Английская Википедия:Flossenbürg concentration camp
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Infobox concentration camp Flossenbürg was a Nazi concentration camp built in May 1938 by the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office. Unlike other concentration camps, it was located in a remote area, in the Fichtel Mountains of Bavaria, adjacent to the town of Flossenbürg and near the German border with Czechoslovakia. The camp's initial purpose was to exploit the forced labor of prisoners for the production of granite for Nazi architecture. In 1943, the bulk of prisoners switched to producing Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter planes and other armaments for Germany's war effort. Although originally intended for "criminal" and "asocial" prisoners, after Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, the camp's numbers swelled with political prisoners from outside Germany. It also developed an extensive subcamp system that eventually outgrew the main camp.
Before it was liberated by the United States Army in April 1945, 89,964 to 100,000 prisoners passed through Flossenbürg and its subcamps. Around 30,000 died from malnutrition, overwork, executions, or during the death marches. Some of those responsible for these deaths, including administrators, guards, and others, were tried and convicted in the Flossenbürg trial. The camp was repurposed for other uses before the opening of a memorial and museum in 2007.
Background
During the first half of 1938, the Nazi concentration camp population expanded threefold due to increased arrests by the Schutzstaffel (SS) of individuals deemed undesirable, especially "asocial"Шаблон:Efn and "criminal"Шаблон:Efn prisoners, to create a slave labor force. SS leader Heinrich Himmler ordered the founding of new concentration camps to expand the SS economic empire.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The SS intended to exploit the slave labor of prisoners to quarry granite, which was in high demand for monumental building projects in the Nazi style.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This would also profit the SS-owned and -operated company German Earth and Stone Works (DEST),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn which had been founded in April.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
During the second half of March 1938, a high-ranking SS commission led by Oswald Pohl and Theodor Eicke toured southern Germany, searching for a site for a new camp that would meet the SS' specifications.Шаблон:Sfn On 24 March 1938, they chose a site near the small town of Flossenbürg, in the Upper Palatinate, for the establishment of a concentration campШаблон:Sfn due to the quarries of blue-gray granite located nearby.Шаблон:Sfn Unlike all other Nazi concentration camps to date, which were near rail junctions and population centers, the camp was to be located in the remote Upper Palatine Forest near Шаблон:Interlanguage link, formerly owned by Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa.Шаблон:Sfn
Flossenbürg was a poor rural area, with about 1,200 inhabitants who mostly worked on the quarries, which had existed since the 19th century. The local economy, especially the stone industry, was negatively impacted by the new border with Czechoslovakia after the Treaty of Versailles and the 1930s economic slump. Adolf Hitler's rise to power increased the demand for granite, earning the Nazi Party local support.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The construction of the camp was funded by a contract with Albert Speer's ministry for the reconstruction of Berlin;Шаблон:Sfn it was the first occasion that economic considerations had determined the site of a camp.Шаблон:Sfn
Establishment
The order for the construction of eight barracks at Flossenbürg went through on 31 March,Шаблон:Sfn SS guards arrived in April,Шаблон:Sfn and on 3 May 1938, a transport of 100 prisoners arrived from Dachau, establishing the camp.Шаблон:Sfn More prisoners arrived from Dachau on 9 and 16 May;Шаблон:Sfn Himmler visited the camp on 16 May with Pohl, indicating that the SS considered it an important project.Шаблон:Sfn The SS attempted to segregate prisoners incarcerated for criminal offences at Flossenbürg because forced labor in the quarries was considered a particularly harsh punishment.Шаблон:Sfn Most of the prisoners at Flossenbürg were classified as criminal, with some "asocial" and a few homosexual prisoners;Шаблон:Efn the criminals quickly took over the prisoner functionary positions.Шаблон:Sfn
