Английская Википедия:Flags of the Makhnovshchina
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy Шаблон:Infobox flag The flags of the Makhnovshchina consisted of a number of different black and red flags, each emblazoned with anarchist and socialist slogans.
Design
The Makhnovshchina flew multiple variations of the black and red flags during the Ukrainian War of Independence. These flags often carried anarchist and socialist slogans, or the name of the insurgent unit they represented, embroidered in white on the black flags and in gold on the red flags.Шаблон:Sfnm In his memoirs, the Makhnovist chief-of-staff Viktor Bilash wrote about a number of the slogans used on the flags of the Makhnovshchina, including:Шаблон:Sfn
- "Always with the oppressed against the oppressors" (Army)
- "War on the palaces, peace to the cottages" (Army)
- "The emancipation of the workers is the affair of the workers themselves!" (Army)
- "Power generates parasites. Long live Anarchy!" (Soviet)
- "All power to the soviets right now!" (Soviet)
History
The black flag had been used by Ukrainian anarchists since the 1905 Revolution, when a militant organization known as the Black Banner carried out a number of attacks in the region.Шаблон:Sfnm The Union of Poor Peasants also used their own variation of the black flag, which was emblazoned with the words: "Always with the oppressed against the oppressors".Шаблон:Sfnm When one of the Union's members, Egor Bondarenko, was due to be hanged, he prophesied that his comrade Nestor Makhno would "hoist again the black flag of Anarchy that our enemies have snatched from us..."Шаблон:Sfn During his prison sentence, Makhno himself wrote poetry depicting a peasant revolution breaking out beneath the anarchist black flag.Шаблон:Sfn
With the outbreak of the February Revolution, the anarchist black flag was raised once again in Huliaipole,Шаблон:Sfn and with the subsequent October Revolution, black flags were flown during anarchist demonstrations in Katerynoslav.Шаблон:Sfn According to Makhno, following the invasion of Ukraine by the Central Powers, anarchist banners hung up in Huliaipole were torn down by the "haidymaky" of the Ukrainian People's Army.Шаблон:Sfn
When the Insurgent Army was integrated into the Red Army in 1919, the Makhnovists were permitted to retain their black flags.Шаблон:Sfnm They also made use of their official position within the Soviet power structure to commission their own red flags from the Bolshevik artist A. A. Briantsev.Шаблон:Sfn
During the Makhnovist advance against the White movement in October 1919, Volin reported that after a priest had been captured by insurgents, they stripped him of his cassock, which they claimed they intended to use as fabric for a black flag, before shooting him.Шаблон:Sfn
On 9 February 1920, after the Southwestern Front of the Red Army attacked the insurgent positions in Huliaipole, the Red units reported that they had seized the insurgent staff's black flag.Шаблон:Sfnm On 12 December 1920, following an engagement between the Insurgents and the Red Army that had ended in a stalemate, the Red command declared victory after they captured one of the insurgents' black flags.Шаблон:Sfn
Decades after the defeat of the Makhnovshchina, Ukrainian Makhnovists raised the black flag once again during World War II, when they took up a partisan struggle against the Nazi occupation.Шаблон:Sfn
Other flags
A photo emblazoned with a skull and crossbones and the motto "Death to all who stand in the way of freedom for the working people" is often attributed to Makhnovists, first in the Soviet Russian book Jewish Pogroms 1917–1921 by Шаблон:Ill,Шаблон:Sfn but this was categorically denied by Nestor Makhno,Шаблон:Sfn who said the photo "does not show Makhnovists at all".Шаблон:Sfn The reverse side of this flag reads Naddniprians'kyi kish, roughly translating to the "Dnipro Division," a unit which was under the command of Svyryd Kotsur, the ataman of Chyhyryn.Шаблон:Sfn
Various national flags have also been associated with the Makhnovshchina. Following the White offensive in Northern Taurida, a number of Makhnovists found themselves trapped in the region occupied by the Russian Army. Led to believe that Pyotr Wrangel had formed an alliance with the Makhnovists, a number of these isolated insurgents defected to the White movement, flying their black flags alongside the flag of Russia.Шаблон:Sfn In contemporary Ukraine, the blue-and-yellow flag of Ukraine has been flown at public events commemorating the Makhnovshchina, depicting Makhno as a figure that fought for the country's independence.Шаблон:Sfn
Gallery
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One of the flags described by Viktor Bilash, which reads "Power breeds parasites. Long live anarchy!"
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A flag used by the 2nd Consolidated Infantry Regiment of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine which reads "Death to oppressors of workers"
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Flag used by the 2nd Insurgent Regiment of the RIAU, which reads "2nd Consolidated Infantry Regiment of the Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, Makhnovists"
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Obverse of the banner attributed to the Makhnovists by Ostrovsky, denied by Makhno, which reads "Death to all who stand in the way of freedom for the working people"
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Reverse of the banner attributed to the Makhnovists by Ostrovsky, which reads "Naddniprians'kyi kish" or the "Dnipro Division"
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Skull-and-crossbones flag, attributed to the Makhnovists by Ostrovsky, hanging in the Huliaipole district museum
See also
- Flag of Ukraine
- Flag of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
- Skull and crossbones
- Jolly Roger
- Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
