Английская Википедия:Filioque

The Holy Spirit coming from both the Father and the Son, detail of the Boulbon Altarpiece, Шаблон:C.. Originally from the high altar of the Chapelle Saint-Marcellin, Boulbon, France, now in the Louvre, Paris.

Шаблон:Catholicism–Eastern Orthodoxy sidebar

Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell; Шаблон:IPA), a Latin term meaning "and from the Son," was added to the original Nicene Creed, and has been the subject of great controversy between Eastern and Western Christianity. The term refers to the Son, Jesus Christ, with the Father, as the one shared origin of the Holy Spirit. It is not in the original text of the Creed, attributed to the First Council of Constantinople (381), which says that the Holy Spirit proceeds "from the Father" ("τὸ έκ του Πατρὸς έκπορευόμενον") without the addition "and the Son".Шаблон:Sfn

In the late 6th century, some Latin Churches added the words "and from the Son" (Шаблон:Lang) to the description of the procession of the Holy Spirit, in what many Eastern Orthodox Christians have at a later stage argued is a violation of Canon VII^[1]Шаблон:Full citation needed of the Council of Ephesus, since the words were not included in the text by either the First Council of Nicaea or that of Constantinople.^[2]Шаблон:Full citation needed The inclusion was incorporated into the liturgical practice of Rome in 1014, but was rejected by Eastern Christianity.

Whether that term Шаблон:Lang is included, as well as how it is translated and understood, can have important implications for how one understands the doctrine of the Trinity, which is central to the majority of Christian churches. For some, the term implies a serious underestimation of God the Father's role in the Trinity; for others, its denial implies a serious underestimation of the role of God the Son in the Trinity.

The term has been an ongoing source of difference between Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity, formally divided since the East–West Schism of 1054.Шаблон:Sfnm There have been attempts at resolving the conflict. Among the early attempts at harmonization are the works of Maximus the Confessor, who notably was canonized independently by both Eastern and Western churches. Differences over this and other doctrines, and mainly the question of the disputed papal primacy, have been and remain the primary causes of the schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Western churches.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Nicene Creed

The Nicene Creed as amended by the Second Ecumenical Council held in Constantinople in 381 includes the section:

Greek original	Latin translation	English translation
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord, the giver of life,
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	who proceeds from the Father,
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	who with the Father and the Son is adored and glorified,

The controversy arises from the insertion of the word Шаблон:Lang ("and the Son") in the line:

Greek original	Latin translation	English translation
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	who proceeds from the Father Шаблон:Em,

Controversy

The controversy referring to the term Шаблон:Lang involves four separate disagreements:

Controversy about the term itself
Controversy about the orthodoxy of the doctrine of the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son, to which the term refers
Controversy about the legitimacy of inserting the term into the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed
Controversy about the authority of the Pope to define the orthodoxy of the doctrine or to insert the term into the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed.

Although the disagreement about the doctrine preceded the disagreement about the insertion into the Creed, the two disagreements became linked to the third when the pope approved insertion of the term into the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, in the 11th century. Anthony Siecienski writes that "Ultimately what was at stake was not only God's trinitarian nature, but also the nature of the Church, its teaching authority and the distribution of power among its leaders."Шаблон:Sfn

Hubert Cunliffe-Jones identifies two opposing Eastern Orthodox opinions about the Filioque, a "liberal" view and a "rigorist" view. The "liberal" view sees the controversy as being largely a matter of mutual miscommunication and misunderstanding. In this view, both East and West are at fault for failing to allow for a "plurality of theologies". Each side went astray in considering its theological framework as the only one that was doctrinally valid and applicable. Thus, neither side would accept that the dispute was not so much about conflicting dogmas as it was about different theologoumena or theological perspectives. While all Christians must be in agreement on questions of dogma, there is room for diversity in theological approaches.Шаблон:Sfn

This view is vehemently opposed by those in Eastern Orthodox Church whom Cunliffe-Jones identifies as holding a "rigorist" view. According to the standard Eastern Orthodox position, as pronounced by Photius, Mark of Ephesus and 20th century Eastern Orthodox theologians such as Vladimir Lossky, the Filioque question hinges on fundamental issues of dogma and cannot be dismissed as simply one of different theologoumena. Many in the "rigorist" camp consider the Filioque to have resulted in the role of the Holy Spirit being underestimated by the Western Church and thus leading to serious doctrinal error.Шаблон:Sfn

In a similar vein, Siecienski comments that, although it was common in the 20th century to view the Filioque as just another weapon in the power struggle between Rome and Constantinople and although this was occasionally the case, for many involved in the dispute, the theological issues outweighed by far the ecclesiological concerns. According to Siecienski, the deeper question was perhaps whether Eastern and Western Christianity had wound up developing "differing and ultimately incompatible teachings about the nature of God". Moreover, Siecienski asserts that the question of whether the teachings of East and West were truly incompatible became almost secondary to the fact that, starting around the 8th or 9th century, Christians on both sides of the dispute began to believe that the differences were irreconcilable.Шаблон:Sfn

From the view of the West, the Eastern rejection of the Filioque denied the consubstantiality of the Father and the Son and was thus a form of crypto-Arianism. In the East, the interpolation of the Filioque seemed to many to be an indication that the West was teaching a "substantially different faith". Siecienski asserts that, as much as power and authority were central issues in the debate, the strength of emotion rising even to the level of hatred can be ascribed to a belief that the other side had "destroyed the purity of the faith and refused to accept the clear teachings of the fathers on the Spirit's procession".Шаблон:Sfn

History

Шаблон:Main

New Testament

It is argued that in the relations between the persons of the Trinity, one person cannot "take" or "receive" (Шаблон:Lang) anything from either of the others except by way of procession.Шаблон:Sfn Biblical texts such as John 20:22,^[3] were seen by Fathers of the Church, especially Athanasius of Alexandria, Cyril of Alexandria and Epiphanius of Salamis as grounds for saying that the Spirit "proceeds substantially from both" the Father and the Son.^[4] Other texts that have been used include Galatians 4:6,^[5] Romans 8:9,^[6] Philippians 1:19,^[7] where the Holy Spirit is called "the Spirit of the Son", "the Spirit of Christ", "the Spirit of Jesus Christ", and texts in the Gospel of John on the sending of the Holy Spirit by Jesus,^[8] and John 16:7.^[9]Шаблон:Sfn Revelation 22:1^[10] states that the river of the Water of Life in Heaven is "flowing from the throne of God and of the Lamb", which may be interpreted as the Holy Spirit proceeding from both the Father and the Son. Tension can be seen in comparing these two passages:

John 14:26 NASB – [26] "But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name, He will teach you all things, and bring to your remembrance all that I said to you."
John 15:26 NASB – [26] "When the Helper comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, [that is] the Spirit of truth who proceeds from the Father, He will testify about Me"

Siecienski asserts that "the New Testament does not explicitly address the procession of the Holy Spirit as later theology would understand the doctrine", although there are "certain principles established in the New Testament that shaped later Trinitarian theology, and particular texts that both Latins and Greeks exploited to support their respective positions vis-à-vis the Шаблон:Lang".Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen says that Eastern Orthodox believe that the absence of an explicit mention of the double procession of the Holy Spirit is a strong indication that the Шаблон:Lang is a theologically erroneous doctrine.Шаблон:Sfn

Church Fathers

Cappadocian Fathers

Шаблон:See also Basil of Caesarea wrote: "Through the one Son [the Holy Spirit] is joined to the Father".^[11] He also said that the "natural goodness, inherent holiness, and royal dignity reaches from the Father through the only-begotten (Шаблон:Lang) to the Spirit".^[12] However, Siecienski comments that "there are passages in Basil that are certainly capable of being read as advocating something like the Шаблон:Lang, but to do so would be to misunderstand the inherently soteriological thrust of his work".Шаблон:Sfn

Gregory of Nazianzus distinguished the coming forth (Шаблон:Lang) of the Spirit from the Father from that of the Son from the Father by saying that the latter is by generation, but that of the Spirit by procession (Шаблон:Lang),^[13] a matter on which there is no dispute between East and West, as shown also by the Latin Father Augustine of Hippo, who wrote that although biblical exegetes had not adequately discussed the individuality of the Holy Spirit:

Шаблон:Blockquote

Gregory of Nyssa stated: Шаблон:Blockquote

Alexandrian Fathers

Cyril of Alexandria provides "a host of quotations that seemingly speak of the Spirit's 'procession' from both the Father and the Son". In these passages he uses the Greek verbs Шаблон:Lang (like the Latin Шаблон:Lang) and Шаблон:Lang (flow from), not the verb Шаблон:Lang, the verb that appears in the Greek text of the Nicene Creed.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Blockquote

Epiphanius of Salamis is stated by Bulgakov to present in his writings "a whole series of expressions to the effect that the Holy Spirit is from the Father and the Son, out of the Father and the Son, from the Father and out of the Son, from Both, from one and the same essence as the Father and the Son, and so on". Bulgakov concludes: "The patristic teaching of the fourth century lacks that exclusivity which came to characterize Orthodox theology after Photius under the influence of repulsion from the Filioque doctrine. Although we do not here find the pure Шаблон:Lang that Catholic theologians find, we also do not find that opposition to the Шаблон:Lang that became something of an Orthodox or, rather, anti-Catholic dogma."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn

Regarding the Greek Fathers, whether Cappadocian or Alexandrian, there is, according to Siecienski, no citable basis for the claim historically made by both sides, that they explicitly either supported or denied the later theologies concerning the procession of the Spirit from the Son. However, they did enunciate important principles later invoked in support of one theology or the other. These included the insistence on the unique hypostatic properties of each Divine Person, in particular the Father's property of being, within the Trinity, the one cause, while they also recognized that the Persons, though distinct, cannot be separated, and that not only the sending of the Spirit to creatures but also the Spirit's eternal flowing forth (Шаблон:Lang) from the Father within the Trinity is "through the Son" (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn

Latin Fathers

Siecienski remarked that, "while the Greek fathers were still striving to find language capable of expressing the mysterious nature of the Son's relationship to the Spirit, Latin theologians, even during Cyril's lifetime, had already found their answer – the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son (Шаблон:Lang). The degree to which this teaching was compatible with, or contradictory to, the emerging Greek tradition remains, sixteen centuries later, subject to debate."Шаблон:Sfn

Before the creed of 381 became known in the West and even before it was adopted by the First Council of Constantinople, Christian writers in the West, of whom Tertullian (Шаблон:C.), Jerome (347–420), Ambrose (Шаблон:C.) and Augustine (354–430) are representatives, spoke of the Spirit as coming from the Father and the Son,Шаблон:Sfn while the expression "from the Father through the Son" is also found among them.Шаблон:Refn Шаблон:Refn Шаблон:Sfn

In the early 3rd century Roman province of Africa, Tertullian emphasises that Father, Son, and Holy Spirit all share a single divine substance, quality and power,Шаблон:Refn which he conceives of as flowing forth from the Father and being transmitted by the Son to the Spirit.Шаблон:Refn Using the metaphor the root, the shoot, and the fruit; the spring, the river, and the stream; and the sun, the ray, and point of light for the unity with distinction in the Trinity, he adds, "The Spirit, then, is third from God and the Son, ..."

