Английская Википедия:Finland–United States relations
Шаблон:Infobox Bilateral relations
Finland and the United States currently have good relations. The United States was one of the first countries to recognize Finland after it declared independence in 1917, and officially established diplomatic relations in 1920. Due to World War II and Soviet pressure, relations were suspended between 1942 and 1945 before being raised to embassy level in 1954. Finland has been of strategic importance to the United States due to its position bordering the Soviet Union and later Russia, and after the end of the Cold War in 1991 Finland's shift to the West has led to warmer relations. There is significant trade activity, including military procurement, between the two countries. The United States supported Finlanď's NATO membership during Finland's accession into NATO, which was finalized on 4 April 2023.
History
Diplomatic relations between the governments of Finland and the United States were established in 1920 at a legation level.[1]
During the Second World War, although the Finnish government co-operated with the Axis Powers, relations were maintained. The U.S. government resisted Soviet pressures to declare war on Finland, but on June 30, 1944, it agreed to sever diplomatic relations with the Finnish government. After Finland had withdrawn from the war and acted against German troops in early 1945, the U.S. government reopened its legation in Helsinki on March 1, 1945. On August 20, 1945, negotiations were started between the two governments on re-establishing diplomatic relations, which was done on August 31.[2]
Relations between the two countries were raised to embassy level on September 10, 1954.Шаблон:Cn
Relations between the United States and Finland are warm. Some 270,000 U.S. citizens visit Finland annually, and about 6,000 U.S. citizens are residents there.Шаблон:Cn The U.S. has an educational exchange program in Finland that is comparatively large for a Western European country of Finland's size. It is financed in part from a trust fund established in 1976 from Finland's final repayment of a U.S. loan made in the aftermath of World War I.Шаблон:Cn
Finland is bordered on the east by Russia and, as one of the former Soviet Union's neighbors, has been of particular interest and importance to the U.S. both during the Cold War and in its aftermath. Before the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, longstanding U.S. policy was to support Finnish neutrality and to maintain and reinforce Finland's historic, cultural, and economic ties with the West. The U.S. has welcomed Finland's increased participation since 1991 in Western economic and political structures.Шаблон:Cn
In 2003, Anneli Jäätteenmäki of the Centre Party won the elections after she had accused her rival, Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen, of allying neutral Finland with the United States in the Iraq War during a meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush and thus associated Finland with what many Finns considered an illegal war of aggression. Lipponen denied the claims and declared, "We support the UN and the UN Secretary-General". Jäätteenmäki resigned as prime minister after 63 days in office amid accusations that she had lied about the leak of the documents about the meeting between Bush and Lipponen. That series of events was considered scandalous and it is named Iraq leak, or Iraqgate.[3]
Economic and trade relations between Finland and the United States are active and were bolstered by the F-18 Hornet purchase. U.S.–Finland trade totals almost $5 billion annually. The U.S. receives about 7% of Finland's exports – mainly pulp and paper, ships, machinery, electronics, instruments, and refined petroleum products[4]Шаблон:Spaced ndashand provides about 7% of its importsШаблон:Spaced ndashprincipally computers, semiconductors, aircraft, machinery. U.S. President Joe Biden approved the NATO membership of Finland and Sweden in August 2022.[5] Principal U.S.
On December 18, 2023, the US (represented by Antony Blinken) and Finland (represented by Antti Häkkänen and Elina Valtonen) signed a Defense Cooperation Agreement (DCA) in Washington, D.C.[6][7]
The agreement regulates the presence of the US armed forces and their dependents on the territory of the Finland, as well as the presence and activities of US suppliers on the territory of the Finland.
- Ambassador – Doug Hickey[8]
- Deputy Chief of Mission – Christopher M Krafft
- Public Affairs Counselor – Susan Bridenstine
- Political-Economic Section Chief – Dew Tiantawach
- Management Affairs – Todd Bate-Poxon
- Commercial Section – Nicholas Kuchova
- Defense Attache – Colonel Scott Shugato
- Consular Officer – Susan Carl
- Regional Security Officer – Rick Gregory
- Agricultural Officer – Steve Huete (resident in The Hague)
President Joe Biden visited Helsinki on July 12, 2023[9] and met with Finnish President Sauli Niinistö[10] and leaders of other Nordic nations, including Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. The purpose was to celebrate[11] Finland joining the NATO.
