Английская Википедия:First War of Sicily

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox military conflict Шаблон:Campaignbox War of the Sicilian Vespers The First War of Sicily was a long conflict for the domination of the Kingdom of Sicily and the naval control of the Mediterranean that took place between the years 1282 and 1302. This article deals with the first part of the war (1282–1294) between the Crown of Aragon and the House of Anjou, which reigned in Naples and France. For the generic article on the conflict, see War of the Sicilian Vespers.

Background

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"The Sicilian Vespers"

When Manfred I of Sicily occupied the throne of the Kingdom of Sicily, Pope Clement IV excommunicated him for being the illegitimate son of emperor Frederic II, making the kingdom a fiefdom of the Papacy. In 1262, Constança de Sicilia, daughter of the previous one, marries Pere the Great, count of Barcelona and king of Aragon. This situation of rapprochement between the Hohenstaufen dynasty and the house of Barcelona provoked the antipathy of the French Clement IV who sought help from Charles I of Anjou, younger brother of his ally Louis IX of France.

Charles of Anjou's troops entered the island and defeated Manfred I at the Battle of Benevento, while Charles was crowned king of Sicily in Rome in 1266, establishing his authority by force after the Ghibelline revolt of Conrad of Sicily in 1268 and seeking supremacy in the Mediterranean allied with the dethroned Baldwin II of the Latin Empire against Michael VIII Paleologus conquering part of the Morea in 1271 to crown himself king of Albania. He bought in 1277 the rights as King of Jerusalem from Maria of Antioch. With the assistance of the flock of the Republic of Venice he prepared a crusade to reconquer Constantinople in 1282.

Under Charles of Anjou, and later his son Charles II, the north is favored over the south: thus, the capital is moved from Palermo to Naples.

The Sicilian Vespers

The revolt incited by Joan of Pròixida takes its name because it began at the beginning of the vespers prayer on Easter Monday March 30 of 1282 in Church of the Holy Spirit of Palermo. Two thousand French and Guelphs Sicilians were massacred that night and the next, and many others in the following six weeks, with a total death toll estimated at four thousand people.

Campaign of 1282–1284

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Speedy landing of Peter III at Trapani. The king can be identified wearing the crown.

Peter III, with 60,000 gold coins of the emperor Michael VIII Paleologus and 200,000 salaries of Jewish contributions and the taxes of the aljames, entered Sicily by Trapani on August 30, raised the Messina, entered Palermo on September 4 and a few days later destroyed the Angevin flock of Charles I of Valois in the fight of Nicotene.

The division of the Kingdom of Sicily occurs in 1282 into the "kingdom of Sicily, peninsular" or Kingdom of Naples, under Angevin rule, and the "kingdom of Sicily, insular", under Aragonese rule. The incident started the War of Sicily and given the political strength of the pope, the Crusade against the Crown of Aragon.

He established garrisons in Reggio and Seminara, in Calabria, and after the victory in the battle of Malta, Roger de Llúria conquered the islands of Malta and Gozzo, and with his own and captured galleys, provoked the Angevins by attacking the Calabrian coast, Naples and Posillipo. Finally, in the absence of Charles I of Anjou, the prince of Salerno assembled a flock and went to meet him. On June 5 of 1284 after first contact Roger pretended to retreat towards Castellammare but stopped short to start combat in the middle of the waters of the Gulf of Naples. The Catalan flock, armed with soldiers accustomed to combat and more skilled in naval maneuvers than the French courtiers and knights, stormed the enemy galleys, except for the ten commanded by Enric de Mar, who escaped to be finally captured by the Catalans and taken the ships Meanwhile, fierce fighting was fought in the Capua Galley, commanded by Charles of Salerno, until Roger de Llúria rammed the galley to sink it and the French surrendered.