In his arguments against Arianism, Marius Victorinus (Шаблон:C.) strongly connected the Son and the Spirit.Шаблон:Refn

In the mid-4th century, Hilary of Poitiers wrote of the Spirit "coming forth from the Father" and being "sent by the Son";Шаблон:Refn as being "from the Father through the Son";Шаблон:Refn and as "having the Father and the Son as his source";Шаблон:Refn in another passage, Hilary points to John 16:15^[14] (where Jesus says: "All things that the Father has are mine; therefore I said that [the Spirit] shall take from what is mine and declare it to you"), and wonders aloud whether "to receive from the Son is the same thing as to proceed from the Father".Шаблон:Refn

In the late 4th century, Ambrose of Milan asserted that the Spirit "proceeds from (Шаблон:Lang) the Father and the Son", without ever being separated from either.Шаблон:Refn Ambrose adds, "[W]ith You, Almighty God, Your Son is the Fount of Life, that is, the Fount of the Holy Spirit. For the Spirit is life ..."Шаблон:Refn

"None of these writers, however, makes the Spirit's mode of origin the object of special reflection; all are concerned, rather, to emphasize the equality of status of all three divine persons as God, and all acknowledge that the Father alone is the source of God's eternal being."Шаблон:Sfn

Pope Gregory I, in Gospel Homily 26, notes that the Son is "sent" by the Father both in the sense of an eternal generation and a temporal Incarnation. Thus, the Spirit is said to be "sent" by the Son from the Father both as to an eternal procession and a temporal mission. "The sending of the Spirit is that procession by which It proceeds from the Father and the Son."^[15] In his Moralia in Iob, initially composed while he was Шаблон:Lang at the imperial court of Constantinople and later edited while Pope of Rome, Gregory wrote, "But the Mediator of God and men, the Man Christ Jesus, in all things has Him (the Holy Spirit) both always and continually present. For the same Spirit even in substance is brought forth from Him (Шаблон:Lang.) And thus, though He (the Spirit) abides in the holy Preachers, He is justly said to abide in the Mediator in a special manner, for that in them He abides of grace for a particular object, but in Him He abides substantially for all ends."^[16] Later in the Moralia (xxx.iv.17), St. Gregory writes of the procession of the Holy Spirit from Father and Son while defending their co-equality. Thus, he wrote, "[The Son] shews both how He springs from the Father not unequal to Himself, and how the Spirit of Both proceeds coeternal with Both. For we shall then openly behold, how That Which Is by an origin, is not subsequent to Him from Whom It springs; how He Who is produced by procession, is not preceded by Those from Whom He proceeded. We shall then behold openly how both The One [God] is divisibly Three [Persons] and the Three [Persons] indivisibly One [God]."^[17]

Later in his Dialogues, Gregory I took the Шаблон:Lang doctrine for granted when he quoted John 16:17,^[18] and asked: if "it is certain that the Paraclete Spirit always proceeds from the Father and the Son, why does the Son say that He is about to leave so that [the Spirit] who never leaves the Son might come?"Шаблон:Refn The text proposes an eternal procession from both Father and the Son by the use of the word "always" (Шаблон:Lang). Gregory I's use of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang is also significant for the divine procession because although the Spirit always proceeds (Шаблон:Lang) from the Father and the Son, the Spirit never leaves (Шаблон:Lang) the Son by this eternal procession.Шаблон:Refn Шаблон:Discuss

Modern Roman Catholic theologians

Yves Congar commented, "The walls of separation do not reach as high as heaven."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Explain And Aidan Nichols remarked that "the Шаблон:Lang controversy is, in fact, a casualty of the theological pluralism of the patristic Church", on the one hand the Latin and Alexandrian tradition, on the other the Cappadocian and later Byzantine tradition.Шаблон:Sfn

Nicene and Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creeds

Файл:Council of Constantinople 381 BnF MS Gr510 fol355.jpg

First Council of Constantinople with halo-adorned Emperor Theodosius I (miniature in Homilies of Gregory Nazianzus (879–882), Bibliothèque nationale de France)

Шаблон:Main

The original Nicene Creed – composed in Greek and adopted by the first ecumenical council, Nicaea I (325) – ended with the words "and in the Holy Spirit" without defining the procession of the Holy Spirit. The procession of the Holy Spirit was defined in what is also called the Nicene Creed, or more accurately the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, which was also composed in Greek.

Traditionally, the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed is attributed to the First Council of Constantinople of 381, whose participants, primarily Eastern bishops,Шаблон:Sfn met, decided issues (legates of Pope Damasus I Шаблон:Sfn were present).^[19]Шаблон:Self-published source Шаблон:Better source needed Шаблон:Contradictory inline

The Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed is not documented earlier than the Council of Chalcedon (451),Шаблон:Sfn which referred to it as "the creed [...] of the 150 saintly fathers assembled in Constantinople" in its acts.Шаблон:Sfn It was cited at Chalcedon I on instructions from the representative of the Emperor who chaired the meeting and who may have wished to present it as "a precedent for drawing up new creeds and definitions to supplement the Creed of Nicaea, as a way of getting round the ban on new creeds in" Ephesus I canon 7.Шаблон:Sfn The Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed was recognized and received by Leo I at Chalcedon I.^[20]Шаблон:Sfn Scholars do not agree on the connection between Constantinople I and the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, which was not simply an expansion of the Creed of Nicaea, and was probably based on another traditional creed independent of the one from Nicaea.^[21]

The Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed is roughly equivalent to the Nicene Creed plus two additional articles: one on the Holy Spirit and another about the Church, baptism, and resurrection of the dead. For the full text of both creeds, see Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381.

The Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed article professes:

Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray
Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray
Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray
Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray
Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray
Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray
Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray	Шаблон:Gray

It speaks of the Holy Spirit "proceeding from the Father" – a phrase based on John 15:26.^[22]

The Greek word Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) refers to the ultimate source from which the proceeding occurs, but the Latin verb Шаблон:Lang (and the corresponding terms used to translate it into other languages) can apply also to proceeding through a mediate channel.Шаблон:Sfn Frederick Bauerschmidt notes that what Medieval theologians disregarded as minor objections about ambiguous terms, was in fact an "insufficient understanding of the semantic difference" between the Greek and Latin terms in both the East and the West.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn The West used the more generic Latin term Шаблон:Lang (to move forward; to come forth) which is more synonymous with the Greek term Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) than the more specific Greek term Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration, "to issue forth as from an origin").Шаблон:Sfn The West traditionally used one term and the East traditionally used two terms to convey arguably equivalent and complementary meaning, that is, Шаблон:Transliteration from the Father and Шаблон:Transliteration from the Son.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Moreover, the more generic Latin term, Шаблон:Lang, does not have "the added implication of the starting-point of that movement; thus it is used to translate a number of other Greek theological terms."Шаблон:Sfn It is used as the Latin equivalent, in the Vulgate, of not only Шаблон:Lang, but also Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang (four times) and is used of Jesus' originating from God in John 8:42,^[23] although at that time Greek Шаблон:Lang was already beginning to designate the Holy Spirit's manner of originating from the Father as opposed to that of the Son (Шаблон:Lang — being born).Шаблон:Sfn

Third Ecumenical Council

Шаблон:Further The third Ecumenical council, Ephesus I (431), quoted the creed in its 325 form, not in that of 381,Шаблон:Sfn decreed in Ephesus I canon 7 that:Шаблон:Blockquote

Ephesus I canon 7 was cited at the Second Council of Ephesus (449) and at the Council of Chalcedon (451), and was echoed in the Chalcedon definition.Шаблон:Sfn This account in the 2005 publication concerning the citing by Eutyches of Ephesus I canon 7 in his defence was confirmed by Stephen H. Webb in his 2011 book Jesus Christ, Eternal God.^[24]Шаблон:Relevance inline

Ephesus I canon 7, against additions to the Creed of Nicaea, is used as a polemic against the addition of Шаблон:Lang to the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed,Шаблон:Sfn^[25]Шаблон:Self-published source In any case, while Ephesus I canon 7 forbade setting up a different creed as a rival to that of Nicaea I, it was the creed attributed to Constantinople I that was adopted liturgically in the East and later a Latin variant was adopted in the West. The form of this creed that the West adopted had two additions: "God from God" (Шаблон:Lang) and "and the Son" (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn Strictly speaking, Ephesus I canon 7 applies "only to the formula to be used in the reception of converts."Шаблон:Sfn

Philippe Labbe remarked that Ephesus I canons 7 and 8 are omitted in some collections of canons and that the collection of Dionysius Exiguus omitted all the Ephesus I canons, apparently considered that they did not concern the Church as a whole.Шаблон:Sfn

Fourth Ecumenical Council

Шаблон:Further At the fourth ecumenical council, Chalcedon I (451), both the Nicene Creed of 325 and the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, were read, the former at the request of a bishop, the latter, against the protests of the bishops, on the initiative of the emperor's representative, "doubtless motivated by the need to find a precedent for drawing up new creeds and definitions to supplement the Creed of Nicaea, as a way of getting round the ban on new creeds in" Ephesus I canon 7.Шаблон:Sfn The acts of Chalcedon I defined that:Шаблон:Blockquote

