Английская Википедия:Fischer–Spassky (1992 match)

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Шаблон:Short description

The 1992 Fischer–Spassky match between former world chess champions Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky was billed as a World Chess Championship, though it was an unofficial rematch of their 1972 World Championship match. Fischer won 10–5, with 15 draws.

The match was played in late 1992 in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which was under UN sports sanctions because of the breakup of Yugoslavia. The United States issued a warrant for Fischer's arrest, and he never returned to his home country.

Although there was substantial media coverage, and some drama, public interest in the historic Fischer–Spassky rematch was not nearly as great as with the 1972 World Championship match in Reykjavík, Iceland.

Background

After defeating Spassky to win the title of World Champion in the World Chess Championship 1972, Fischer was scheduled to defend his title in 1975 against the winner of the 1974 FIDE Candidates Tournament, Anatoly Karpov. Fischer, however, was unhappy with the format of the World Championship. At the time the format was a 24-game match, with the winner being the first player to score 12½ points; if the match were drawn 12–12, then the match would be stopped, the prize money would be split, and the Champion would retain his title. Fischer disliked this format because the player who was leading could play to draw games instead of win, and with each drawn game coast closer to the title. In his match against Spassky in 1972, games 14 to 20 were all draws. This style of chess offended Fischer. Instead, Fischer demanded the format be changed to that used in the very first World Championship, between Wilhelm Steinitz and Johannes Zukertort, where the winner was the first player to score 10 wins with draws not counting. In case of a 9–9 score, the champion would retain title, and the prize fund split equally.[1][2] A FIDE Congress was held in 1974 during the Nice Olympiad. The delegates voted in favor of Fischer's 10-win proposal, but rejected the 9–9 clause as well as the possibility of an unlimited match.[3] In response, Fischer refused to defend his title, and Karpov was declared World Champion by forfeit.

Seventeen years later, Fischer entered negotiations with sponsors willing to fund a match under his proposed format, settling on a bid from Yugoslav millionaire Jezdimir Vasiljević. Fischer insisted that since he had not been defeated in a match, he was still the true World Champion. He further claimed that all the games in the FIDE-sanctioned World Championship matches, involving Karpov and his challengers Korchnoi and Kasparov, had prearranged outcomes.[4] He then played a rematch of the 1972 World Chess Championship against Spassky. The purse for the rematch was US$5 million, with $3.35 million of the purse to go to the winner,[5][6][7][8] and even the loser would get an excellent prize for which Spassky was grateful to Fischer.Шаблон:Cn It was Fischer's fame that made this event possible.Шаблон:Citation needed

Match

The match started in Sveti Stefan near Budva, an island off the coast of Montenegro. The match rules required a player to win ten games (draws not counting), with no Шаблон:Chessgloss. After a player had won five games, the match would take a 10-day recess and continue in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia.

Fischer–Spassky 1992 Rematch
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Wins
Шаблон:Flagathlete inactive 1 ½ ½ 0 0 ½ 1 1 1 ½ 1 0 ½ ½ ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 0 1 ½ ½ ½ 1 0 ½ ½ ½ 1 10
Шаблон:Flagathlete 96th 0 ½ ½ 1 1 ½ 0 0 0 ½ 0 1 ½ ½ ½ 0 0 ½ ½ 1 0 ½ ½ ½ 0 1 ½ ½ ½ 0 5

Spassky at the time was rated 2560, (tied for 96th–102nd on the FIDE rating list at the time), well below World Champion and world number one Garry Kasparov, who was rated 2790. Fischer's score of 17½ out of 30 (counting draws) against Spassky gave him a performance rating of 2660,[9] which would have put him at No. 10 in the world on the January 1993 list.[10]

Yasser Seirawan believed that the match proved that Fischer's playing strength was "somewhere in the top ten in the world".[11] Kasparov himself was dismissive of Fischer, stating that "Bobby is playing OK, nothing more. Maybe his strength is 2600 or 2650. It wouldn't be close between us."[12] Jeremy Silman wrote that Fischer's level of play was inconsistent: Games 1 and 11 were very highly regarded, but overall the level of play was below that of the world championship matches of Kasparov.[13]

Aftermath

After Fischer's victory, he proclaimed himself as the "Undefeated Champion of the World". His status as a World Champion in 1992 is not widely acknowledged.[14]

Both match locations were at the time part of the same country, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which was under UN sports sanctions because of the breakup of Yugoslavia. Fischer's participation led to a conflict with the US government, which warned Fischer that his participation in the match would violate an executive order imposing US sanctions on Yugoslavia. The US government ultimately issued a warrant for his arrest. After that, Fischer lived his life as an émigré.

