Английская Википедия:Flood embankment

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Шаблон:Ref improve A flood embankment is traditionally an earth wall used to shore up flood waters.

Most flood embankments are between 1 metre and 3 metres high. A Шаблон:Convert flood embankment is rare.[1]

Modern improvements to this design include constructing an internal central core made from impermeable substance like clay or concrete, some even use metal pilings.[2]

Some authorities call man-made structures levees.

Problems

Animation of types of floodwall failures
Файл:Concretefloodwall.webm
Overtopping

some flood embankments are designed to overtop

example clifton,rawcliffe and poppleton ings

Файл:Overtopintoriver.png
When not by design, the crest can wash away and cause a breach
Файл:Overtopping.png
Structural failure

If any weakness is detected under strong water pressure, the compromise

is soon exacebated

Файл:Structural failure.png
Rotation

When the structure has moved of its axis causing an exposed area to be washed away

Файл:Rotation of floodwall.png
Sliding

When the structure has moved sideways exposing the foundation to erosion

as well as allowing gaps in between the structures

Файл:Sliding.png
Seepage

When water infiltrates under the structure. This is caused by burrowing animals

like dogs, beavers,badgers and otters

Файл:Seepage.png
Piping

When water finds its way under the structure and collects on the other side.

A central core is normally designed in to prevent piping

Файл:Piping1.png
Файл:Embankmentwithcore.png
The main problem is the space required to construct and maintain such a structure.

A flood embankment of 2.5 metres high requires an outreach of 15 metres, which makes it unsuitable in some areas.

To prevent seepage through the embankment a central core is added to acquire stability and integrity.

Файл:Embankmentwithnotes.png

Examples

Файл:The River Trent embankment West Butterwick - geograph.org.uk - 712334.jpg

Clifton, Rawcliffe, Poppleton and Leeman ings in York

River Gowan, Cumbria

River Trent

Animation

Файл:Embankmentwithcore.webm

This is an animation showing a flood event overwhelming neighbouring properties and the added construction of a flood embankment and flood warning and protection status.

References