The new prisoners had to construct the camp themselves, beginning with the barbed wire fence; this was initially the main use of forced labor.Шаблон:Sfn While performing this heavy and dangerous work, the prisoners lived in makeshift structures. Simultaneously, hundreds of prisoners had to work in the quarries.Шаблон:Sfn The camp's population had increased to 1,500 following arrivals from Dachau, Sachsenhausen, and Buchenwald.Шаблон:Sfn In January 1939, the first commandant, Jakob Weiseborn, unexpectedly died.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was replaced by a former SS officer at Dachau, Karl Künstler, who presided over an era in which the camp became an economically productive center for granite quarrying,Шаблон:Sfn and increasingly deadly for its prisoners.Шаблон:Sfn With the first barracks complete, in 1939 work began on an internal jail, guard towers, a washing facility, and a sewer system.Шаблон:Sfn In April 1939, the economic productivity of the camp led to Pohl ordering the camp to be expanded to fit 3,000 prisoners. To build additional barracks, terraces had to be cut into the hillsides, an arduous task that led to many injuries.Шаблон:Sfn
Fifty-five prisoners died before the outbreak of World War II in September 1939.Шаблон:Sfn During mid-1939, Nazi authorities planned to invade Poland. It was decided to stage false flag attacks in order to justify a German declaration of war. Several prisoners from Flossenbürg and other concentration camps were secretly transferred to a Gestapo prison in Breslau, poisoned, and dressed in Polish uniforms. On 31 August 1939, the bodies were dumped at a border post in Hochlinden where they were shot and hacked; photographs were taken as "proof" of a Polish attack on Germany.Шаблон:Sfn
Expansion
In September 1939, the SS transferred 1,000 political prisoners to Flossenbürg from Dachau in order to clear the latter camp to train the first regiment of the Waffen-SS. These prisoners, who were the first political prisoners at Flossenbürg, were moved back to Dachau in March 1940.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The first foreign prisoners were transferred to the camp by the Gestapo in April, including Czech student protestors and Polish resistance members. The vast majority of the new foreign prisoners were incarcerated due to their opposition to the Nazi regime; a few of them were Jews. Most of the Jewish political prisoners were executed or died shortly after arriving from mistreatment.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The last twelve surviving Jews were deported to Auschwitz on 19 October 1942, pursuant to Himmler's order to make the Reich Judenrein.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The number of Polish prisoners increased sharply in 1941; on 23 January, 600 arrived from Auschwitz.Шаблон:Sfn In mid-October 1941, 1,700Шаблон:Sfn to 2,000Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Soviet prisoners of war arrived at Flossenbürg as part of a massive transfer of Soviet prisoners to the SS camp system. In poor condition due to their previous mistreatment, they spent several months recovering before they were deemed fit to work. They were accommodated in a special, cordoned-off area.Шаблон:Sfn
By February 1943, Flossenbürg had 4,004 prisoners, not including the Soviet prisoners of war.Шаблон:Sfn From April 1943, the commandant was Max Koegel, described by American historian Todd Huebner as "a vicious martinet" who lacked the ability to manage the camp during its rapid expansion.Шаблон:Sfn Continuing influxes of political prisoners from occupied countries caused Germans to become a minority that same year.Шаблон:Sfn During 1944, Flossenbürg's population expanded almost eightfold, from 4,869 to 40,437,Шаблон:Sfn due to a high influx of mainly non-German prisoners.Шаблон:Sfn This was part of an expansion that applied over the entire Nazi concentration camp system.Шаблон:Sfn
By the end of 1943, the number of guards had increased to about 450, including 140 Ukrainian auxiliaries. As with other concentration camps, guards initially consisted of SS men from Germany and Austria, whose ranks were augmented with Volksdeutsche recruits after 1942. The number of guards increased sixfold during 1944 and reached 4,500 by the time the camp was evacuated. Due to manpower shortages, fit young guards were called up for front-line service and many older men, members of the Wehrmacht and five hundred SS women were recruited into the guard force at Flossenbürg.Шаблон:Sfn