Possible earliest use in the Creed

Some scholars claim that the earliest example of the Шаблон:Lang clause in the East is contained in the West Syriac recension of the profession of faith of the Church of the East formulated at the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in Persia in 410.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn This council was held some twenty years before the Nestorian Schism that caused the later split between the Church of the East and the Church in the Roman Empire.^[26] Since wording of that recension ("who is from the Father and the Son") does not contain any mention of the term "procession" or any of the other particular terms that would describe relations between Father, Son and the Holy Spirit, the previously mentioned claim for the "earliest use" of Шаблон:Lang clause is not universally accepted by scholarsШаблон:Who. Furthermore, another recension that is preserved in the East Syriac sources of the Church of the East contains only the phrase "and in the Holy Spirit".Шаблон:Sfn

Various professions of faith confessed the doctrine during the patristic age. The Шаблон:Lang (380 or 5th century), a profession of faith attributed to Pseudo-Damasus or Jerome, includes a formula of the doctrine.Шаблон:Sfnm^[27] The Шаблон:Lang (400), a profession of faith legislated by the Toledo I synod, includes a formula of the doctrine.Шаблон:Sfn The Athanasian Creed (5th century), a profession of faith attributed to Pseudo-Athanasius, includes a formula of the doctrine.Шаблон:Sfnm

The generally accepted first found insertion of the term Шаблон:Lang into the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, in Western Christianity, is in acts of the Third Council of Toledo (Toledo III) (589),Шаблон:Sfnm nearly two centuries later, but it may be a later interpolation.Шаблон:Sfnm Шаблон:Efn

Procession of the Holy Spirit

As early as the 4th century, a distinction was made, in connection with the Trinity, between the two Greek verbs Шаблон:Lang (the verb used in the original Greek text of the 381 Nicene Creed) and Шаблон:Lang. Gregory of Nazianzus wrote: "The Holy Ghost is truly Spirit, coming forth (Шаблон:Lang) from the Father indeed, but not after the manner of the Son, for it is not by Generation but by Procession (Шаблон:Lang)".Шаблон:Refn

That the Holy Spirit "proceeds" from the Father and the Son in the sense of the Latin word Шаблон:Lang and the Greek Шаблон:Lang (as opposed to the Greek Шаблон:Lang) was taught by the early 5th century by Cyril of Alexandria in the East.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn The Athanasian Creed, probably composed as early as the mid 5th-century,^[28] and a dogmatic epistle of Pope Leo I,Шаблон:Refn^[20]Шаблон:Efn who declared in 446 that the Holy Spirit proceeds from both Father and Son.^[20]

Although the Eastern Fathers were aware that the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son was taught in the West, they did not generally regard it as heretical.Шаблон:Sfn According to Sergei Bulgakov "a whole series of Western writers, including popes who are venerated as saints by the Eastern church, confess the procession of the Holy Spirit also from the Son; and it is even more striking that there is virtually no disagreement with this theory."Шаблон:Sfn In 447, Leo I taught it in a letter to a Spanish bishop and an anti-Priscillianist council held the same year proclaimed it.Шаблон:Refn The argument was taken a crucial step further in 867 by the affirmation in the East that the Holy Spirit proceeds not merely "from the Father" but "from the Father Шаблон:Em".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

The Шаблон:Lang was inserted into the Creed as an anti-Arian addition,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn by the Third Council of Toledo (589), at which King Reccared I and some Arians in his Visigothic Kingdom converted to orthodox, Catholic Christianity.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn The Toledo XI synod (675) included the doctrine but not the term in its profession of faith.Шаблон:Sfn

Other Toledo synods "to affirm Trinitarian consubstantiality" between 589 and 693.Шаблон:Sfnm

The Шаблон:Lang clause was confirmed by subsequent synods in Toledo and soon spread throughout the West, not only in Spain, but also in Francia, after Clovis I, king of the Salian Franks, converted to Christianity in 496; and in England, where the Council of Hatfield (680), presided over by Archbishop of Canterbury Theodore of Tarsus, a Greek,Шаблон:Sfn imposed the doctrine as a response to Monothelitism.Шаблон:Sfn

However, while the doctrine was taught in Rome, the term was not professed liturgically in the Creed until 1014.Шаблон:Sfn

In the Vulgate the Latin verb Шаблон:Lang, which appears in the Шаблон:Lang passage of the Creed in Latin, is used to translate several Greek verbs. While one of those verbs, Шаблон:Lang, the one in the corresponding phrase in the Creed in Greek, "was beginning to take on a particular meaning in Greek theology designating the Spirit's unique mode of coming-to-be [...] Шаблон:Lang had no such connotations".Шаблон:Sfn

Although Hilary of Poitiers is often cited as one of "the chief patristic source(s) for the Latin teaching on the Шаблон:Lang", Siecienski says that "there is also reason for questioning Hilary's support for the Шаблон:Lang as later theology would understand it, especially given the ambiguous nature of (Hilary's) language as it concerns the procession."Шаблон:Sfn

However, a number of Latin Church Fathers of the 4th and 5th centuries explicitly speak of the Holy Spirit as proceeding "from the Father and the Son", the phrase in the present Latin version of the Nicene Creed. Examples are what is called the creed of Pope Damasus I,Шаблон:Sfn Ambrose of Milan ("one of the earliest witnesses to the explicit affirmation of the Spirit's procession from the Father Шаблон:Em the Son"),Шаблон:Sfn Augustine of Hippo (whose writings on the Trinity "became the foundation of subsequent Latin trinitarian theology and later served as the foundation for the doctrine of the Шаблон:Lang").Шаблон:Sfn and Leo I, who qualified as "impious" those who say "there is not one who begat, another who is begotten, another who proceeded from both [[[:Шаблон:Lang]]]"; he also accepted the Council of Chalcedon, with its reaffirmation of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, in its original "from the Father" form,Шаблон:Sfn as much later did his successor Pope Leo III who professed his faith in the teaching expressed by the Шаблон:Lang, while opposing its inclusion in the Creed.Шаблон:Sfn

Thereafter, Eucherius of Lyon, Gennadius of Massilia, Boethius, Agnellus, Bishop of Ravenna, Cassiodorus, Gregory of Tours are witnesses that the idea that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Son was well established as part of the (Western) Church's faith, before Latin theologians began to concern themselves about Шаблон:Em the Spirit proceeds from the Son.Шаблон:Sfn

Pope Gregory I is usually counted as teaching the Spirit's procession from the Son, although Byzantine theologians, quoting from Greek translations of his work rather than the original, present him as a witness against it, and although he sometimes speaks of the Holy Spirit as proceeding from the Father without mentioning the Son. Siecienski says that, in view of the widespread acceptance by then that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son, it would be strange if Gregory did not advocate the teaching, "even if he did not understand the Шаблон:Lang as later Latin theology would – that is, in terms of a 'double procession'."Шаблон:Sfn

"From the Father through the Son"

Church Fathers also use the phrase "from the Father through the Son".Шаблон:Refn Шаблон:Refn Cyril of Alexandria, who undeniably several times states that the Holy Spirit issues from the Father Шаблон:Em the Son, also speaks of the Holy Spirit coming from the Father Шаблон:Em the Son, two different expressions that for him are complementary: the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father does not exclude the Son's mediation and the Son receives from the Father a participation in the Holy Spirit's coming.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn Cyril, in his ninth anathema against Nestorius, had stated that the Spirit was Christ's own Spirit, which led Theodoret of Cyrus to question whether Cyril was advocating the idea that "the Spirit has his subsistence from the Son or through the Son". For Theodoret this idea was both "blasphemous and impious [...] for we believe the Lord who has said: 'the Spirit of Truth who proceeds from the Father...' ". Cyril denied that he held this teaching, leading Theodoret to confirm the orthodoxy of Cyril's trinitarian theology, since the Church had always taught that "the Holy Spirit does not receive existence from or through the Son, but proceeds from the Father and is called the proprium of the Son because of his consubstantiality.Шаблон:Sfn The phrase "from the Son or through the Son" continued to be used by Cyril, albeit in light of the clarification.Шаблон:Sfn The Roman Catholic Church accepts both phrases, and considers that they do not affect the reality of the same faith and instead express the same truth in slightly different ways.^[29]Шаблон:Sfn The influence of Augustine of Hippo made the phrase "proceeds from the Father through the Son" popular throughout the West,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Page needed but, while used also in the East, "through the Son" was later, according to Philip Schaff, dropped or rejected by some as being nearly equivalent to "from the Son" or "and the Son".Шаблон:Sfn Others spoke of the Holy Spirit proceeding "from the Father", as in the text of the Nicaeno-Constantinopolitan Creed, which "did not state that the Spirit proceeds from the Father Шаблон:Em".Шаблон:Sfn

First Eastern opposition

Файл:Maximus Confessor.jpg

Maximus the Confessor

The first recorded objection by a representative of Eastern Christianity against the Western belief that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son occurred when Patriarch Paul II of Constantinople (Шаблон:Reign) made accusations against either Pope Theodore I (Шаблон:Reign) or Pope Martin I (Шаблон:Reign) for using the expression.Шаблон:Sfn Theodore I excommunicated Paul II in 647 for Monothelitism.Шаблон:Sfn In response to the attack by Paul, Maximus the Confessor, a Greek opponent of Monothelitism, declared that it was wrong to condemn the Roman use of "and the Son" because the Romans "have produced the unanimous evidence of the Latin Fathers, and also of Cyril of Alexandria [...] On the basis of these texts, they have shown that they have not made the Son the cause of the Spirit – they know in fact that the Father is the only cause of the Son and the Spirit, the one by begetting and the other by procession – but that they have manifested the procession through him and have thus shown the unity and identity of the essence." He also indicated that the differences between the Latin and Greek languages were an obstacle to mutual understanding, since "they cannot reproduce their idea in a language and in words that are foreign to them as they can in their mother-tongue, just as we too cannot do".Шаблон:Refn

