Английская Википедия:Five hindrances

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:See also Шаблон:Buddhism In the Buddhist tradition, the five hindrances (Шаблон:Lang-si; Pali: Шаблон:IAST) are identified as mental factors that hinder progress in meditation and in daily life.Шаблон:Sfn In the Theravada tradition, these factors are identified specifically as obstacles to the jhānas (stages of concentration) within meditation practice. Within the Mahayana tradition, the five hindrances are identified as obstacles to samatha (tranquility) meditation. Contemporary Insight Meditation teachers identify the five hindrances as obstacles to mindfulness meditation.

The five hindrances are:Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

  1. Sensory desire (kāmacchanda): seeking for pleasure through the five senses of sight, sound, smell, taste and physical feeling.
  2. Ill-will (vyāpāda; also spelled byāpāda): feelings of hostility, resentment, hatred and bitterness.
  3. Sloth-and-torpor (thīna-middha): half-hearted action with little or no effort or concentration.
  4. Restlessness-and-worry (uddhacca-kukkucca): the inability to calm the mind and focus one's energy.
  5. Doubt (vicikiccha): lack of conviction or trust in one's abilities.

Etymology

According to Gil Fronsdal, the Pali term nīvaraṇa means covering. Fronsdal states that these hindrances cover over: the clarity of our mind, and our ability to be mindful, wise, concentrated, and stay on purpose.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Rhys Davids, the Pali term nīvaraṇa (Sanskrit: nivāraṇa) refers to an obstacle or hindrance only in the ethical sense, and is usually enumerated in a set of five.Шаблон:Sfnp

In Pali Literature

In the Pali Canon

In the Pali Canon's Samyutta Nikaya, several discourses juxtapose the five hindrances with the seven factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga).Шаблон:Refn For instance, according to SN 46.37, the Buddha stated:

Шаблон:Blockquote

Anālayo underlines:

Шаблон:Blockquote

Anālayo further supports this by identifying that, in all extant Sanskrit and Chinese versions of the Satipatthana Sutta, only the five hindrances and seven factors of enlightenment are consistently identified under the dhamma contemplation section; contemplations of the five aggregates, six sense bases and Four Noble Truths are not included in one or more of these non-Pali versions.Шаблон:Sfnp

In terms of gaining insight into and overcoming the Five Hindrances, according to the Satipatthana Sutta, the Buddha proclaimed:

Шаблон:Blockquote

Each of the remaining four hindrances are similarly treated in subsequent paragraphs.

The Buddha gives the following analogies in the Samaññaphala Sutta (DN 2, "The Fruits of the Contemplative Life"):

Шаблон:Blockquote

Similarly, in the SaШаблон:IASTgārava Sutta (SN 46.55), the Buddha compares sensual desire with looking for a clear reflection in water mixed with lac, turmeric and dyes; ill will with boiling water; sloth-and-torpor with water covered with plants and algae; restlessness-and-worry with wind-churned water; and, doubt with water that is "turbid, unsettled, muddy, placed in the dark."Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

From post-canonical Pali literature

method of
suppression 		path of
eradication
sensual
desire 		first jhana based
on bodily foulness 		nonreturning or
arahantshipШаблон:Refn
ill will first jhana based
on metta 		nonreturning
sloth and
torpor 		perception of light arahantship
restlessness
and worry 		serenity arahantship and
nonreturning
doubt defining of phenomena
(dhammavavatthāna) 		stream-entry
The Pali commentary's methods
and paths for escaping the hindrances.

According to the first-century CE exegetic Vimuttimagga, the five hindrances include all ten fetters: sense desire includes any attachment to passion; ill will includes all unwholesome states of hatred; and, sloth and torpor, restlessness and worry, and doubt include all unwholesome states of infatuation. The Vimuttimagga further distinguishes that "sloth" refers to mental states while "torpor" refers to physical states resultant from food or time or mental states; if torpor results from food or time, then one diminishes it through energy; otherwise, one removes it with meditation. In addition, the Vimuttimagga identifies four types of doubt:

According to Buddhaghosa's fifth-century CE commentary to the Samyutta Nikaya (Шаблон:IAST), one can momentarily escape the hindrances through jhanic suppression or through insight while, as also stated in the Vimuttimagga, one eradicates the hindrances through attainment of one of the four stages of enlightenment (see Table 1).Шаблон:Refn

The five mental factors that counteract the five hindrances, according to the Theravada tradition:Шаблон:Sfnp

  1. vitakka ("applied thought", "coarse examination") counteracts sloth-torpor (lethargy and drowsiness)
  2. vicāra ("sustained thought", "precise investigation") counteracts doubt (uncertainty)
  3. pīti (rapture, well-being) counteracts ill-will (malice)
  4. sukha (non-sensual pleasure) counteracts restlessness-worry (excitation and anxiety)
  5. ekaggatā (one-pointedness, single-pointed attention) counteracts sensory desire

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Works cited

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:External links

Шаблон:Buddhism topics

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Five_hindrances&oldid=14714306