Subcamps
The expansion of the camp led to the establishment of subcamps, the first of which was established at Stulln in February 1942 to provide forced labor to a mining company. Many of them were located in the Sudetenland or across the border in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Initially, the subcamps were not involved in armaments production, which changed in the second half of 1944 due to a large influx of available prisoners and the activities of the Jägerstab, which sought to increase German aircraft production.Шаблон:Sfn The Jägerstab's dispersal of aircraft production spurred the expansion of the subcamp system in 1944Шаблон:Sfn and resulted in the establishment of the two largest of the subcamps, at Hersbruck and Leitmeritz.Шаблон:Sfn In the second half of 1944, 45 new camps were created, compared to three camps in the previous six months. The staffing of these new camps was increasingly filled by Luftwaffe soldiers, Volksdeutsche SS men (ethnic Germans from outside the Reich), and SS women, for the subcamps containing female prisoners.Шаблон:Sfn By April 1945, 80% of the prisoners were at the subcamps.Шаблон:Sfn
Forced labor
Quarries
Three quarries were operational by the end of 1938, and a fourth opened in April 1941.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn All four quarries were located near the main camp, and the total planned output was Шаблон:Convert annually. The stone was average quality blue-gray and yellow-gray granite, 90% of which was suitable for architectural purposes.Шаблон:Sfn Production gradually increased during 1940, but remained constant in 1941.Шаблон:Sfn Initially all work was done by manual labor;Шаблон:Sfn prisoners worked alongside civilian laborers and performed the most arduous and dangerous tasks. Accidents led to many deaths.Шаблон:Sfn Beginning in 1940 and 1941, machines were introduced to increase efficiency.Шаблон:Sfn In mid-1939, the quarries became the main use of labor in the camp and the following year they consumed half of the total labor, which was valued at 367,000 Reichsmarks.Шаблон:Sfn
From November 1940, some prisoners were trained as stonemasons in a specialized workshop; their numbers reached 1,200 by December 1942.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The prisoners were instructed by civilian experts in a ten-week course covering both practical and theoretical topics but watched carefully by kapos. Those who failed to advance were sent to work in the quarries, while those whose productivity improved were given cigarettes and extra food. The stone that they cut was used for construction of the camp, the Autobahn, and various SS military projects,Шаблон:Sfn but later on it was destined for the monumental German Stadium project and the Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg.Шаблон:Sfn
Of the five prewar concentration camps where economic industries were prominent, Flossenbürg was the one that was most significant and consistent in producing income for DEST. For example, it produced Шаблон:Convert of stone in 1939, almost three-quarters of the total production that year.Шаблон:Sfn The largest buyer of Flossenbürg granite was Albert Speer's office for the reconstruction of Berlin.Шаблон:Sfn Within this project the largest and most significant orders were for Wilhelm Kreis' Soldiers' Hall (Soldatenhalle) project, beginning in 1940. Increasing amounts of stone were used for road building; 15% in 1939 but 60% the next year.Шаблон:Sfn
The first quarry shut down in May 1943 and its workers were reassigned to arms production,Шаблон:Sfn but half of the prisoner labor was still going to the quarries.Шаблон:Sfn Although civilian production was being scaled back in order to reorient the economy to total war, DEST managed to secure permission to keep many of its quarries open into 1944.Шаблон:Sfn At Flossenbürg, the company maintained strong control over the economic enterprises of the camp, despite the fact that this aspect was supposed to be under the control of the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office (SS-WHVA).Шаблон:Sfn In early 1944, 1,000 prisoners were still employed in the quarries.Шаблон:Sfn
Aircraft and armaments