Visits of United States Presidents to Finland
During 1975–2023 six presidents of the United States have visited Finland. Of them, George H. W. Bush visited Finland twice. Basic facts of these visits are given in the table below. In some cases, the table contains only the arrival date.[12]
In addition to this, Barack Obama visited Finland during 26–27 September 2019. He gave a talk at the Nordic Business Forum.[13]
| Visits of United States Presidents to Finland | ||||||||
| No | Year | Date | Visitor | Host | Reason for the visit | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 1975 | 29 July | Gerald Ford | Urho Kekkonen | CSCE | |||
| 2. | 1988 | 26–29 May | Ronald Reagan | Mauno Koivisto | Stop on the way to Moscow to meet with Mikhail Gorbachev | |||
| 3. | 1990 | 8 September | George H. W. Bush | Mauno Koivisto | Meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev in Helsinki | |||
| 4. | 1992 | 8 July | George H. W. Bush | Mauno Koivisto | CSCE | |||
| 5. | 1997 | 20 March | Bill Clinton | Martti Ahtisaari | Meeting with Boris Yeltsin in Helsinki | |||
| 6. | 2018 | 15–16 July | Donald Trump | Sauli Niinistö | Meeting with Vladimir Putin in Helsinki | |||
| 7. | 2023 | 13–14 July | Joe Biden | Sauli Niinistö | Meeting with Niinistö Meeting with Nordic prime ministers | |||
| Visits of Finland Presidents to United States | ||||||||
| No | Year | Date | Visitor | Host | Reason for the visit | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 1961 | 16–18 October | Urho Kekkonen | John F. Kennedy | Meeting with John F. Kennedy | |||
| 2. | 1970 | 23–25 July | Urho Kekkonen | Richard Nixon | Meeting with Richard Nixon | |||
| 3. | 1970 | 24 October | Urho Kekkonen | Richard Nixon | Attended White House dinner on 25th Anniversary of the U.N | |||
| 4. | 1976 | 3–5 August | Urho Kekkonen | Gerald R. Ford | Meeting with Gerald R. Ford | |||
| 5. | 1983 | 24–27 September | Mauno Koivisto | Ronald Reagan | Meeting with Ronald Reagan | |||
| 6. | 1991 | 6–8 May | Mauno Kivisto | George H. W. Bush | Meeting with George H. W. Bush | |||
| 7. | 1994 | 8–10 November | Martti Ahtisaari | Bill Clinton | Meeting with Bill Clinton | |||
| 8. | 1999 | 16–17 December | Martti Ahtisaari | Bill Clinton | Meeting with Bill Clinton | |||
| 9. | 2000 | 28 April | Tarja Halonen | Bill Clinton | Meeting with Bill Clinton | |||
| 10. | 2002 | 16 April | Tarja Halonen | George W. Bush | Meeting with Bill Clinton | |||
| 11. | 2016 | 13 May | Sauli Niinistö | Barack Obama | Meeting with Barack Obama Meeting with Nordic prime ministers | |||
| 12. | 2017 | 28 August | Sauli Niinistö | Donald Trump | Meeting with Donald Trump | |||
| 13. | 2019 | 1–3 October | Sauli Niinistö | Donald Trump | Meeting with Donald Trump | |||
| 14. | 2022 | 4 March | Sauli Niinistö | Joe Biden | Meeting with Joe Biden | |||
| 15. | 2022 | 19 May | Sauli Niinistö | Joe Biden | Meeting with Joe Biden Meeting with Swedish prime minister Magdalena Andersson | |||
| 16. | 2023 | 6–10 March | Sauli Niinistö | Joe Biden | Meeting with Joe Biden | |||
Gallery
-
A town of Finnish immigrants in Northern Michigan
-
Finnish Congregational Church and Parsonage in South Thomaston, Maine, United States
-
Finland and USA are very at the same level in ice hockey and the matches between the two have always been entertaining
-
Finland, Minnesota is a village founded by immigrants of Finnish origin
Embassies
The Embassy of the United States is located in Helsinki, Finland. The Embassy of Finland is located in Washington, D.C.
Public opinion
According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 48% of Finnish people approve of U.S. leadership, with 34% disapproving and 18% uncertain.[14]
Cultural exchange between the United States and Finland
The League of Finnish-American Societies (Шаблон:Lang-fi) is a non-profit organization promoting cultural exchange between countries which operates in Finland. It has around 30 chapters in Finland, e.g. those in Helsinki, Turku, Oulu and Kuopio.[15]
See also
- Foreign relations of Finland
- Foreign relations of the United States
- Accession of Finland to NATO
- Finnish Americans
- US–EU relations
- Finland–NATO relations
- European Union–NATO relations
References
Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:StateDept
Further reading
- Fields, Marek. "Reinforcing Finland's Attachment to the West: British and American Propaganda and Cultural Diplomacy in Finland, 1944-1962." (2015). Abstract
- Golubev, Alexey, and Irina Takala. The Search for a Socialist El Dorado: Finnish Immigration to Soviet Karelia from the United States and Canada in the 1930s (MSU Press, 2014)
- Hasan, Ali Ghafil. "US-Finland Economic Relations 1917-1945." Eurasian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2 (2021): 28-34. online
- Jakobson, Max. The diplomacy of the winter war: an account of the Russo-Finnish War, 1939-1940 (Harvard Univ Press, 1961.)
- Rislakki, Jukka, "`Without Mercy': U.S. Strategic Intelligence and Finland in the Cold War," Journal of Military History, (Jan. 2015) 79#1 pp: 127–49.
- Schwartz, Andrew J. America and the Russo-Finnish War (Public Affairs Press, 1960)
- Wargelin Brown, K. Marianne. "Finnish Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 137–151. online
External links
Шаблон:Commons category-inline
Шаблон:Foreign relations of the United States Шаблон:Foreign relations of Finland Шаблон:Portal bar
- ↑ K. Marianne Wargelin Brown, "Finnish Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 137-151.
- ↑ Department of State Bulletin, September 2, 1945, p. 339
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Finnish Customs statistics for 2006. http://www.tulli.fi/resources/tekstiversio.jsp?pageoid=24045 Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ U.S. Global Leadership Project Report - 2012 Gallup
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Английская Википедия
- Finland–United States relations
- Bilateral relations of the United States
- Bilateral relations of Finland
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}