Английская Википедия:Film and Publication Board

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use South African English Шаблон:Infobox organization The Film and Publication Board, (FPB / stylized in all lowercase) is a content-classification and regulation authority in South Africa, operating under the Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies. The FPB was established in 1996 under the Films and Publications Act, ostensibly to tackle issues of child pornography and child abuse, as well as to provide ratings to publicly consumed media such as movies, music and television programs. Under these directives, its mandate can be considered one of state censorship.

Overview

History

The Film and Publication Board was established directly under the directive set out in the Films and Publications Act of 1996, shortly after South Africa achieved independence from apartheid rule. The Board's function would be to receive complaints - or applications to evaluate - a film or publication, to classify it according to its suitability for different audiences. These publications could include movies, television programs, computer games, and music.

The classification of a film or publication would trigger various prohibitions on possessing, exhibiting, distributing or advertising the film or publication. Different ratings were devised, the most serious of which was "X18", which prohibited anyone without a specific license from distributing the content, which had to be conducted within "adult premises".

Certain key exemptions from prohibitions were made to the scientific community (in regard to bona fide scientific, documentary, dramatic, artistic, literary or religious films and publications), and the media (in that those holding a broadcasting license were exempt from the duty to apply for classification).

An appeals process was also defined under the Act, allowing rulings made by the FPB to be contested and challenged.

On 3 March 2020, Netflix agreed to obey the FPB's classification rules in the distribution of content in South Africa.

Ratings

The FPB has the following rating guideline:

Icon	Rating	Description
Файл:FPB - A.svg	A	All ages allowed (rating used only for films and television).
Файл:FPB - PG.svg	PG	All ages allowed, but some parental guidance is recommended for younger or sensitive viewers.
Файл:FPB - 7-9 PG.svg	7-9 PG	Material is not suitable for children under 7, but a caregiver or parent may decide if children between 7 and 9 years old may access the material.
Файл:FPB - 10-12 PG.svg	10-12 PG	Material is not suitable for children under 10, but a caregiver or parent may decide if children between 10 and 12 years old may access the material.
Файл:FPB - 13.svg	13	Not suitable for persons under the age of 13.
Файл:FPB - 16.svg	16	Not suitable for persons under the age of 16.
Файл:FPB - 18.svg	18	Not suitable for persons under the age of 18.
Файл:FPB - X18.svg	X18	Adults only. Only licensed, adults-only designated businesses may distribute this content, and never to minors. X18 content may not be broadcast on public media such as television or radio. (This rating is used only for films)
Файл:FPB - XX.svg	XX	Cannot be legally sold, rented or exhibited anywhere in South Africa. The FPB has the authority to classify any content as XX if it contains extreme violence, cruelty, extreme sexual violence, bestiality, incest etc....
Refused Classification	no symbol	Banned. It includes child pornography, incitement to hatred against people of an identifiable group etc...

Additionally, the FPB provides the following content classifications:

Icon	Rating	Name	Description
	B	Blasphemy	warns that content may be religiously sensitive
	CI	Competitive Intensity	the degree to which a player gets personally involved, and the level of excitement created in the players as they engage with the various game levels in order to gain incentives and rewards
	CT	Criminal Techniques	instructional details of illegal and dangerous acts that may be life-threatening and that are detailed enough to be re-enacted or self-instructional
Файл:FPB D (Substance abuse).svg	D	Drugs	scenes of substance (drugs and alcohol) abuse
Файл:FPB H (Horror).svg	H	Horror	scenes of horror
	IAT	Imitative Acts or Techniques	dangerous acts or techniques that may be copied or imitated, especially by children
Файл:FPB L (Bad language).svg	L	Language	use of bad language
Файл:FPB N (Nudity).svg	N	Nudity	scenes involving nudity
Файл:FPB P (Prejudice).svg	P	Prejudice	scenes or language that is biased or prejudiced with regard to race, ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual orientation or other identifiable group characteristics
	PPS	Photo Pattern Sensitivity	motion sickness and reactions to low frequency sound
Файл:FPB S (Sexual activity).svg	S	Sex	scenes involving sex, sexual conduct or sexually-related activity
Файл:FPB SV (Sexual violence).svg	SV	Sexual Violence	scenes involving sexual violence
Файл:FPB V (Violence).svg	V	Violence	physical and psychological violent scenes

Criticism

The Spear

In 2012, the Goodman Gallery in Cape Town, showcased a painting by artist Brett Murray. It depicted President Jacob Zuma in a pose reminiscent of Lenin, but with fully exposed genitalia. The painting drew swift condemnation from the ANC ruling party, who condemned the artist, the artwork, and all media outlets who had published images of the painting. Shortly after, the Film and Publication board sent five assessors to provide a rating for the artwork - a move that was harshly criticized for being well outside its mandate, and beyond the remit of the purpose of the FPB. Despite this, the FPB issued an "16N" rating, which meant that the Gallery could no longer publicly show the painting if there were children in the building.Шаблон:Fact

During the classification proceedings, there were allegations that the FPB was acting outside its statutory remit, and that specific members had made statements or asked questions implying that it was entitled to censor political opinions and restrict freedom of the press.

This decision was later appealed following a public backlash, and amidst accusations of state-led censorship. Upon appeal in October 2012, the FPB set aside its original rating, thereby effectively de-classifying the painting. This had taken place after the painting was famously defaced and sold, which rendered the ruling moot on practical terms.

Online Regulation Bill

In March 2015, the FPB gazetted a notice inviting public comment on a Draft Online Regulation policy, which sought sweeping new powers to police and regulate all aspects of content on the internet. In this draft policy, the FPB sought to classify all manner of content, including, for instance, user-submitted videos to sites such as YouTube, which would require all such content to first be classified by the FPB at a charge and labeled as FPB-approved before it would be allowed to be legally published online.

Specifically, the following sections from the draft detail the broadness of the powers FPB seek:

• 5.1.1 Any person who intends to distribute any film, game, or certain publication in the Republic of South Africa shall first comply with section 18(1) of the Act by applying, in the prescribed manner, for registration as film or game and publications distributor.
• 5.1.2 In the event that such film, game or publication is in a digital form or format intended for distribution online using the internet or other mobile platforms, the distributor may bring an application to the Board for the conclusion of an online distribution agreement, in terms of which the distributor, upon payment of the fee prescribed from time to time by the Minister of DOC as the Executive Authority, may classify its online content on behalf of the Board, using the Board's classification Guidelines and the Act

The Electronic Frontier Foundation described the proposed legislation as follows:

The EFF also went on to point out that the FPB had effectively put the burden on South African ISPs to remove offending content, or replace said content with FPB-approved (and labelled) content, even on platforms such as YouTube, Vimeo and Vine.

In the response to what is understood as one of the most draconian pieces of internet legislation seen in the world, the FPB has been on the receiving end of a growing online backlash, proliferated through social media such as Facebook and Twitter. In particular, the Right2Know coalition - who advocate open government and whistleblowing - have championed the cause against FPB's draft proposal.

External links

• Шаблон:Official website