feng and huang image was symbolic of love between husband and wife.[11] However, since the Qin dynasty, the fenghuang progressively went through a feminization process as the dragon became a symbol of masculinity.[3] Eventually the feng and the huang merged into a single female entity.[11]

In ancient and modern Chinese culture, fenghuang can often be found in the decorations for weddings or royalty, along with dragons. This is because the Chinese considered the dragon-and-phoenix design symbolic of blissful relations between husband and wife, another common yang and yin metaphor. In some traditions it appears in good times but hides during times of trouble, while in other traditions it appeared only to mark the beginning of a new era.[12] In China and Japan it was a symbol of the imperial house, and it represented "fire, the sun, justice, obedience, and fidelity".[12]

Modern usage

The phoenix is still used in modern Japan and Korea in relation to the head of state:

  • Japan: The Hōō (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:IPA-ja, the Japanese pronunciation of 鳳凰) is associated with the Japanese Imperial family. The seemingly vast difference between hōō and fenghuang is due to Chinese vowels with ng usually being converted to ō in go-on reading. Examples include:
    • The actual Imperial throne Шаблон:Nihongo is adorned by numerous Hōōs.
    • The Imperial regalia Kōrozen no Gohō (Шаблон:Lang) is decorated by numerous textile patterns including a pair of Hōō.
    • Various Japanese stamps and currency, such as the back of the current series E (2004) ¥10,000 yen note.
    • Toyota's flagship vehicle favored by the Japanese Imperial family and high Japanese government officials, the Toyota Century, uses the Hōō as an identifying emblem.[13]
  • Korea: two bonghwang (Шаблон:Lang, Korean pronunciation of 鳳凰) are used in the symbol of the Korean President. Historically the bonghwang was used for queens and empresses.Шаблон:Citation needed

Other uses include:


See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Wikisourcelang

Шаблон:Chinese mythology

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Zh
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 3,9 Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Wang, Li (王力) (1982). 《同源字典》 (Dictionary of Word Families). Beijing: Commercial Press. p. 318. Cited in Schuessler, Axel (2007). ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 239
  8. ↑ Schuessler, Axel (2007). ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 239
  9. ↑ Miyake, Marc (5-6 November 2015) "Old Chinese type A/type B in areal perspective: Recent Advances in Old Chinese Phonology beyond Boundaries", a talk given at Recent Advances in Old Chinese Historical Phonology held at SOAS, University of London; under the auspices of the European Research Council Grant Beyond Boundaries: Religion, Region, Language and the State. Slide 43 of 49
  10. ↑ Shan Hai Jing - chapter 1. "Nanshang Jing" - Nan Ci San Jing: Шаблон:Zh
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Sources:
    • Шаблон:Cite web It's rumored to only land in areas where there is something precious underneath. Such as so, in one story, a man who saw a Fenghuang land on a patch of ground later returned to dig in that area and salt was discovered.
    • Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Definitions of Chinese Phoenix and Chinese Vermillion Bird
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Examples (retrieved 3 July 2013): Cosgrove, Maynard Giles (1974). The Enamels of China and Japan: Champlevé and Cloisonné. Hale. p. 75. Шаблон:ISBN. Catherine Pagani (2001). Eastern Magnificence and European Ingenuity: Clocks of Late Imperial China. University of Michigan Press. p. 131. Шаблон:ISBN. Van Goidsenhoven, J. P. (1936). La Céramique chinoise sous les Tsing: 1644–1851. R. Simonson. p. 215.
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Fenghuang&oldid=14682481