During 1942, the focus of the SS shifted towards war production, leading to negotiations with arms manufacturers to license their products to DEST.Шаблон:Sfn Messerschmitt AG was one of the most important armaments companies that demonstrated interest in acquiring the slave labor of concentration camp prisoners, opening negotiations with DEST via Шаблон:Interlanguage link Regensburg by the end of 1942 to produce parts for the Messerschmitt Bf 109 aircraft at Flossenbürg. Under the terms of the deal, Messerschmitt would provide skilled technicians, raw materials, and tools, paying DEST 3 Reichsmarks per day for a skilled laborer and 1.5 Reichsmarks per day for an unskilled prisoner. Thus, Messerschmitt could increase its profit margin by reducing labor costs, while DEST could reduce its administrative costs by acting as a manpower agency. In mid-January 1943, DEST accepted the offer;Шаблон:Sfn production started in early February.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
According to Yad Vashem historian Daniel Uziel, the conversion of Flossenbürg to armaments production was especially significant because it had been the most profitable DEST enterprise. The number of prisoners working for Messerschmitt increased greatly after the bombing of Messerschmitt's Regensburg plant on 17 August 1943.Шаблон:Sfn That month, 800 prisoners worked for Messerschmitt; a year later, 5,700 prisoners were employed in armaments production.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Ill, a subcontractor of Messerschmitt, established Flossenbürg subcamps to support its production: a subcamp at Johanngeorgenstadt, established in December 1943, to produce tailplanes for the Bf 109, and another subcamp at Mülsen-St. Micheln which produced aircraft wings, in January 1944.Шаблон:Sfn Despite strict regulations forbidding contact, the German civilian workers came into contact with prisoners and some helped by providing extra food or other assistance.Шаблон:Sfn
The Flossenbürg camp system had become a key supplier of Bf 109 parts by February 1944, when Messerschmitt's Regensburg plant was bombed again during "Big Week". Seven hundred Soviet prisoners who had been working at the Regensburg factory were transferred to Flossenbürg to continue working on Bf 109 production. Increased production at Flossenbürg was essential to restoring production in the aftermath of the attack. Aircraft manufacturer Arado eventually became one of the primary users of slave labor at the subcamps for the Arado Ar 234 jet bomber project, at Freiberg among other locations.Шаблон:Sfn Other prisoners in the subcamps were forced to work on synthetic oil production or repairing railways.Шаблон:Sfn Before the end of the war, about 18,000 prisoners at Flossenbürg and its subcamps were working on aviation-related projects.Шаблон:Sfn
Conditions
Ten percent of the deaths at Flossenbürg occurred before 1943. The quarries caused the death rate to be higher at Flossenbürg than at camps with less physically demanding industries, such as brickworks; the switch to armaments production in 1943 led to a decrease in the death rate.Шаблон:Sfn Prisoners also suffered from a shortage of fresh water, due to the elevation, and unusually cold and wet weather; their clothing was not adequate for these conditions. The main camp, situated in a narrow valley, had little room for expansion. Originally constructed for only 1,500 prisoners, the population of the main camp increased to between 10,000Шаблон:Sfn and 11,000Шаблон:Sfn before it was evacuated in April 1945. In order to increase productivity, the prisoners were forced to sleep and work in shifts. This also helped alleviate the chronic overcrowding in the barracks.Шаблон:Sfn
The prisoner functionaries at Flossenbürg were unusually brutal and corrupt because the positions had been taken by criminal prisoners even though overall only about 5% of prisoners had been classified as criminal. The final camp elder, Anton Uhl, was beaten to death by prisoners after liberation. Many of the criminal functionaries sexually abused young male prisoners, causing the commandant to isolate teenage boys in separate barracks. The SS hierarchy was also known for corruption and brutality. Prisoners were mistreated in various ways, from being beaten or doused with cold water to being shot by guards during alleged escape attempts.Шаблон:Sfn