The Crusade against the Crown of Aragon

Felipe l'Ardit, with a very important army, concentrated in Narbonne to head towards Barcelona, where the revolt of the artisans took place, which was suffocated with the death of Berenguer Oller]and seven more revolted, hanged and dragged by the city. Once the head and house are calm, Peter III went to Rosselló to ensure the defense against the invasion, to which his brother Jaume II de Mallorca had been added.

With the alignment of Jaume II with the crusaders, the line of defense had to be prepared with the Empordanese troops at the coll de Panissars avoiding the battle in the open field where the crusader cavalry would have an advantage. Dalmau VI de Rocabertí settled in el Pertús and Ponç V d'Empúries dominated Banyuls de la Marenda and the Coll de la Massana while, the Infant Alfons was preparing a flock of galleys to defend the coasts, which would be commanded by the admirals Ramon Marquet and Berenguer Mallol, Roger de Llúria was ordered to return from Sicily, he called the hosts of Barcelona, Lleida, Tarragona, and Tortosa, and asked for the support of the Order of the Temple and the Order of the Hospital, which would gather in April in Figueres.

In 1285, the French entered through Roussillon but the population of Roussillon resisted the Crusader invasion and the resistance concluded with the Siege of Elna, which was burned causing a massacre. The Crusaders finally camped in Elna and Perpignan, while the Catalans, stationed at the Coll de Panissars, prevented the Crusaders from entering the south of Catalonia and crossed the Pyrenees crossing through La Massana in the month of June, while the flock anchored in Roses. The Catalans retreated to Peralada, from where they would withdraw after a battle in the open field, but Infant Alfons, the commander of the army ordered the evacuation in the direction of Girona applying the burnt earth, and leaving troops in the castles on the way to Barcelona.

The French entered Castelló d'Empúries and days later besieged Girona, which was commanded by Ramon Folc VI de Cardona, on June 27 on September 10 suffering the terrible effects of hunger and epidemics, while the Crusaders occupied Figueres, Roses, Sant Feliu de Guíxols and Blanes. Peter III left Barcelona at the beginning of August at the head of an army of 500 cavalrys and 5,000 infantry to attack the Croat army that besieged Girona and cause the siege to be lifted. He went first to the Monastery of Montserrat, where he received the blessing, and then went to Hostalric, where he held a council and decided to camp near Girona.

The defense of the Catalan coast, while the Catalan flock, commanded by Roger de Llúria was in Sicily, was supported by a flock of eleven galleys from the admirals' flocks Ramon Marquet and Berenguer Mallol, who defeat the crusaders in the Battle of Sant Feliu de Guíxols in front of the Isles Formigues between Roses and Sant Feliu and, for the second time already reunited with Roger de Llúria's flock, in the [aval Battle of the Ants in front of Calella de Palafrugell on August 27 and Roses on September 3 and, finally, decisively against Cadaqués on September 4. Due to this naval defeat the Catalans recovered the territory in the north, dominated the coast and cut the supply line of the Croatian army.

The Viscount of Cardona agreed with Roger Bernat III de Foix a twenty-day truce from August 19 promising to hand over the square if after this time the king did not send Girona the aid he had promised them. On September 7 the city surrendered to the besiegers and was occupied by Eustaqui de Beaumarchais, who left a garrison in the city, retreating with the rest of the army to the Empordà .

The plague spread among the French, who, surrounded and sick, had to withdraw from the Empordà and evacuate Girona on September 7, but they found themselves retreating cut by Besalú, the Coll de Panissars and the Coll de La Massana, but since many soldiers were sick the Catalans agreed not to attack them and let them pass through Agullana. A part of the French army also wanted to cross the Coll de Panissars, whose defenders did not know the order to leave a clear path, and the French were annihilated there between September 30 and 1 of October in the battle of the Panissars pass. King Philippe III of France, who accompanied his son Charles of Valois, was able to reach Perpignan where he died on October 5. The French maintained the occupation of the Aran Valley

Confiscation of the Kingdom of Mallorca

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In the Battle of the Col de Panissars