Claims of authenticity

At the end of the 8th and the beginning of the 9th century, the Church of Rome was faced with an unusual challenge regarding the use of Filioque clause. Among the Church leaders in Frankish Kingdom of that time a notion was developing that Filioque clause was in fact an authentic part of the original Creed.Шаблон:Sfn Trying to deal with that problem and its potentially dangerous consequences, the Church of Rome found itself in the middle of a widening rift between its own Daughter-Church in Frankish Kingdom and Sister-Churches of the East. Popes of that time, Hadrian I and Leo III, had to face various challenges while trying to find solutions that would preserve the unity of the Church.Шаблон:Sfn

First signs of the problems were starting to show by the end of the reign of Frankish king Pepin the Short (751–768). Use of the Шаблон:Lang clause in the Frankish Kingdom led to controversy with envoys of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine V at the Synod of Gentilly (767).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn As the practice of chanting the interpolated Latin Шаблон:Lang at Mass spread in the West, the Шаблон:Lang became a part of Latin liturgy throughout the Frankish Kingdom. The practice of chanting the Creed was adopted in Charlemagne's court by the end of the 8th century and spread through all of his realms, including some northern parts of Italy, but not to Rome, where its use was not accepted until 1014.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Serious problems erupted in 787 after the Second Council of Nicaea when Charlemagne accused the Patriarch Tarasios of Constantinople of infidelity to the faith of the First Council of Nicaea, allegedly because he had not professed the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father "and the Son", but only "through the Son". Pope Adrian I rejected those accusations and tried to explain to the Frankish king that pneumatology of Tarasios was in accordance with the teachings of the holy Fathers.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn Surprisingly, efforts of the pope had no effect.

The true scale of the problem became evident during the following years. The Frankish view of the Шаблон:Lang was emphasized again in the Шаблон:Lang, composed around 791–793.Шаблон:Efn Openly arguing that the word Шаблон:Lang was part of the Creed of 381, the authors of Шаблон:Lang demonstrated not only the surprising lack of basic knowledge but also the lack of will to receive right advice and counsel from the Mother-Church in Rome. Frankish theologians reaffirmed the notion that the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son, and rejected as inadequate the teaching that the Spirit proceeds from the Father Шаблон:Em.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn That claim was both erroneous and dangerous for the preservation of the unity of the Church.

In those days, another theological problem appeared to be closely connected with the use of Шаблон:Lang in the West. In the late 8th century, a controversy arose between Bishop Elipandus of Toledo and Beatus of Liébana over the former's teaching (which has been called Spanish Adoptionism) that Christ in his humanity was the adoptive son of God. Elipandus was supported by Bishop Felix of Urgel. In 785, Pope Hadrian I condemned the teaching of Elipandus. In 791, Felix appealed to Charlemagne in defense of the Spanish Adoptionist teaching, sending him a tract outlining it. He was condemned at the Synod of Regensburg (792) and was sent to Pope Hadrian in Rome, where he made of profession of orthodox faith, but returned to Spain and there reaffirmed Adoptionism. Elipandus wrote to the bishops of the territories controlled by Charlemagne in defence of his teaching, which was condemned at the Council of Frankfurt (794) and at the Synod of Friuli (796). The controversy encouraged those who rejected Adoptionism to introduce into the liturgy the use of the Creed, with the Шаблон:Lang, to profess belief that Christ was the Son from eternity, not adopted as a son at his baptism.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

At the Synod of Friuli, Paulinus II of Aquileia stated that the insertion of Шаблон:Lang in the 381 Creed of the First Council of Constantinople was no more a violation of the prohibition of new creeds than were the insertions into the 325 Creed of the First Council of Nicaea that were done by the First Council of Constantinople itself. What was forbidden, he said, was adding or removing something "craftily [...] contrary to the sacred intentions of the fathers", not a council's addition that could be shown to be in line with the intentions of the Fathers and the faith of the ancient Church. Actions such as that of the First Council of Contantinople were sometimes called for in order to clarify the faith and do away with heresies that appear.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The views of Paulinus show that some advocates of Filioque clause were quite aware of the fact that it actually was not part of the Creed.Шаблон:Sfn

Political events that followed additionally complicated the issue. According to John Meyendorff,Шаблон:Sfn and John Romanides^[30] the Frankish efforts to get new Pope Leo III to approve the addition of Шаблон:Lang to the Creed were due to a desire of Charlemagne, who in 800 had been crowned in Rome as Emperor, to find grounds for accusations of heresy against the East. The Pope's refusal to approve the interpolation of the Шаблон:Lang into the Creed avoided arousing a conflict between East and West about this matter. During his reign (Шаблон:Reign), and for another two centuries, there was no Creed at all in the Roman rite Mass.

Reasons for the continuing refusal of the Frankish Church to adopt the positions of the Church of Rome on necessity of leaving Filioque outside of Creed remained unknown. Faced with another endorsement of the Filioque clause at the Frankish Council of Aachen (809) pope Leo III denied his approval and publicly posted the Creed in Rome without the Filioque, written in Greek and Latin on two silver plaques, in defense of the Orthodox Faith (810) stating his opposition to the addition of the Шаблон:Lang into the Creed.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Although Leo III did not disapprove the Шаблон:Lang doctrine, the Pope strongly believed the clause should not be included into the Creed.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn In spite of the efforts of the Church of Rome, the acceptance of the Filioque clause in the Creed of the Frankish Church proved to be irreversible.

In 808 or 809 apparent controversy arose in Jerusalem between the Greek monks of one monastery and the Frankish Benedictine monks of another: the Greeks reproached the latter for, among other things, singing the creed with the Шаблон:Lang included.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In response, the theology of the Шаблон:Lang was expressed in the 809 local Council of Aachen (809).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Photian controversy

Around 860 the controversy over the Шаблон:Lang broke out in the course of the disputes between Patriarch Photius of Constantinople and Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople. In 867 Photius was Patriarch of Constantinople and issued an Encyclical to the Eastern Patriarchs, and called a council in Constantinople in which he charged the Western Church with heresy and schism because of differences in practices, in particular for the Шаблон:Lang and the authority of the Papacy.Шаблон:Sfn This moved the issue from jurisdiction and custom to one of dogma. This council declared Pope Nicholas anathema, excommunicated and deposed.Шаблон:Sfn

Photius excluded not only "and the Son" but also "through the Son" with regard to the eternal procession of the Holy Spirit: for him "through the Son" applied only to the temporal mission of the Holy Spirit (the sending in time).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn He maintained that the eternal procession of the Holy Spirit is "from the Father Шаблон:Em".Шаблон:Refn Шаблон:Verify quote This phrase was verbally a novelty,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn however, Eastern Orthodox theologians generally hold that in substance the phrase is only a reaffirmation of traditional teaching.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Sergei Bulgakov, on the other hand, declared that Photius's doctrine itself "represents a sort of novelty for the Eastern church".Шаблон:Sfn Bulgakov writes: "The Cappadocians expressed only one idea: the monarchy of the Father and, consequently, the procession of the Holy Spirit precisely from the Father. They never imparted to this idea, however, the exclusiveness that it acquired in the epoch of the Filioque disputes after Photius, in the sense of Шаблон:Transliteration (from the Father alone)";Шаблон:Sfn Nichols summarized that, "Bulgakov finds it amazing that with all his erudition Photius did not see that the 'through the Spirit' of Damascene and others constituted a different theology from his own, just as it is almost incomprehensible to find him trying to range the Western Fathers and popes on his Monopatrist side."Шаблон:Sfn

Photius's importance endured in regard to relations between East and West. He is recognized as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church and his line of criticism has often been echoed later, making reconciliation between East and West difficult.

At least three councils – Council of Constantinople (867), Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic) (869), and Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox) (879) – were held in Constantinople over the actions of Emperor Michael III in deposing Ignatius and replacing him with Photius. The Council of Constantinople (867) was convened by Photius to address the question of Papal Supremacy over all of the churches and their patriarchs and the use of the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn^[31]Шаблон:Sfn

The council of 867 was followed by the Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic), in 869, which reversed the previous council and was promulgated by Rome. The Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox), in 879, restored Photius to his see. It was attended by Western legates Cardinal Peter of St Chrysogonus, Paul Bishop of Ancona and Eugene Bishop of Ostia who approved its canons, but it is unclear whether it was ever promulgated by Rome.Шаблон:Sfn

Adoption in the Roman Rite

Latin liturgical use of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed with the added term spread between the 8th and 11th centuries.^[20]

Only in 1014, at the request of King Henry II of Germany (who was in Rome for his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor and was surprised by the different custom in force there) did Pope Benedict VIII, who owed to Henry II his restoration to the papal throne after usurpation by Antipope Gregory VI, have the Creed with the addition of Шаблон:Lang, sung at Mass in Rome for the first time.Шаблон:Sfn In some other places Шаблон:Lang was incorporated in the Creed even later: in parts of southern Italy after the Council of Bari in 1098^[32] and at Paris seemingly not even by 1240,Шаблон:Sfn 34 years before the Second Council of Lyon defined that the Holy Spirit "proceeds eternally from the Father and from the Son, not as from two principles but from a single principle, not by two spirations but by a single spiration".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Since then the Шаблон:Lang phrase has been included in the Creed throughout the Latin Church except where Greek is used in the liturgy.Шаблон:Sfn^[33]

Its adoption among the Eastern Catholic Churches (formerly known as Uniate churches) has been discouraged.^[34]Шаблон:Dead link^[35]

East–West controversy

Шаблон:Main Eastern opposition to the Шаблон:Lang strengthened after the 11th century East–West Schism. According to the synodal edict, a Latin anathema, in the excommunication of 1054, against the Greeks included: "Шаблон:Lang"Шаблон:Sfn ("as pneumatomachi and theomachi, they have cut from the Creed the procession of the holy Spirit from the Son").Шаблон:Whose translation The Council of Constantinople, in a synodal edict, responded with anathemas against the Latins:"Шаблон:Sfn ("And besides all this, and quite unwilling to see that it is they claim that the Spirit proceeds from the Father, not [only], but also from the Son – as if they have no evidence of the evangelists of this, and if they do not have the dogma of the ecumenical council regarding this slander. For the Lord our God says, "even the Spirit of truth, which proceeds from the Father (John 15:26)". But parents say this new wickedness of the Spirit, who proceeds from the Father and the Son."Шаблон:Whose translation)

Two councils that were held to heal the break discussed the question.