The prisoners were chronically undernourished and disease was rampant.Шаблон:Sfn Conditions differed based on a prisoner's status and race. Polish and Soviet prisoners occupied the lowest rungs on the prisoner hierarchy, being put on the most physically demanding work details and allocated less food than other prisoners.Шаблон:Sfn There was an epidemic of dysentery in January 1940 that shut down work at the camp, and typhus epidemics in September 1944 and January 1945 claimed many lives.Шаблон:Sfn The total number of prisoners who passed through Flossenbürg and its subcamps has been estimated at 89,964Шаблон:Sfn or over 100,000.Шаблон:Sfn About 30,000 of the prisoners died at Flossenbürg or during its evacuation,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the main causes of death were malnutrition and disease.Шаблон:Sfn Between 13,000 and 15,000 prisoners died at the main camp and more than 10,000 at the satellite camps.Шаблон:Sfn An estimated three-quarters of the deaths occurred in the nine months before liberation.Шаблон:Sfn
Executions
Due to increased mortality from the harsh conditions, the SS ordered the construction of an on-site crematorium, which was completed in May 1940.Шаблон:Sfn Executions by shooting began at Flossenbürg on 6 February 1941; the first victims were Polish political prisoners. Victims were separated after the evening roll call and read their sentences. After a night in the camp jail, they were shot at the firing range adjacent to the crematorium. After a mass execution of 80 Polish prisoners on 8 September,Шаблон:Sfn the execution method was changed to lethal injection due to complaints from local residents of blood and body parts washing up in nearby streams.Шаблон:Sfn The primary victims were Polish political prisoners and Soviet prisoners of war.Шаблон:Sfn
Doctors who had participated in the Aktion T4 mass killings toured several concentration camps to select ill inmates to be transported to euthanasia centers; they visited Flossenbürg in March 1942.Шаблон:Sfn Thousands of prisoners who were worn out by forced labor were sent to death camps such as MajdanekШаблон:Sfn and Auschwitz. One transport from Flossenbürg to Auschwitz arrived on 5 December 1943 with more than 250 of the 948 prisoners dead. By 18 February, only 393 survived.Шаблон:Sfn Women unable to work were often deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp.Шаблон:Sfn
The rate of executions increased during the final months of the camp. The SS liquidated prisoners who they suspected might try to escape or organize resistance; most of the victims were Russians.Шаблон:Sfn Some of them were high-profile prisoners who had been kept alive previously for interrogation. During the last days of the camp's existence, the SS executed thirteen Allied secret agents and seven prominent German anti-Nazis, including former Abwehr head Wilhelm Canaris and the Confessing Church theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In all, the SS had executed at least 2,500 people at Flossenbürg.Шаблон:Sfn
Final months
A total of 12,000 prisoners in seventeen transports arrived at Flossenbürg in late 1944 and early 1945, causing the camp to fall into a state of disarray.Шаблон:Sfn The first of these prisoners had been evacuated from Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp in summer 1944.Шаблон:Sfn In early 1945, 2,000 prisoners were sent to Flossenbürg during the evacuation of Auschwitz concentration camp.Шаблон:Sfn 9,500 prisoners arrived after the evacuation of Gross-Rosen; of 3,000 on one transport, only 1,000 arrived alive.Шаблон:Sfn The influx of prisoners caused conditions to worsen and the death rate to increase dramatically: 3,370 prisoners died between mid-January and 13 April.Шаблон:Sfn
As there was not enough space in the infirmary for all of the sick prisoners, commandant Max Koegel ordered hundreds of sick prisoners sent to Bergen-Belsen in April. In order to cope with the disorder, he founded a camp police force composed of ethnic German prisoners, mostly criminals. These prisoners mistreated non-German prisoners.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn During the last months of the camp's existence, many of the prisoners were idle because no raw materials for their work had arrived.Шаблон:Sfn Because of its location near the border of the Protectorate, Flossenbürg was the destination for evacuation transports from Buchenwald concentration camp when the Allies neared the camp in mid-April. At least 6,000 prisoners from BuchenwaldШаблон:Sfn arrived at Flossenbürg between 16 and 20 April; many of the Jews were sent on to the Theresienstadt Ghetto while non-Jewish prisoners remained at Flossenbürg.Шаблон:Sfn On 14 April, the population of Flossenbürg and its subcamps was 45,800, including 16,000 women.Шаблон:Sfn The main camp's population peaked at between 10,000Шаблон:Sfn and 11,000.Шаблон:Sfn