Fischer never played competitively again after this match, and died in 2008.

For Spassky, this match proved to be his last major challenge. He continued to play occasional events, but never participated in a world championship cycle again.

Games

Шаблон:AN chess

Sveti Stefan venue

Game 1: Fischer–Spassky, 1–0 (Ruy Lopez Breyer) Шаблон:Anchor

Fischer–Spassky, game 1

Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break Шаблон:Chess diagram small Шаблон:Col-break Шаблон:Chess diagram small Шаблон:Col-end

Шаблон:Em. 19.b4Шаблон:Chesspunc was Fischer's Шаблон:Chessgloss preventing ...Nc5.[15] After 22.Ra3 Fischer had the upper hand.[16] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 2: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (King's Indian Sämisch) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. If 15.f5Шаблон:Chesspunc then 15...g5! After 17...f6! the game was even (Krnić).[17] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 3: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (Ruy Lopez Breyer) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 23...Rc8 Spassky was slightly better.[18] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 4: Spassky–Fischer, 1–0 (QGA Classical) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 13.Nd4! Rc8 the game was even (Krnić).[19] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 5: Fischer–Spassky, 0–1 (Ruy Lopez Breyer) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 22...b4 the position was unclear (Chandler).[20] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 6: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (QGA Classical) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. A better line for Fischer would have been 16...Bb4Шаблон:Chesspunc 17.Ndf3! a5! 18.Nc6+ Bxc6 19.Rxc6 Rc8 20.Nd4 with a slight plus for Spassky (Seirawan).[21] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 7: Fischer–Spassky, 1–0 (Ruy Lopez Zaitsev) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. The players reached a Ruy Lopez Pilnik Variation (ECO C90) after 11...Re8,[22] which Шаблон:Chessgloss to the Zaitsev Variation after 13...Bb7.[23] After 17...c4! 18.b4! cxd3 19.Bxd3 Qxd5 20.Be4Шаблон:Chesspunc Nxe4 (only move) 21.Nxe4 Bg7 22.bxa5 f5 23.Ng3 e4 24.Nh4 Bf6? 25.Nxg6 e3 26.Nf4 Qxd2 27.Rxe3 Qxd1+ 28.Rxd1 Fischer had a decisive advantage (Matanović).[24] If instead 20...Qc4, 21.Qb1! (Fischer) Nc6 22.Bxg6 fxg6 23.Qxg6+ Bg7 24.Nf5 and White wins.[25] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 8: Spassky–Fischer, 0–1 (KID Sämisch Panno) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 15...Be6! 16.Kb1! Ne8 Spassky had a slight advantage (Krnić).[26] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 9: Fischer–Spassky, 1–0 (Ruy Lopez Exchange) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 17...Kc6Шаблон:Chesspunc 18.axb6 cxb6 19.Nbxc5! Fischer had a decisive advantage (Matanović).[27] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 10: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (Nimzo-Indian Classical) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 18.Bb5? (18.Qxa5 Nxa5 19.Rb5 Nc6 20.h4! was better) Qxd2+ 19.Kxd2 Bd7 Fischer had a slight advantage (Krnić).[28] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 11: Fischer–Spassky, 1–0 (Sicilian Rossolimo) Шаблон:Anchor

Fischer–Spassky, game 11

Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break Шаблон:Chess diagram small Шаблон:Col-break Шаблон:Chess diagram small Шаблон:Col-end

Шаблон:Em. Fischer innovates with a tactical gambit 7.b4Шаблон:Chesspunc[29] Spassky could have evened the game with 13...Ne7 (Timman).[30] Шаблон:Block indent

