Английская Википедия:Five species of grain

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Шаблон:Short description In Judaism, the five species of grain (Шаблон:Lang-he) refer to five varieties of grain which have special status for a number of rituals. These species are commonly considered to be wheat, barley, oats, rye and spelt. However, some of these identifications are disputed.

Identity

The five species, with their Mishnaic Hebrew names, are as follows:[1]

The Talmud groups them into two varieties of wheat (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang) and three varieties of barley (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang).[8]

Since European medieval times, Ashkenazi Orthodox Jewry accepts the five grains as wheat, barley, oats, rye and spelt.[9]

Other than the traditional translation, some researchers today propose that only the grain species native to the Land of Israel can become chametz. This would rule out not only oats, but also rye (Secale) which grows in colder, wetter climates. They offer other translations to the 5 grains.[4][10][11]

Laws

A number of laws apply only to these five grains:

Oat matza

As mentioned above, oats are generally accepted in Ashkenazi Jewish tradition as one of the five species, but modern research suggests that what has been traditionally translated as "oats" is in fact a wild species of barley or other grains. This debate is practically significant because of the candidates for the five species, oats are the only one which is gluten-free. Although there have been no changes to normative Jewish law to reflect the debate,[7] some rabbis take a stringent view and discourage the use of oat matzo to fulfill the biblical obligation of eating matzo at the Passover Seder.[2]

Additional species

According to Rabbi Johanan ben Nuri, rice and millet are also included among the "species of grain", and thus can become chametz and matza and are obligated in challah.[8] This opinion was not accepted as halacha.[16]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

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  1. ↑ Mishnah Challah 1:1–2; Pesachim 2:5; Menachot 10:7
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Oat Matzah
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Zohar Amar and El'ad Kapah, The Yemenite Commentary of Rabbi Nathan, President of the Academy, on the Identification of Flora in the Mishnah, pub. in: Mittuv Yosef – Yosef Tobi Jubilee Volume, The Jews of Yemen: History and Culture (vol. 2), Haifa 2011, p. 13 (note 24)
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 How To Prepare For Passover / Pesach
  5. ↑ Commentary of Rabbi Nathan to Mishnah Menahot 10:7
  6. ↑ Rashi, commentary to Babylonian Talmud, Pesahim 35a
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Pesachim 35a
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Brachot 37a
  13. ↑ Mishnah Challah 1:1-2
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Mishnah Menachot 10:7
  15. ↑ Mishnah Pesachim 2:5; Talmud Pesachim 35a
  16. ↑ Pesachim 114b
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