The Second Council of Lyon (1274) accepted the profession of faith of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos: "We believe also Шаблон:Angle bracket the Holy Spirit, fully, perfectly and truly God, proceeding from the Father and the Son, fully equal, of the same substance, equally almighty and equally eternal with the Father and the Son in all things."Шаблон:Sfn and the Greek participants, including Patriarch Joseph I of Constantinople sang the Creed three times with the Шаблон:Lang clause. Most Byzantine Christians feeling disgust and recovering from the Latin Crusaders' conquest and betrayal, refused to accept the agreement made at Lyon with the Latins. Michael VIII was excommunicated by Pope Martin IV in November 1281,^[36] and later died, after which Patriarch Joseph I's successor, Patriarch John XI of Constantinople, who had become convinced that the teaching of the Greek Fathers was compatible with that of the Latins, was forced to resign, and was replaced by Patriarch Gregory II of Constantinople, who was strongly of the opposite opinion.Шаблон:Sfn

Lyons II did not require those Christians to change the recitation of the creed in their liturgy.

Lyons II stated "that the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father and the Son, not as from two principles, but one, not from two spirations but by only one," is "the unchangeable and true doctrine of the orthodox Fathers and Doctors, both Latin and Greek."Шаблон:Sfn So, it "condemnШаблон:Interp and disapproveШаблон:Interp those who Шаблон:Interp deny that the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from Father and Son or who Шаблон:Interp assert that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son as from two principles, not from one."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Palaio.jpg

John VIII Palaiologos by Benozzo Gozzoli

Another attempt at reunion was made at the 15th century Council of Florence, to which Emperor John VIII Palaiologos, Ecumenical Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople, and other bishops from the East had gone in the hope of getting Western military aid against the looming Ottoman Empire. Thirteen public sessions held in Ferrara from 8 October to 13 December 1438 the Шаблон:Lang question was debated without agreement. The Greeks held that any addition whatever, even if doctrinally correct, to the Creed had been forbidden by Ephesus I, while the Latins claimed that this prohibition concerned meaning, not words.Шаблон:Sfn

During the Council of Florence in 1439, accord continued to be elusive, until the argument prevailed among the Greeks themselves that, though the Greek and the Latin saints expressed their faith differently, they were in agreement substantially, since saints cannot err in faith; and by 8 June the Greeks accepted the Latin statement of doctrine. Joseph II died on 10 June. A statement on the Шаблон:Lang question was included in the Шаблон:Lang decree of union, which was signed on 5 July 1439 and promulgated the next day – Mark of Ephesus was the only bishop not to sign the agreement.Шаблон:Sfn

The Eastern Church refused to consider the agreement reached at Florence binding,Шаблон:Explain since the death of Joseph II had for the moment left it without a Patriarch of Constantinople. There was strong opposition to the agreement in the East, and when in 1453, 14 years after the agreement, the promised military aid from the West still had not arrived and Constantinople fell to the Turks, neither Eastern Christians nor their new rulers wished union between them and the West.

Councils of Jerusalem, AD 1583 and 1672

The Synod of Jerusalem (1583) condemned those who do not believe the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father alone in essence, and from Father and Son in time. In addition, this synod re-affirmed adherence to the decisions of Nicaea I. The Synod of Jerusalem (1672) similarly re-affirmed procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father alone.^[37]

Reformation

Although the Protestant Reformation challenged a number of church doctrines, they accepted the Шаблон:Lang without reservation. However, they did not have a polemical insistence on the Western view of the Trinity. In the second half of the 16th century, Lutheran scholars from the University of Tübingen initiated a dialogue with the Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople. The Tübingen Lutherans defended the Шаблон:Lang arguing that, without it, "the doctrine of the Trinity would lose its epistemological justification in the history of revelation." In the centuries that followed, the Шаблон:Lang was considered by Protestant theologians to be a key component of the doctrine of the Trinity, although it was never elevated to being a pillar of Protestant theology.^[38] Zizioulas characterize Protestants as finding themselves "in the same confusion as those fourth century theologians who were unable to distinguish between the two sorts of procession, 'proceeding from' and 'sent by'."^[39]

Present position of various churches

Catholic Church

The Catholic Church holds, as a truth dogmatically defined since as far back as Pope Leo I in 447, who followed a Latin and Alexandrian tradition, that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son.Шаблон:Refn It rejects the notion that the Holy Spirit proceeds jointly and equally from two principles (Father and Son) and teaches dogmatically that "the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father and the Son, not as from two principles but as from one single principle".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn It holds that the Father, as the "principle without principle", is the first origin of the Spirit, but also that he, as Father of the only Son, is with the Son the single principle from which the Spirit proceeds.^[29]

It also holds that the procession of the Holy Spirit can be expressed as "from the Father through the Son". The agreement that brought about the 1595 Union of Brest expressly declared that those entering full communion with Rome "should remain with that which was handed down to (them) in the Holy Scriptures, in the Gospel, and in the writings of the holy Greek Doctors, that is, that the Holy Spirit proceeds, not from two sources and not by a double procession, but from one origin, from the Father through the Son".^[29]^[34]

The Catholic Church recognizes that the Creed, as confessed at the First Council of Constantinople, did not add "and the Son", when it spoke of the Holy Spirit as proceeding from the Father, and that this addition was admitted to the Latin liturgy between the 8th and 11th centuries.^[20] When quoting the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, as in the 2000 document Dominus Iesus, it does not include Filioque.^[40] It views as complementary the Eastern-tradition expression "who proceeds from the Father" (profession of which it sees as affirming that the Spirit comes from the Father through the Son) and the Western-tradition expression "who proceeds from the Father and the Son", with the Eastern tradition expressing firstly the Father's character as first origin of the Spirit, and the Western tradition giving expression firstly to the consubstantial communion between Father and Son.^[29]

The monarchy of the Father is a doctrine upheld not only by those who, like Photius, speak of a procession from the Father alone. It is also asserted by theologians who speak of a procession from the Father through the Son or from the Father and the Son. Examples cited by Siecienski include Bessarion,Шаблон:Sfn Maximus the Confessor,Шаблон:Sfn Bonaventure,Шаблон:Sfn and the Council of Worms (868),Шаблон:Sfn The same remark is made by Jürgen Moltmann.Шаблон:Efn The Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (PCPCU) also stated that not only the Eastern tradition, but also the Latin Filioque tradition "recognize that the 'Monarchy of the Father' implies that the Father is the sole Trinitarian Cause (Шаблон:Lang) or Principle (Шаблон:Lang) of the Son and of the Holy Spirit".Шаблон:Sfn

The Catholic Church recognizes that, in the Greek language, the term used in the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed (Шаблон:Lang, "proceeding") to signify the proceeding of the Holy Spirit cannot appropriately be used with regard to the Son, but only with regard to the Father, a difficulty that does not exist in other languages.Шаблон:Sfn For this reason, even in the liturgy of Latin Church Catholics, it does not add the phrase corresponding to Filioque (Шаблон:Lang) to the Greek language text of the Creed containing the word Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn Even in languages other than Greek, it encourages Eastern Catholic Churches to omit the Filioque from their recitation of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, even in Eastern Catholic liturgies that previously included it.^[41]

Anglicanism

The 1978 and 1988 Lambeth Conferences advised the Anglican Communion to omit printing the Filioque in the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed.Шаблон:Sfnm In 1993, a joint meeting of the Anglican Primates and Anglican Consultative Council, passed a resolution urging Anglican churches to comply with the request to print the liturgical Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed without the Filioque clause.Шаблон:Sfn The recommendation was not specifically renewed in the 1998 and 2008 Lambeth Conferences and has not been implemented.^[42]

In 1985 the General Convention of The Episcopal Church (USA) recommended that the Filioque clause should be removed from the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, if this were endorsed by the 1988 Lambeth Council.^[43] Accordingly, at its 1994 General Convention, the Episcopal Church reaffirmed its intention to remove the Filioque clause from the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed in the next revision of its Book of Common Prayer.^[44] The Episcopal Book of Common Prayer was last revised in 1979, and has not been revised since the resolution.

The Scottish Episcopal Church no longer prints the Filioque clause in its modern language liturgies.

Protestantism

Among 20th century Protestant theologians, Karl Barth was perhaps the staunchest defender of the Filioque doctrine. Barth was harshly critical of the ecumenical movement which advocated dropping the Filioque in order to facilitate reunification of the Christian churches. Barth's vigorous defense of the Filioque ran counter to the stance of many Protestant theologians of the latter half of the 20th century who favored abandoning the use of the Filioque in the liturgy.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

The Moravian Church has never used the Filioque.

