Английская Википедия:First Dynasty of Egypt
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox Former Country Шаблон:Egyptian Dynasty list The First Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty I)Шаблон:Sfnp covers the first series of Egyptian kings to rule over a unified Egypt. It immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, possibly by Narmer,[1] and marks the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, when power was centered at Thinis.
The date of this period is subject to scholarly debate about the Egyptian chronology. It falls within the early Bronze Age and is variously estimated to have begun anywhere between the 34th and the 30th centuriesШаблон:NbspBC. In a 2013 study based on radiocarbon dates, the accession of Hor-Aha, the second king of the First Dynasty, was placed between 3111 and 3045 BC with 68% confidence, and between 3218 and 3035 with 95% confidence.[2] The same study placed the accession of Den, the sixth king of the dynasty, between 2928 and 2911 BC with 68% confidence,[2] although a 2023 radiocarbon analysis placed Den's accession potentially earlier, between 3011 and 2921, within a broader window of 3104 to 2913.[3]
The dynasty
Шаблон:See also Information about this dynasty is derived from a few monuments and other objects bearing royal names, the most important being the Narmer Palette and Narmer Macehead, as well as Den and Qa'a king lists.[4][5][6] No detailed records of the first two dynasties have survived, except for the terse lists on the Palermo Stone. The account in Manetho's Aegyptiaca contradicts both the archeological evidence and the other historical records: Manetho names nine rulers of the First Dynasty, only one of whose names matches the other sources, and offers information for only four of them.[7] Egyptian hieroglyphs were fully developed by then, and their shapes would be used with little change for more than three thousand years.Шаблон:Fact
Alena Buis noted: Шаблон:Quote
A study on First Dynasty crania from the royal tombs in Abydos noted affinities with Kerma Kushites. The general results demonstrate greater affinity with Upper Nile Valley groups, but also suggest clear change from earlier craniometric trends. The gene flow and movement of northern officials to the important southern city may explain the findings.[8]
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The Narmer Palette
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Necklaces with different types of beads. Carnelian, coral, and garnet.
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Pottery jar with integral strainer.
Human sacrifice
Шаблон:Main articles Human sacrifice was practiced as part of the funerary rituals associated with all of the pharaohs of the first dynasty. It is clearly demonstrated as existing during this dynasty by retainers being buried near each pharaoh's tomb as well as animals sacrificed for the burial. The tomb of Djer is associated with the burials of 338 individuals.Шаблон:Sfnp The people and animals sacrificed, such as donkeys, were expected to assist the pharaoh in the afterlife. For unknown reasons, this practice ended with the conclusion of the dynasty.
According to historian and linguist Christopher Ehret, the ritual practice of retainer sacrifice originated from the southern region in the Middle Nile. Ehret also stated that this cultural practice was shared with the Kerma kingdom of the Upper Nubian Nile region.[9]
Rulers
Known rulers in the history of Egypt for the First Dynasty are as follows:
Name | Image | Comments | Dates | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Narmer | Шаблон:Center | Believed to be the same person as Menes and to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt. Possibly married Neithhotep. | Шаблон:Center | Married with Neithotep,and father of Hor-Aha |
Hor-Aha | Шаблон:Center | Greek form: Athotís. Led an expedition against the Nubians. Married Benerib and Khenthap. | Шаблон:Center | Son of Narmer and Neithotep,spouse of Khenthap,Benerib,and father of Djer |
Djer | Шаблон:Center | Greek form: Uenéphes (after his Gold name In-nebw); His name and titulary appear on the Palermo Stone. His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. | Шаблон:Center | Son of Hor-Aha,and father of Djet and Merneith |
Djet | Шаблон:Center | Greek form: Usapháis. Possibly married Ahaneith. | Шаблон:Center | Spouse of Merneith,and father of Den |
Merneith | Possibly first female Pharaoh
(or ruled as regent to her son Den or ruled as both king/queen and regent). Merneith was buried close to Djet and Den. Her tomb is of the same scale as the tombs of the (other) kings of that period.[10] |
Шаблон:Center | Mother of Den | |
Den | Шаблон:Center | Greek form: Kénkenes (after the ramesside diction of his birthname: Qenqen[11]). First pharaoh depicted wearing the double crown of Egypt, first pharaoh with a full niswt bity-name. | Шаблон:Center | Son of Merneith and Djet |
Anedjib | Шаблон:Center | Greek form: Miebidós. Known for his ominous nebwy-title.[12] | Шаблон:Center | Son of Den |
Semerkhet | Шаблон:Center | Greek form: Semempsés. First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo stone. | Шаблон:Center | Son of Anedjib |
Qa'a | Шаблон:Center | Greek form: Bienéches. Ruled a long time, his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs. | Шаблон:Center | Son of Semerkhet,and father of Hotepsekhemwy |
Sneferka | Шаблон:Center | Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. | Шаблон:Center | |
Horus Bird | Шаблон:Center | Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. | Шаблон:Center |
See also
References
Citations
Bibliography
Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:S-bef Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-aft Шаблон:S-end
Шаблон:Pharaohs Шаблон:Ancient Egypt topics Шаблон:First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal Available online Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
- ↑ The Narmer Catalog http://narmer.org/inscription/1553 Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ The Narmer Catalog http://narmer.org/inscription/4048 Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Manetho, Fr. 6, 7a, 7b. Text and translation in Manetho, translated by W.G. Waddell (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1940), pp. 27–35
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ William Matthew Flinders Petrie: The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties. Cambridge University Press, New York 2013 (reprint of 1901), Шаблон:ISBN, p. 49.
- ↑ Nicolas-Christophe Grimal: A History of Ancient Egypt. Blackwell, Oxford UK/ Cambridge USA 1992, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 53.
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