Английская Википедия:Finnish numerals
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Cleanup lang Numbers in Finnish are highly systematic, but can be irregular.
Cardinal numbers
The ordinary counting numbers (cardinals) from 0 to 10 are given in the table below. Cardinal numbers may be inflected and some of the inflected forms are irregular in form.
Note: in parentheses, alternative form for counting, and colloquial. The dialectic-colloquial forms may leave the d off and sometimes also the genitive ending n: Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang. (Corresponding the formal and ordinary counting in Estonian.)
Teens and multiples of ten
To form teens, Шаблон:Lang is added to the base number. Шаблон:Lang is the partitive form of Шаблон:Lang, meaning "second group of ten". Hyphens are written here to separate morphemes. In Finnish text, hyphens are not written.
- one-second.Шаблон:Sm, two-second.Шаблон:Sm, … nine-second.Шаблон:Sm
- "one of the second, two of the second, … nine of the second"
- 11, 12, … 19
In older Finnish, all numbers were constructed like this. This usage is now considered archaic and the suffix Шаблон:Lang is treated as a particle instead of meaning "of the second".
- two-ten.Шаблон:Sm, one-third.Шаблон:Sm, two-third.Шаблон:Sm, … nine-third.Шаблон:Sm
- "two tens, one of the third, two of the third, … nine of the third"
- 20, 21, 22, … 29
Even older forms included Шаблон:Lang at the end, giving for example Шаблон:Lang "one of the second decade" for 11 and Шаблон:Lang "five of the third decade" for 25.
The numbers for tens (20, 30, up to 90) are constructed this way:
- two-ten.Шаблон:Sm, three-ten.Шаблон:Sm, four-ten.Шаблон:Sm, … nine-ten.Шаблон:Sm
- "two tens, three tens, four tens, … nine tens"
- 20, 30, 40, 90
In modern Finnish, the numbers 21–29, 31–39, and so on are constructed as in English:
- two-ten.Шаблон:Sm one, two-ten.Шаблон:Sm two, two-ten.Шаблон:Sm three
- "two tens one, two tens two, two tens three"
- 21, 22, 23
Hundreds
100 is Шаблон:Lang, 200 is Шаблон:Lang and so on.
1000 is Шаблон:Lang, 2000 is Шаблон:Lang and so on.
So, 3721 is Шаблон:Lang (actually written as one long word with no dashes in between).
Years
In older Finnish, years were expressed by counting centuries. Use of this convention is archaic. For instance, Шаблон:Lang "1922", instead of the modern Шаблон:Lang.
Long numbers (like 32534756) are separated in three-digit sections with spaces beginning from the end of the number (for example 32 534 756). Writing it with letters follows the same spacing, with one additional rule: in numbers over one million, Шаблон:Lang "million" is written separately. The preceding example is written Шаблон:Lang. (No dashes. They are only to make the number look clear.)
Inflection
Numbers can be inflected by case; all parts of the number except Шаблон:Lang are inflected.
Nouns following a number in the nominative singular are usually in the singular partitive case, if the noun does not need to be in any other case and if the number is any number other than Шаблон:Lang "one".
If the number is Шаблон:Lang "one" and it is in the nominative singular then the noun and any adjectives following it will also be in the singular nominative.
But if the noun is in a case besides the nominative, the number and any adjectives following it will be in the same case. For example:
| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | one day |
| Шаблон:Lang | two days |
| Шаблон:Lang | on/during two days |
| Шаблон:Lang | in twelve countries |
| Шаблон:Lang | for thirty-five persons |
Sets
Numerals also have plural forms, which usually refer to things naturally occurring in pairs or other similarly well-defined sets, such as body parts and clothing items. Also names of celebrations are usually in the plural. The plural forms are inflected in cases in the same way as the corresponding nouns. For instance:
| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | two pairs of boots |
| Шаблон:Lang | in three sets of footprints |
| Шаблон:Lang | Four Weddings and a (One) Funeral |
Etymology
Numbers from one to seven are apparently original in etymology. The words Шаблон:Lang "eight" and Шаблон:Lang "nine" have no confirmed etymology. The old theory is that they are compounds: *Шаблон:Lang "10–2", or "eight" and *Шаблон:Lang "10–1", or "nine", where the reconstructed word Шаблон:Lang is similar to the Indo-European words for "ten" (*dek´m), but this is phonologically not plausibleШаблон:Citation needed. Alternatively, they could be *Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang "itself, without two" and "without one", where Шаблон:Lang is a form of Шаблон:Lang "no" inflected with the Karelian reflexive conjugation ("itself, without two").