Eastern Orthodoxy

Шаблон:Main There has never been a specific conciliar statement in the Orthodox Church which defined the filioque as heresy.^[45]

The Eastern Orthodox interpretation is that the Holy Spirit originates, has his cause for existence or being (manner of existence) from the Father alone as "One God, One Father",Шаблон:Sfn Lossky insisted that any notion of a double procession of the Holy Spirit from both the Father and the Son was incompatible with Eastern Orthodox theology. For Lossky, this incompatibility was so fundamental that "whether we like it or not, the question of the procession of the Holy Spirit has been the sole dogmatic grounds of the separation of East and West".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Eastern Orthodox scholars who share Lossky's view include Dumitru Stăniloae, John Romanides, Christos Yannaras,^[46]Шаблон:Failed verification and Michael Pomazansky. Sergei Bulgakov, however, was of the opinion that the Filioque did not represent an insurmountable obstacle to reunion of the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches.Шаблон:Sfn

Views of Eastern Orthodox saints

Although Maximus the Confessor declared that it was wrong to condemn the Latins for speaking of the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son, the addition of the Filioque to the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed was condemned as heretical by other saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church, including Photius the Great, Gregory Palamas and Mark of Ephesus, sometimes referred to as the Three Pillars of Orthodoxy. However, the statement "The Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son" can be understood in an orthodox sense if it is clear from the context that "procession from the Son" refers to the sending forth of the Spirit in time, not to an eternal, double procession within the Trinity itself which gives the Holy Spirit existence or being. Hence, in Eastern Orthodox thought, Maximus the Confessor justified the Western use of the Filioque in a context other than that of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn and "defended Шаблон:Interp as a legitimate variation of the Eastern formula that the Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son".Шаблон:Sfn Saint Theophylact of Ohrid likewise maintained that the difference was linguistic in nature and not really theological, urging a spirit of conciliation on both sides over a matter of customs.^[47]^[48]^[49]

Шаблон:Blockquote

According to Metropolitan Hierotheos (Vlachos) of Nafpaktos, an Eastern Orthodox tradition is that Gregory of Nyssa composed the section of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed referring to the Holy Spirit adopted by the Second Ecumenical Council at Constantinople in 381.Шаблон:Efn Siecienski doubts that Gregory of Nyssa would have endorsed the addition of the Filioque, as later understood in the West, into the Creed, notwithstanding that Gregory of Nyssa reasoned "there is an eternal, and not simply economic, relationship of the Spirit to the Son".Шаблон:Sfn

Eastern Orthodox view of Roman Catholic theology

Eastern Orthodox theologians (e.g. Pomazansky) say that the Nicene Creed as a Symbol of Faith, as dogma, is to address and define church theology specifically the Orthodox Trinitarian understanding of God. In the hypostases of God as correctly expressed against the teachings considered outside the church. The Father hypostasis of the Nicene Creed is the origin of all. Eastern Orthodox theologians have stated that New Testament passages (often quoted by the Latins) speak of the economy rather than the ontology of the Holy Spirit, and that in order to resolve this conflict Western theologians made further doctrinal changes, including declaring all persons of the Trinity to originate in the essence of God (the heresy of Sabellianism).Шаблон:Sfn Eastern Orthodox theologians see this as teaching of philosophical speculation rather than from actual experience of God via theoria.

The Father is the eternal, infinite and uncreated reality, that the Christ and the Holy Spirit are also eternal, infinite and uncreated, in that their origin is not in the ousia of God, but that their origin is in the hypostasis of God called the Father. The double procession of the Holy Spirit bears some resemblanceШаблон:Efn to the teachings of Macedonius I of Constantinople and his sect called the Pneumatomachians in that the Holy Spirit is created by the Son and a servant of the Father and the Son. It was Macedonius' position that caused the specific wording of the section on the Holy Spirit by St Gregory of Nyssa in the finalized Nicene creed.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn

The following are some Roman Catholic dogmatic declarations of the Filioque which are in contention with Eastern Orthodoxy:

The Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215): "The Father is from no one, the Son from the Father only, and the Holy Spirit equally from both."Шаблон:Sfn
The Second Council of Lyon, session 2 (1274): "Шаблон:Interp the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from Father and Son, not as from two principles, but as from one, not by two spirations, but by one only."Шаблон:Sfn
The Council of Florence, session 6 (1439): "We declare that when holy doctors and fathers say that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son, this bears the sense that thereby also the Son should be signified, according to the Greeks indeed as cause, and according to the Latins as principle of the subsistence of the Holy Spirit, just like the Father."^[50]
The Council of Florence, session 8 in Laetentur Caeli (1439), on union with the Greeks: "The Holy Spirit is eternally from Father and Son; He has his nature and subsistence at once (simul) from the Father and the Son. He proceeds eternally from both as from one principle and through one spiration. ... And, since the Father has through generation given to the only-begotten Son everything that belongs to the Father, except being Father, the Son has also eternally from the Father, from whom he is eternally born, that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Son."Шаблон:Sfn
The Council of Florence, session 11 (1442), in Cantate Domino, on union with the Copts and Ethiopians: "Father, Son and Holy Spirit; one in essence, three in persons; unbegotten Father, Son begotten from the Father, holy Spirit proceeding from the Father and the Son; ... the Holy Spirit alone proceeds at once from the Father and the Son. ... Whatever the Holy Spirit is or has, he has from the Father together with the Son. But the Father and the Son are not two principles of the Holy Spirit, but one principle, just as the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are not three principles of creation but one principle."Шаблон:Sfn
In particular the condemnation,Шаблон:Sfn made at the Second Council of Lyons, session 2 (1274), of those "who Шаблон:Interp deny that the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father and the Son or who Шаблон:Interp assert that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son as from two principles, not from one."Шаблон:Sfn

In the judgment of these Orthodox,Шаблон:Who the Roman Catholic Church is in fact teaching as a matter of Roman Catholic dogma that the Holy Spirit derives his origin and being (equally) from both the Father and the Son, making the Filioque a double procession.Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Discuss.

TheyШаблон:Who perceive the West as teaching through more than one type of theological Filioque a different origin and cause of the Holy Spirit; that through the dogmatic Roman Catholic Filioque the Holy Spirit is subordinate to the Father and the Son and not a free, independent and equal to the Father hypostasis that receives his uncreatedness from the origin of all things, the Father hypostasis. Trinity expresses the idea of message, messenger and revealer, or mind, word and meaning. Eastern Orthodox Christians believe in one God the Father, whose person is uncaused and unoriginate, who, because He is love and communion, always exists with His Word and Spirit.Шаблон:Efn

Eastern Orthodox theology

In Eastern Orthodox Christianity theology starts with the Father hypostasis, not the essence of God, since the Father is the God of the Old Testament.Шаблон:Sfn The Father is the origin of all things and this is the basis and starting point of the Orthodox trinitarian teaching of one God in Father, one God, of the essence of the Father (as the uncreated comes from the Father as this is what the Father is).Шаблон:Sfn In Eastern Orthodox theology, God's uncreatedness or being or essence in Greek is called ousia.Шаблон:Sfn Jesus Christ is the Son (God Man) of the uncreated Father (God). The Holy Spirit is the Spirit of the uncreated Father (God).Шаблон:Sfn

God has existences (hypostases) of being; this concept is translated as the word "person" in the West.Шаблон:Sfn Each hypostasis of God is a specific and unique existence of God.Шаблон:Sfn Each has the same essence (coming from the origin, without origin, Father (God) they are uncreated).Шаблон:Sfn Each specific quality that constitutes an hypostasis of God, is non-reductionist and not shared.Шаблон:Sfn The issue of ontology or being of the Holy Spirit is also complicated by the Filioque in that the Christology and uniqueness of the hypostasis of Jesus Christ would factor into the manifestation of the Holy Spirit. In that Jesus is both God and Man, which fundamentally changes the hypostasis or being of the Holy Spirit, as Christ would be giving to the Holy Spirit an origin or being that was both God the Father (Uncreated) and Man (createdness).

The immanence of the Trinity that was defined in the finalized Nicene Creed. The economy of God, as God expresses himself in reality (his energies) was not what the Creed addressed directly.Шаблон:Sfn The specifics of God's interrelationships of his existences, are not defined within the Nicene Creed.Шаблон:Sfn The attempt to use the Creed to explain God's energies by reducing God existences to mere energies (actualities, activities, potentials) could be perceived as the heresy of semi-Sabellianism by advocates of Personalism, according to Meyendorff.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Eastern Orthodox theologians have complained about this problem in the Roman Catholic dogmatic teaching of actus purus.Шаблон:Sfn

Modern theology

Modern Orthodox theological scholarship is split, according to William La Due, between a group of scholars that hold to a "strict traditionalism going back to Photius" and other scholars "not so adamantly opposed to the filioque".Шаблон:Sfn The "strict traditionalist" camp is exemplified by the stance of Lossky who insisted that any notion of a double procession of the Holy Spirit from both the Father and the Son was incompatible with Orthodox theology. For Lossky, this incompatibility was so fundamental that, "whether we like it or not, the question of the procession of the Holy Spirit has been the sole dogmatic grounds of the separation of East and West".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Bulgakov, however, was of the opinion that the Filioque did not represent an insurmountable obstacle to reunion of the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches,Шаблон:Sfn an opinion shared by Шаблон:Interlanguage link.Шаблон:Sfn

Not all Orthodox theologians share the view taken by Lossky, Stăniloae, Romanides and Pomazansky, who condemn the Filioque.^[51] Kallistos Ware considers this the "rigorist" position within the Orthodox Church.Шаблон:Sfn Ware states that a more "liberal" position on this issue "was the view of the Greeks who signed the act of union at Florence. It is a view also held by many Orthodox at the present time". He writes that "according to the 'liberal' view, the Greek and the Latin doctrines on the procession of the Holy Spirit may both alike be regarded as theologically defensible. The Greeks affirm that the Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son, the Latins that He proceeds from the Father and from the Son; but when applied to the relationship between Son and Spirit, these two prepositions 'through' and 'from' amount to the same thing."Шаблон:Sfn The Encyclopedia of Christian Theology lists Bolotov,Шаблон:Sfn Paul Evdokimov, I. Voronov and S. Bulgakov as seeing the Filioque as a permissible theological opinion or "theologoumenon".Шаблон:Sfn Bolotov defined theologoumena as theological opinions "of those who for every catholic are more than just theologians: they are the theological opinions of the holy fathers of the one undivided church", opinions that Bolotov rated highly but that he sharply distinguished from dogmas.Шаблон:Sfn

Bulgakov wrote, in The Comforter, that:Шаблон:Blockquote

Karl Barth considered that the view prevailing in Eastern Orthodoxy was that of Bolotov, who pointed out that the Creed does not deny the Filioque and who concluded that the question had not caused the division and could not constitute an absolute obstacle to intercommunion between the Eastern Orthodox and the Old Catholic Church.^[52] David Guretzki wrote, in 2009, that Bolotov's view is becoming more prevalent among Orthodox theologians; and he quotes Orthodox theologian Theodore Stylianopoulos as arguing that "the theological use of the filioque in the West against Arian subordinationism is fully valid according to the theological criteria of the Eastern tradition".Шаблон:Sfn

