Английская Википедия:Ferdinand I of Portugal

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Ferdinand I (Шаблон:Lang-pt; 31 October 1345 – 22 October 1383), sometimes called the Handsome (Шаблон:Lang) or occasionally the Inconstant (Шаблон:Lang), was the King of Portugal from 1367 until his death in 1383. He was also briefly made King of Galicia, in 1369 (a claim which he would maintain until 1373). Facing a lack of legitimate male heirs, his death led to the 1383–85 crisis, also known as the Portuguese interregnum.

Life

Ferdinand was born in Coimbra, the second but eldest surviving son of Peter I and his wife, Constanza Manuel.Шаблон:Sfn On the death of Peter of Castile in 1369, Ferdinand, as great-grandson of Sancho IV by his grandmother Beatrice, laid claim to the vacant Castilian throne. The kings of Aragon and Navarre, and later John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who had married Peter of Castile's eldest daughter, Constance, also claimed the throne.

The throne was held by his second cousin Henry of Trastámara (Henry II of Castile), Peter of Castile's illegitimate brother, who had defeated him in the Castilian Civil War in 1366 and assumed the crown.Шаблон:Sfn After one or two indecisive campaigns, all parties were ready to accept the mediation of Pope Gregory XI. The conditions of the treaty, ratified in 1371, included a marriage between Ferdinand and Leonora of Castile.Шаблон:Sfn But before the union could take place Ferdinand had become passionately attached to Leonor Telles de Meneses, the wife of one of his own courtiers. Having procured a dissolution of her previous marriage, he lost no time in making Leonor his queen.

Файл:Chapelle Ardente of the King of Portugal, with hatchments - Chronique d' Angleterre (Volume III) (late 15th C), f.217v - BL Royal MS 14 E IV.png

The Funeral of D. Fernando from the Chronique d' Angleterre; Jean de Wavrin, late 14th century.

This conduct, although it raised a serious insurrection in Portugal, did not at once result in a war with Henry. However, the outward concord was soon disturbed by intrigues with John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, brother of Edward the Black Prince, who entered into a secret treaty with Ferdinand for the expulsion of Henry from his throne. The war which followed was unsuccessful; and peace was again made in 1373,Шаблон:Sfn with a treaty which enforced the exile of Ferndinand's last galician supporters.

On the death of Henry in 1379, the Duke of Lancaster once more put forward his claims, and again found an ally in Portugal.Шаблон:Sfn In 1381, conflict erupted on the Portuguese-Castilian frontier but the English army, led by Edmund Langley, was ineffectively equipped and financed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn So Ferdinand made a peace for himself at Badajoz in 1382. In 1383, the Treaty of Salvaterra stipulated that Beatrice, Ferdinand's daughter and heiress, would marry King John I of Castile,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and thus secure the ultimate union of the two crowns.

Ferdinand left no male heir when he died, probably from poisoning, at Lisbon on 22 October 1383,Шаблон:Sfn and the direct Burgundian line, which had been in possession of the throne since the days of Count Henry (about 1112), became extinct. The stipulations of the Treaty of Salvaterra were set aside, and John, Grand Master of the order of Aviz, Ferdinand's illegitimate brother, claimed the throne. This led to a period of war and political indefinition known as the 1383-1385 Crisis. John became the first king of the House of Aviz in 1385.

Ferdinand's spectacular ornate tomb can be found on display at the Carmo Archaeological Museum in Lisbon. His body was destroyed during the Invasions of Portugal, when he was still buried in Santarém, and was never recovered.

Marriage and descendants

Fernando married Leonor Teles de Meneses, formerly the wife of the nobleman João Lourenço da Cunha, Lord of Pombeiro, and daughter of Martim Afonso Telo de Meneses.

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
By Leonor Teles (c. 1350 - c. 1405; married in 1372)
Infanta Beatriz	1373	1420	Heiress of her father. Married King John I of Castile, legitimate son of Henry II of Castile.
A son	1382	1382	lived four days.
A daughter	1383	1383	lived a few days.
Illegitimate offspring
Isabel of Portugal	1364	1395	Countess of Gijón and Noreña through marriage to Alfonso Enríquez, illegitimate son of Henry II of Castile.

Bibliography

• García Oro, José (1987): Galicia en los siglos XIV y XV. Fundación "Pedro Barrie de la Maza, Conde de Fenosa", A Coruña. Шаблон:ISBN. Шаблон:In lang
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Varela Fernandes, Carla (2009): The Image of a King. Analysis of the tomb of King D. Fernando I. Carmo Archaeological Museum/Portuguese Archaeologists Association, Lisbon. (English ed.)