Ordinal numbers
These are the 'ordering' form of the numbers: "first, second, third", and so on. Ordinal numbers are generally formed by adding an -s ending, but first and second are completely different, and for the others the stems are not straightforward:
| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | first |
| Шаблон:Lang | second |
| Шаблон:Lang | third |
| Шаблон:Lang | fourth |
| Шаблон:Lang | fifth |
| Шаблон:Lang | sixth |
| Шаблон:Lang | seventh |
| Шаблон:Lang | eighth |
| Шаблон:Lang | ninth |
| Шаблон:Lang | tenth |
For teens, the first part of the word is changed; however, the words for "first" and "second" lose their irregularity in "eleven" and "twelve":
| Ordinal numbers 11–19 | |
|---|---|
| Finnish | English |
| Шаблон:Lang | eleventh |
| Шаблон:Lang | twelfth |
| Шаблон:Lang | thirteenth |
| Шаблон:Lang | fourteenth |
| Шаблон:Lang | fifteenth |
| Шаблон:Lang | sixteenth |
| Шаблон:Lang | seventeenth |
| Шаблон:Lang | eighteenth |
| Шаблон:Lang | nineteenth |
For twenty through ninety-nine, all parts of the number get the '-s' ending. 'First' and 'second' take the irregular form only at the end of a word. The regular forms are possible for them but they are less common.
| Ordinal numbers 20–23 | |
|---|---|
| Finnish | English |
| Шаблон:Lang | twentieth |
| Шаблон:Lang[ord 1] | twenty-first |
| Шаблон:Lang[ord 2] | twenty-second |
| Шаблон:Lang | twenty-third |
| |
100th is Шаблон:Lang, 1000th is Шаблон:Lang, 3721st is Шаблон:Lang. Again, dashes only included here for clarity; the word is properly spelled without them.
Like cardinals, ordinal numbers can also be inflected:
| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | for (already) the third week |
| Шаблон:Lang | in the fifteenth floor |
| Шаблон:Lang | to the thousandth customer |
The Шаблон:Lang in the 'teens' is actually the partitive of Шаблон:Lang, which is why Шаблон:Lang gets no further inflection endings. (Literally Шаблон:Lang || one-of-the-second'.)
Long ordinal numbers in Finnish are typed in almost the same way as the long cardinal numbers. 32534756 would be (in numbers over one million, Шаблон:Lang "million" is written separately) Шаблон:Lang. (Still, no dashes.)
Names of numbers
This is a feature of Finnish which does not have an exact counterpart in English (with the curious exceptions of calling a five-dollar bill a fiver and 9 niner in radio communication), but there is a counterpart in colloquial German, for example: 7er, 190er, 205er. These forms are used to refer to the actual number itself, rather than the quantity or order which the number represents. This should be clearer from the examples below, but first here is the list:
| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | nil, number zero |
| Шаблон:Lang | the number one the figure "1" |
| Шаблон:Lang | 2 |
| Шаблон:Lang | 3 |
| Шаблон:Lang | 4 |
| Шаблон:Lang | 5 |
| Шаблон:Lang | 6 |
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang (colloquial) |
7 |
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang (colloquial) |
8 |
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang (colloquial) |
9 |
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang (colloquial) |
number ten |
Also, Шаблон:Lang refers to the shape of the number. Some examples of how these are used:
- The 'number three tram' is the Шаблон:Lang — when you are riding it, you are riding with Шаблон:Lang
- A magazine has the title 7 and is called Шаблон:Lang
- My car, a '93 model, is an Шаблон:Lang when buying spare parts
- If the car is a 190E Mercedes, it would be a Шаблон:Lang.
- If a car has tires in size of 205, they would be called Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Abbr a set of-)"two hundred fives" or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Abbr a number of-)"two hundred fives". Also Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Abbr a set of-)"two zero fives" or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Abbr a number of-)"two zero fives".[clarity 1]
- The 106 bus is the Шаблон:Lang
- A 5€ bill may be called Шаблон:Lang, a 10€ bill Шаблон:Lang (in plural: Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang), a 20€ Шаблон:Lang, a 100€ bill Шаблон:Lang, etc.
Numbers in the spoken language
In spoken Finnish the final i in Шаблон:Lang, as well as the final a in the numbers 11-19, is frequently dropped. Other short forms can be heard for the tens, where the element Шаблон:Lang can be heard as "kyt": shortened words like Шаблон:Lang (30), Шаблон:Lang (40), Шаблон:Lang (50), Шаблон:Lang (60), Шаблон:Lang (70), Шаблон:Lang (80), Шаблон:Lang (90) are not uncommon. When counting a list of items a kind of spoken shorthand can be heard. Thus, Шаблон:Lang may become Шаблон:Lang or even Шаблон:Lang, but the forms can vary from person to person.
References
- Fred Karlsson (2008), "Finnish: An Essential Grammar", Routledge, Шаблон:ISBN. Chapter 12, "Numerals".
- Clemens Niemi (1945), "Finnish Grammar", third edition, Työmies Society, Superior, Wisconsin. Lessons XXVI "Cardinal Numbers" and XXVII "Ordinal Numbers". Reprinted with author given as "Niemla. M. Clemenns" Шаблон:Sic, The Stewart Press, London (2008), Шаблон:ISBN.
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