Yves Congar stated in 1954 that "the greater number of the Orthodox say that the Filioque is not a heresy or even a dogmatic error but an admissible theological opinion, a 'theologoumenonШаблон:'"; and he cited 12th century bishop Nicetas of Nicomedia; 19th century philosopher Vladimir Solovyov; and 20th century writers Bolotov, Florovsky, and Bulgakov.Шаблон:Sfn

Oriental Orthodox Churches

Шаблон:Main All Oriental Orthodox Churches (Coptic, Syriac, Armenian, Ethiopian, Eritrean, Malankaran) use the original Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed,^[53] without the Filioque clause.^[54]Шаблон:Sfn

Church of the East

Two of the present-day churches derived from the Church of the East, the Assyrian Church of the East and the Ancient Church of the East, do not use "and the Son" when reciting the Nicene Creed. A third, the Chaldean Catholic Church, a sui iuris Eastern Catholic Church, in 2007 at the request of the Holy See, removed "and the Son" from its version of the Nicene Creed.^[41]

Recent theological perspectives

Linguistic issues

Шаблон:See also

Ware suggests that the problem is of semantics rather than of basic doctrinal differences.^[51]^[55]Шаблон:Better source needed The English Language Liturgical Consultation commented that "those who strongly favor retention of the Filioque are often thinking of the Trinity as revealed and active in human affairs, whereas the original Greek text is concerned about relationships within the Godhead itself. As with many historic disputes, the two parties may not be discussing the same thing."^[56]

In 1995, the Шаблон:Abbr pointed out an important difference in meaning between the Greek verb Шаблон:Lang and the Latin verb Шаблон:Lang, both of which are commonly translated as "proceed". It stated that the Greek verb Шаблон:Lang indicates that the Spirit "takes his origin from the Father ... in a principal, proper and immediate manner", while the Latin verb, which corresponds rather to the verb Шаблон:Lang in Greek, can be applied to proceeding even from a mediate channel. Therefore, Шаблон:Lang ("who proceeds"), used in the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed to signify the proceeding of the Holy Spirit, cannot be appropriately used in the Greek language with regard to the Son, but only with regard to the Father, a difficulty that does not exist in Latin and other languages.Шаблон:Sfn

Metropolitan John Zizioulas, while maintaining the explicit Orthodox position of the Father as the single origin and source of the Holy Spirit, declared that Шаблон:Harvtxt shows positive signs of reconciliation. Zizioulas states: "Closely related to the question of the single cause is the problem of the exact meaning of the Son's involvement in the procession of the Spirit. Gregory of Nyssa explicitly admits a 'mediating' role of the Son in the procession of the Spirit from the Father. Is this role to be expressed with the help of the preposition Шаблон:Lang (through) the Son (Шаблон:Lang), as Maximus and other Patristic sources seem to suggest?" Zizioulas continues: "The Vatican statement notes that this is 'the basis that must serve for the continuation of the current theological dialogue between Catholic and Orthodox'. I would agree with this, adding that the discussion should take place in the light of the 'single cause' principle to which I have just referred." Zizioulas adds that this "constitutes an encouraging attempt to clarify the basic aspects of the 'Filioque' problem and show that a rapprochement between West and East on this matter is eventually possible".Шаблон:Sfn

Some Orthodox reconsideration of the Filioque

Russian theologian Boris Bolotov asserted in 1898 that the Filioque, like Photius's "from the Father alone", was a permissible theological opinion (a theologoumenon, not a dogma) that cannot be an absolute impediment to reestablishment of communion.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn^[57]Шаблон:Page needed Bolotov's thesis was supported by Orthodox theologians Bulgakov, Paul Evdokimov and I. Voronov, but was rejected by Lossky.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1986, Theodore Stylianopoulos provided an extensive, scholarly overview of the contemporary discussion.Шаблон:Sfn Ware said that he had changed his mind and had concluded that "the problem is more in the area of semantics and different emphases than in any basic doctrinal differences": "the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father alone" and "the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son" may both have orthodox meanings if the words translated "proceeds" actually have different meanings.^[58] For some Orthodox,Шаблон:Who then, the Filioque, while still a matter of conflict, would not impede full communion of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches if other issues were resolved. But 19th century Russian Slavophile theologian Aleksey Khomyakov considered the Filioque as an expression of formalism, rationalism, pride and lack of love for other Christians,Шаблон:Relevance inline Шаблон:Efn and that it is in flagrant contravention of the words of Christ in the Gospel, has been specifically condemned by the Orthodox Church, and remains a fundamental heretical teaching which divides East and West.

Romanides too, while personally opposing the Filioque, stated that Constantinople I was not ever interpreted "as a condemnation" of the doctrine "outside the Creed, since it did not teach that the Son is 'cause' or 'co-cause' of the existence of the Holy Spirit. This could not be added to the Creed where 'procession' means 'cause' of existence of the Holy Spirit."^[59]

Inclusion in the Nicene Creed

Eastern Orthodox Christians object that, even if the teaching of the Filioque can be defended, its medieval interpretation and unilateral interpolation into the Creed is anti-canonical and unacceptable.Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn "The Catholic Church acknowledges the conciliar, ecumenical, normative and irrevocable value, as expression of the one common faith of the Church and of all Christians, of the Symbol professed in Greek at Constantinople in 381 by the Second Ecumenical Council. No profession of faith peculiar to a particular liturgical tradition can contradict this expression of the faith taught and professed by the undivided Church."Шаблон:Sfn The Catholic Church allows liturgical use of the Apostles' Creed as well of the Nicene Creed, and sees no essential difference between the recitation in the liturgy of a creed with orthodox additions and a profession of faith outside the liturgy such that of Patriarch Tarasios of Constantinople, who developed the Nicene Creed with an addition as follows: "the Holy Spirit, the Lord and giver of life, who proceeds from the Father through the Son".Шаблон:Sfn It sees the addition of "and the Son" in the context of the Latin Шаблон:Lang (who proceeds from the Father) as an elucidation of the faith expressed by the Church Fathers, since the verb Шаблон:Lang signifies "the communication of the consubstantial divinity from the Father to the Son and from the Father, through and with the Son, to the Holy Spirit".Шаблон:Sfn

Most Oriental Orthodox churches have not added the Filoque to their creeds but the Armenian Apostolic Church has added elucidations to the Nicene Creed.Шаблон:Sfnm Another change made to the text of the Nicene Creed by both the Latins and the Greeks is to use the singular "I believe" in place of the plural "we believe", while all the Churches of Oriental Orthodoxy, not only the Armenian, but also the Coptic Orthodox Church,^[60] the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church,^[61] the Malankara Orthodox Church,^[62] and the Syriac Orthodox Church,^[63] have on the contrary preserved the "we believe" of the original text.

Focus on Saint Maximus as a point of mutual agreement

Recently, theological debate about the Filioque has focused on the writings of Maximus the Confessor. Siecienski writes that "Among the hundreds of figures involved in the filioque debates throughout the centuries, Maximus the Confessor enjoys a privileged position." During the lengthy proceedings at Ferrara-Florence, the Orthodox delegates presented a text from Maximus the Confessor that they felt could provide the key to resolving the theological differences between East and West.^[64]

The Шаблон:Abbr states that, according to Maximus, the phrase "and from the Son" does not contradict the Holy Spirit's procession from the Father as first origin (ἐκπόρευσις), since it concerns only the Holy Spirit's coming (in the sense of the Latin word Шаблон:Lang and Cyril of Alexandria's Шаблон:Lang) from the Son in a way that excludes any idea of subordinationism.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn

Orthodox theologian and Metropolitan of Pergamon, John Zizioulas, wrote that for Maximus the Confessor "the Filioque was not heretical because its intention was to denote not the Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) but the Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) of the Spirit".Шаблон:Sfn

Zizioulas also wrote that "Maximus the Confessor insisted, however, in defence of the Roman use of the Filioque, the decisive thing in this defence lies precisely in the point that in using the Filioque the Romans do not imply a "cause" other than the Father. The notion of "cause" seems to be of special significance and importance in the Greek Patristic argument concerning the Filioque. If Roman Catholic theology would be ready to admit that the Son in no way constitutes a "cause" (aition) in the procession of the Spirit, this would bring the two traditions much closer to each other with regard to the Filioque."Шаблон:Sfn This is precisely what Maximus said of the Roman view, that "they have shown that they have not made the Son the cause of the Spirit – they know in fact that the Father is the only cause of the Son and the Spirit, the one by begetting and the other by procession".

The Шаблон:Abbr upholds the monarchy of the Father as the "sole Trinitarian Cause [aitia] or principle [principium] of the Son and the Holy Spirit".Шаблон:Sfn While the Council of Florence proposed the equivalency of the two terms "cause" and "principle" and therefore implied that the Son is a cause (aitia) of the subsistence of the Holy Spirit, the Шаблон:Abbr distinguishes "between what the Greeks mean by 'procession' in the sense of taking origin from, applicable only to the Holy Spirit relative to the Father (ek tou Patros ekporeuomenon), and what the Latins mean by 'procession' as the more common term applicable to both Son and Spirit (Шаблон:Lang; ek tou Patros kai tou Huiou proion). This preserves the monarchy of the Father as the sole origin of the Holy Spirit while simultaneously allowing for an intratrinitarian relation between the Son and Holy Spirit that the document defines as 'signifying the communication of the consubstantial divinity from the Father to the Son and from the Father through and with the Son to the Holy Spirit'."^[65]

Roman Catholic theologian Avery Dulles wrote that the Eastern fathers were aware of the currency of the Filioque in the West and did not generally regard it as heretical: Some, such as Maximus the Confessor, "defended it as a legitimate variation of the Eastern formula that the Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son".Шаблон:Sfn