The Peter III himself sent a fleet against his brother James II of Majorca, who was in Perpignan, to whom finally confiscated the Balearic Islands after the surrender of the island without a fight when Ponç Saguàrdia, the lieutenant of the king Jaume II of Mallorca surrenders the Mallorca to Alfons el Franc and the trustees of the towns of Mallorca swear homage to the king, except for the Castell d'Alaró where the resistance of the warden, Ramon Ballester and the garrison formed by Guillem Capello "Cabrit", Guillem Bassa, Arnau Ramon, Lleonard Marsello and Albert Perpinyà, who died in the assault, but the king could not see the results of the expedition when he died a few days later in Vilafranca.

James II kept all the rest of his territories except the Balearic Islands, which were returned to him in 1295 through the Treaty of Anagni, with the same conditions agreed in 1279 in the Treaty of Perpignan.

Attack on Occitania

In revenge, Roger de Llúria led a punitive expedition in Languedoc in the month of February 1286, arriving there with a fleet of galleys, a hundred knights and two thousand almogàvers to the beaches of Valras, which was looted and burned, going up the river Orb on foot with the almogàvers until reaching Serinhan.

The French of Beziers, alerted to the Catalan actions, formed an army of thirty thousand men with three hundred knights to face them, which was received with fire by the crossbowmen Catalans. Despite being outnumbered, the Almogavers attacked causing the French to disband, being chased and chased until they reached half a league (about two kilometers) from Beziers. Roger de Llúria then ordered the retreat to Valras beach, where the galleys were stationed and on the way they looted and burned the city of Serinhan, including its castle, except for the church of the Mother of God of Grace. Roger de Llúria had no intention of attacking Beziers, but he did attack Agde, before heading to Aigües Mortes and returning to Barcelona with an impressive booty.

Campaign of 1287–1289

Honor IV pressed the Angevins to resume the assault on Sicily and gathered 40 galleys at Brindisi and 43 more at Sorrento. In April 1287 the fleet of Brindisi, commanded by Reynald III Quarrel, Count of Avella landed in Augusta on the May 1, taking the town and castle As soon as James the Just heard about it, he sent the flock of Roger de Llúria , but the Angevin flock had already marched to Sorrento skirting the island to the south, and joined the rest of the flock, in a maneuver to distract the fleet of the Crown of Aragon.

The flocks of Roger de Llúria looked for the flock that had escaped from Augusta and found it in Naples on June 23 of 1287, but so close of the city could not attack and began a bombardment of the city to attract the Angevins. The Angevin flock consisted of five squadrons, each commanded by Reynald III Quarrel, Hug de Brienne, the count of l'Aquila, Jean de Joinville and Guy de Montfort, each with his flagship galley, with four galleys on each side and two behind, and the admiral's, with two more ahead. The rest of the galleys were in reserve, and two ships escorted the papal and Angevin standards.

Roger de Llúria had the forty galleys with which he followed the fleet from Sicily, and he used his tactic of retreating until he dispersed the enemy flock to counterattack from the flanks by attacking the oars. The battle lasted all day and finally Enric de Mari escaped and the Catalans captured 40 galleys and 5,000 prisoners.

Consequences

Charles II of Anjou was released under the treaties of Oloron and Canfranc and was crowned at Rieti on May 29 of 1289 receiving from the pope the title of Charles of Palermo and that of king of Sicily, and a two-year truce was signed.

The death of Alphonse the Frank in 1291 gave rise, four years later, to a new great conflict between the Crown of Aragon and the Kingdom of Sicily because James the Just was proclaimed king of the Crown of Aragon and delegated the kingdom of Sicily to his younger brother.

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Steven Runciman, The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century Шаблон:ISBN
• H.J Chaytor. A History of Aragon and Catalonia
• Jerónimo Zurita: Anales de Aragón Шаблон:Webarchive
• Michele Amari, "History of the war of the Sicilian vespers". Earl of Ellesmere. London 1850