Belgrade venue

Game 12: Spassky–Fischer, 1–0 (KID Sämisch Panno) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. Instead of 15...c5, better for Fischer was 15...c6 16.Qb3 and White has a slight advantage (Balasov).[31] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 13: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (Sicilian Rossolimo) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. Fischer could have kept a slight edge with 14.Qxa6 Bxa6 15.Na5! Rfc8 16.Be3 Rab8 17.b3 f5 18.exf5 gxf5 19.Rac1 (Matulović).[32] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 14: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (QGA Classical) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 19...Rc7 the game was even (Damljanović).[33] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 15: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (Catalan Closed) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 19.f3 the game was even.[34] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 16: Spassky–Fischer, 0–1 (King's Indian) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. The players reached a Benoni Defense (ECO A56) after 5...Bg7,[35] which transposed to a King's Indian Defence after 6.Bg5.[36] Spassky should have played 9.Qd2 Nh5 10.Be2 Nxg3 11.hxg3 a6 12.Nf3 Nd7 13.0-0 Rb8 14.a4 with a slight advantage for White (Minev).[37] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 17: Fischer–Spassky, 1–0 (Sicilian Closed) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. Spassky had the possibility 16...Qe7!? 17.Qd1 Re8 18.Qf3 Bc8 with an even game (Matanović).[38] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 18: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (QGA Classical) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 20.Na5 Spassky had a slight edge.[39] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 19: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (Sicilian Closed) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. Instead of 14.Rb1, 14.f5 would have yielded a slight edge to Fischer (Matanović).[40] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 20: Spassky–Fischer, 1–0 (Sicilian Closed) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 14.g4 Spassky had a slight edge (Acers, Ciamara).[41] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 21: Fischer–Spassky, 1–0 (Sicilian Taimanov) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 16.Qd2, Fischer had a slight advantage.[42] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 22: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (Sicilian Closed) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 18...Nc7 the game was even.[43] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 23: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (Sicilian Closed) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 19...Be6 the game was even.[44] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 24: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (Sicilian Dragon) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 14...Kh7 the game was even.[45] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 25: Fischer–Spassky, 1–0 (Sicilian Scheveningen) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. Шаблон:Block indent

Game 26: Spassky–Fischer, 1–0 (King's Indian) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. The players reached a Benoni Defense (ECO A56) after 6.Bd3,[46] which transposed to a King's Indian Defence after 7.Nf3.[47] After 16.g4! Spassky had a slight edge (Krnić).[48] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 27: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (Ruy Lopez Exchange) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. If 14.b3 instead (to prevent 14...Nc4), then either 14...Bd6 or 14...c4 15.f3 give a level game (Balashov).[49] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 28: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (KID Sämisch Panno) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 15.0-0-0 Spassky had a slight advantage.[50] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 29: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (Ruy Lopez Breyer) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 22...Nb6, Spassky had a slight advantage.[51] Шаблон:Block indent

Game 30: Spassky–Fischer, 0–1 (KID Sämisch Panno) Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Chess diagram Шаблон:Em. After 13.g4? (13.Qd2!?) hxg4! 14.fxg4 c5 15.h5 cxd4 16.Nd4 Nc5! Fischer had the upper hand (Krnić).[52] Шаблон:Block indent

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Further reading

Шаблон:Bobby Fischer

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 412–13
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 8
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ FIDE Chess Rating Calculator using Rc=2560, W=17.5, N=30. Accessed 31-Aug-2017
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 288
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Fischer - Spassky 1992, Jeremy Silman, chess.com, May 22, 2011
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  15. ↑ Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 25
  16. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 499, n. 144
  17. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol E), p. 386, n. 9
  18. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 499, n. 146
  19. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol D), p. 131, n. 23
  20. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 499, n. 147
  21. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol D), p. 131, n. 24
  22. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 456
  23. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 466
  24. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 473, n. 115
  25. ↑ Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 74
  26. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol E), p. 405, n. 39
  27. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 353, n. 17
  28. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol E), p. 225, n. 12
  29. ↑ Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 106
  30. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol B), p. 197, n. 28
  31. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol E), p. 401, n. 18
  32. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol B), p. 198, n. 33
  33. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol D), pp. 131–32, n. 25
  34. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol E), p. 48, n. 1
  35. ↑ Matanović 1996 (Vol A), p. 382, n. 14
  36. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol E), p. 352
  37. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol E), p. 354, n. 30
  38. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol B), p. 169, n. 17
  39. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol D), p. 131, n. 21
  40. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol B), p. 169, n. 22
  41. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol B), p. 172, n. 5
  42. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol B), p. 267, n. 55
  43. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol B), p. 174, n. 6
  44. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol B), p. 169, n. 18
  45. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol B), p. 383, n. 86
  46. ↑ Matanović 1996 (Vol A), p. 382, n. 15
  47. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol E), p. 420
  48. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol E), p. 422, n. 10
  49. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 352, n. 7
  50. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol E), p. 401, n. 18
  51. ↑ Matanović 1997 (Vol C), p. 492, n. 31
  52. ↑ Krnić 1998 (Vol E), p. 401, n. 19
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