Английская Википедия:Florentine dialect

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The Florentine dialect or vernacular (Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang) is a variety of Tuscan, a Romance language spoken in the Italian city of Florence and its immediate surroundings.

A received pedagogical variant derived from it historically, once called Шаблон:Lang (literally, 'the amended Florentine pronunciation'), was officially prescribed as the national language of the Kingdom of Italy, when it was established in 1861.

Literature

Important writers such as Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio and, later, Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini wrote in literary Tuscan/Florentine, perhaps the best-known example being Dante's Divine Comedy.

Differences from Standard Italian

Florentine, and Tuscan more generally, can be distinguished from Standard Italian by differences in numerous features at all levels: phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon.

Perhaps the difference most noticed by Italians and foreigners alike is known as the gorgia toscana (literally 'Tuscan throat'), a consonant-weakening rule widespread in Tuscany in which the voiceless plosive phonemes Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA are pronounced between vowels as fricatives Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA respectively. The sequence Шаблон:IPA la casa 'the house', for example, is pronounced Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA buco 'hole' is realized as Шаблон:IPA. Preceded by a pause or a consonant, Шаблон:IPA is produced as Шаблон:IPA (as in the word casa alone or in the phrase in casa). Similar alternations obtain for Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA,Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA,Шаблон:IPA.

Strengthening to a geminate consonant occurs when the preceding word triggers syntactic doubling (raddoppiamento fonosintattico) so the initial consonant Шаблон:IPA of pipa 'pipe (for smoking)' has three phonetic forms: Шаблон:IPA in Шаблон:IPA spoken as a single word or following a consonant, Шаблон:IPA if preceded by a vowel as in Шаблон:IPA la pipa 'the pipe' and Шаблон:IPA (also transcribed Шаблон:IPA) in Шаблон:IPA tre pipe 'three pipes'.

Parallel alternations of the affricates Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are also typical of Florentine but by no means confined to it or even to Tuscan. The word gelato is pronounced with Шаблон:IPA following a pause or a consonant, Шаблон:IPA following a vowel and Шаблон:IPA if raddoppiamento applies (Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA un gelato, Шаблон:IPA quattro gelati, Шаблон:IPA tre gelati. Similarly, the initial consonant of Шаблон:IPA cena 'dinner' has three phonetic forms, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. In both cases, the weakest variant appears between vowels (Шаблон:IPA regione 'region', Шаблон:IPA quattro gelati; Шаблон:IPA la cena, Шаблон:IPA bacio 'kiss').

Examples: (Florentine dialect, standard Italian, English):

• Io sòn = io sono = I am
• Te tu sei = tu sei = you are
• Egli l'è = egli è = he/she/it is
• Noi s'è/semo = noi siamo = we are
• Voi vù siete = voi siete = you are
• Essi l'enno = essi sono = they are
• Io c'ho = io ho = I have
• Te tu c'hai = tu hai = you have
• Egli c'ha = egli ha = he/she/it has
• Noi ci s'ha = noi abbiamo = we have
• Voi vù c'avete = voi avete = you have
• Essi c'hanno = essi hanno = they have

Source:

References

• Шаблон:Cite web
• Giacomelli, Gabriella. 1975. Dialettologia toscana. Archivio glottologico italiano 60, pp. 179-191.
• Giannelli, Luciano. 2000. Toscana. (Profilo dei dialetti italiani, 9). Pisa: Pacini.

Шаблон:Romance-lang-stub