Pomazansky and Romanides^[59] hold that Maximus' position does not defend the actual way the Roman Catholic Church justifies and teaches the Filioque as dogma for the whole church. While accepting as a legitimate and complementary expression of the same faith and reality the teaching that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son,^[29] Maximus held strictly to the teaching of the Eastern Church that "the Father is the only cause of the Son and the Spirit":Шаблон:Refn and wrote a special treatise about this dogma.^[59]Шаблон:Sfn The Roman Catholic Church cites Maximus as in full accord with the teaching on the Filioque that it proposes for the whole Church as a dogma that is in harmony with the formula "from the Father through the Son",Шаблон:Sfn for he explained that, by ekporeusis, "the Father is the sole cause of the Son and the Spirit", but that, by Шаблон:Transliteration, the Greek verb corresponding to Шаблон:Lang (proceed) in Latin, the Spirit comes through the Son.Шаблон:Sfn Later again the Council of Florence, in 1438, declared that the Greek formula "from the Father through the Son" was equivalent to the Latin "from the Father and the Son", not contradictory, and that those who used the two formulas "were aiming at the same meaning in different words".^[66]^[67]Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Per Filium

Recently, some Orthodox theologians have proposed the substitution of the formula ex Patre per Filium / εκ του Πατρός δια του Υιού (from the Father through the Son) instead of ex Patre Filioque (from the Father and the Son).^[68]

Recent attempts at reconciliation

Starting in the latter half of the nineteenth century, ecumenical efforts have gradually developed more nuanced understandings of the issues underlying the Filioque controversy and worked to remove them as an obstruction to Christian unity. Lossky insists that the Filioque is so fundamentally incompatible with Orthodox Christianity as to be the central issue dividing the two churches.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn

Western churches have arrived at the position that, although the Filioque is doctrinally sound, the way that it was inserted into the Nicene Creed has created an unnecessary obstacle to ecumenical dialogue. Thus, without abandoning the Filioque, some Western churches have come to accept that it could be omitted from the Creed without violating any core theological principles. This accommodation on the part of Western Churches has the objective of allowing both East and West to once again to share a common understanding of the Creed as the traditional and fundamental statement of the Christian faith.

Old Catholic Church

Immediately after the Old Catholic Church separated from the Catholic Church in 1871, its theologians initiated contact with the Orthodox Church. In 1874–75, representatives of the two churches held "union conferences" in Bonn with theologians of the Anglican Communion and the Lutheran Church in attendance in an unofficial capacity. The conferences discussed a number of issues including the filioque controversy. From the outset, Old Catholic theologians agreed with the Orthodox position that the Filioque had been introduced in the West in an unacceptably non-canonical way. It was at these Bonn conferences that the Old Catholics became the first Western church to omit the Filioque from the Nicene Creed.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn^[69]

Anglican Communion

Three Lambeth Conferences (1888, 1978 and 1988) have recommended that the Filioque be dropped from the Nicene Creed by churches that belong to the Anglican Communion.

The 1930 Lambeth Conference initiated formal theological dialogue between representatives of the Anglican and Orthodox churches.^[70] In 1976, the Agreed Statement of the Anglican-Orthodox Joint Doctrinal Commission recommended that the Filioque should be omitted from the Creed because its inclusion had been effected without the authority of an Ecumenical Council.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1994, the General Convention of the Episcopal Church (US) resolved that the Filioque should be deleted from the Nicene Creed in the next edition of the Prayer Book.^[71] The enthronement ceremonies of four recent archbishops of Canterbury (Robert Runcie, George Carey, Rowan Williams, Justin Welby) included recitations of the Nicene Creed that omitted the Filioque; this has been considered to have been "a gesture of friendship toward Orthodox guests and their Communions".^[72]^[73]

At the end of October 2017 theologians from the Anglican Communion and Oriental Orthodox Churches signed an agreement on the Holy Spirit. This is the culmination of discussions which began in 2015. The statement of agreement confirms the omission of the Filioque clause.^[74]

World Council of Churches

In 1979, a study group of the World Council of Churches examined the Filioque question and recommended that "the original form of the Creed, without the Filioque, should everywhere be recognized as the normative one and restored, so that the whole Christian people may be able ... to confess their common faith in the Holy Spirit".Шаблон:Sfn However, nearly a decade later, the WCC lamented that very few member churches had implemented this recommendation.Шаблон:Sfn

Roman Catholic Church

Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI have recited the Nicene Creed jointly with Patriarchs Demetrius I and Bartholomew I in Greek without the Filioque clause.Шаблон:Sfn^[75]

Joint statement of Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic theologians

The Filioque was discussed at the 62nd meeting of the North American Orthodox–Catholic Theological Consultation, in 2002. As a result of these contemporary discussions between both churches, it has been suggested that the orthodox could accept an "economic" filioque that states that the Holy Spirit, who originates in the Father alone, was sent to the Church "through the Son" (as the Paraclete), but it would not be the official orthodox doctrine, but what the Fathers called a theologoumenon, a theological opinion.

In October 2003, the Consultation issued an agreed statement, The Filioque: a Church-dividing issue?, which provides an extensive review of Scripture, history, and theology.Шаблон:Sfn The recommendations include:

That all involved in such dialogue expressly recognize the limitations of our ability to make definitive assertions about the inner life of God.
That, in the future, because of the progress in mutual understanding that has come about in recent decades, Orthodox and Catholics refrain from labeling as heretical the traditions of the other side on the subject of the procession of the Holy Spirit.
That Orthodox and Catholic theologians distinguish more clearly between the divinity and hypostatic identity of the Holy Spirit (which is a received dogma of our Churches) and the manner of the Spirit's origin, which still awaits full and final ecumenical resolution.
That those engaged in dialogue on this issue distinguish, as far as possible, the theological issues of the origin of the Holy Spirit from the ecclesiological issues of primacy and doctrinal authority in the Church, even as we pursue both questions seriously, together.
That the theological dialogue between our Churches also give careful consideration to the status of later councils held in both our Churches after those seven generally received as ecumenical.
That the Catholic Church, as a consequence of the normative and irrevocable dogmatic value of the Creed of 381, use the original Greek text alone in making translations of that Creed for catechetical and liturgical use.
That the Catholic Church, following a growing theological consensus, and in particular the statements made by Pope Paul VI, declare that the condemnation made at the Second Council of Lyons (1274) of those "who presume to deny that the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father and the Son" is no longer applicable.

In the judgment of the consultation, the question of the Filioque is no longer a "Church-dividing" issue, which would impede full reconciliation and full communion. It is for the bishops of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches to review this work and to make whatever decisions would be appropriate.Шаблон:Sfn

Summary

While the Filioque doctrine was traditional in the West, being declared dogmatically in 447 by Pope Leo I, the Pope whose Tome was approved at the Council of Chalcedon,Шаблон:Refn^[20] its inclusion in the Creed appeared in the anti-Arian situation of 7th-century Spain. However, this dogma was never accepted in the East. The Filioque, included in the Creed by certain anti-Arian councils in Spain,Шаблон:Sfn was a means to affirm the full divinity of the Son in relation to both the Father and the Spirit.Шаблон:Sfn^[76]Шаблон:Sfn

A similar anti-Arian emphasis also strongly influenced the development of the liturgy in the East, for example, in promoting prayer to "Christ Our God", an expression which also came to find a place in the West,^[77]^[78] where, largely as a result of "the Church's reaction to Teutonic Arianism", Шаблон:"'Christ our God' ... gradually assumes precedence over 'Christ our brotherШаблон:'".^[79] In this case, a common adversary, namely Arianism, had profound, far-reaching effects, in the orthodox reaction in both East and West.Шаблон:Relevance inline

Church politics, authority conflicts, ethnic hostility, linguistic misunderstanding, personal rivalry, forced conversions, large scale wars, political intrigue, unfilled promises and secular motives all combined in various ways to divide East and West.

The doctrine expressed by the phrase in Latin (in which the word "procedit" that is linked with "Filioque" does not have exactly the same meaning and overtones as the word used in Greek) is definitively upheld by the Western Church, having been dogmatically declared by Leo I,^[20] and upheld by councils at Lyon and FlorenceШаблон:Sfn that the Western Church recognizes as ecumenical, by the unanimous witness of the Latin Church Fathers (as Maximus the Confessor acknowledged) and even by Popes who, like Leo III, opposed insertion of the word into the Creed.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

That the doctrine is heretical is something that not all Orthodox now insist on. According to Ware, many Orthodox (whatever may be the doctrine and practice of the Eastern Orthodox Church itself) hold that, in broad outline, to say the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son amounts to the same thing as to say that the Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son, a view accepted also by the Greeks who signed the act of union at the Council of Florence.Шаблон:Sfn For others, such as Bolotov and his disciples, the Filioque can be considered a Western theologoumenon, a theological opinion of Church Fathers that falls short of being a dogma.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Bulgakov also stated: "There is no dogma of the relation of the Holy Spirit to the Son and therefore particular opinions on this subject are not heresies but merely dogmatic hypotheses, which have been transformed into heresies by the schismatic spirit that has established itself in the Church and that eagerly exploits all sorts of liturgical and even cultural differences."Шаблон:Sfn

References

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Английская Википедия:Filioque

Nicene Creed

Controversy

History

New Testament

Church Fathers

Cappadocian Fathers

Alexandrian Fathers

Latin Fathers

Modern Roman Catholic theologians

Nicene and Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creeds

Third Ecumenical Council

Fourth Ecumenical Council

Possible earliest use in the Creed

Procession of the Holy Spirit

"From the Father through the Son"

First Eastern opposition

Claims of authenticity

Photian controversy

Adoption in the Roman Rite

East–West controversy

Councils of Jerusalem, AD 1583 and 1672

Reformation

Present position of various churches

Catholic Church

Anglicanism

Protestantism

Eastern Orthodoxy

Views of Eastern Orthodox saints

Eastern Orthodox view of Roman Catholic theology

Eastern Orthodox theology

Modern theology

Oriental Orthodox Churches

Church of the East

Recent theological perspectives

Linguistic issues

Some Orthodox reconsideration of the Filioque

Inclusion in the Nicene Creed

Focus on Saint Maximus as a point of mutual agreement

Per Filium

Recent attempts at reconciliation

Old Catholic Church

Anglican Communion

World Council of Churches

Roman Catholic Church

Joint statement of Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic theologians

Summary

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Навигация

Поиск