Death marches
On 14 April 1945, SS leader Heinrich Himmler ordered all of the camps to be evacuated: "Not a single prisoner must fall alive into enemy hands".Шаблон:Sfn As soon as he received the order, Koegel sent some families of SS men away and prepared to evacuate the camp.Шаблон:Sfn At 5 am on 16 April, the 1,700 Jewish prisoners at Flossenbürg main camp were separated from the rest and ordered to assemble. Eight SS men guarded each column of 100 prisoners. When they reached the railway station, Шаблон:Convert distant, they were loaded into closed and open freight cars, 60 to 75 each.Шаблон:Sfn The train was strafed by United States aircraft soon after setting out, causing the guards to flee temporarily. Many prisoners were injured or killed; others rummaged for food that the SS guards had left behind. After the raid, the guards returned and shot injured prisoners. The total number of deaths was several dozen, increasing in the next two days as the prisoners were not provided with food or water.Шаблон:Sfn
The route proceeded by rail through Neunburg vorm Wald, Weiden in der Oberpfalz, Pfreimd, Nabburg, and Schwarzenfeld, where, on 19Шаблон:Sfn or 20 April, about 750 of the Jewish prisoners were stranded after another aerial attack disabled the locomotive. The SS murdered any prisoners who were unable to continue the march on foot. After the liberation, 140 corpses were found in a nearby field; some of the victims had been killed in the air raid, while others had been murdered. One prisoner testified that "The SS men joked and laughed during the shooting ... the prisoners were led in groups of 15–20, they had to lie on the ground and were shot in the nape".Шаблон:Sfn The survivors were divided into columns 100-strong and marched through heavy rain and mud. Many were ill with fever, but anyone unable to keep up was shot on the spot.Шаблон:Sfn At Neukirchen-Balbini, the death march joined up with the larger one of non-Jewish prisoners.Шаблон:Sfn Another group of Jewish evacuees continued towards Theresienstadt, arriving in early May.Шаблон:Sfn
Evacuation of non-Jewish prisoners began on 17 April, when 2,000 prisoners left on foot, arriving at Dachau on 23 April. This group consisted of longtime Flossenbürg prisoners, a group from Ohrdruf concentration camp, and the survivors of the death march from Buchenwald.Шаблон:Sfn SS official Kurt Becher, who was involved in negotiations between Himmler and the Allies, visited Flossenbürg on 17 April and attempted to persuade Koegel not to evacuate the camp.Шаблон:Sfn A telegram from Himmler the next day repeated the order not to let any prisoner fall into enemy hands.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On 19 April, some 25,000 to 30,000 remaining prisoners in Flossenbürg and its subcamps were ordered to evacuate to Dachau.Шаблон:Sfn About 16,000 prisoners actually set out, and only a few thousand reached their destination.Шаблон:Sfn The prisoners were transported by rail to Oberviechtach, where they split into two groups. One of these traveled by foot and in trucks via Külz, Dieterskirchen, and Schwarzhofen, joining the earlier march of Jewish prisoners in Neunburg. Many prisoners remained in the town from 20–22 April, when the SS guards deserted. The United States Army arrived in the area on 23 April and found 2,500 surviving prisoners. Many others were liberated on the road to Cham, Шаблон:Convert to the southeast.Шаблон:Sfn
At many of Flossenbürg's subcamps, the SS massacred sick Jewish prisoners before evacuating. Including these massacres, the death marches cost the lives of about 7,000 prisoners from Flossenbürg and its subcamps.Шаблон:Sfn The 90th Infantry DivisionШаблон:Sfn of the United States Army liberated the main camp on 23 April and found 1,527 ill and weak prisoners in the camp hospital;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn more than 100 prisoners had died in the preceding three days. Despite the efforts of American medics, only 1,208 prisoners survived the immediate aftermath of liberation. Initially, the American authorities ordered the bodies to be burned in the camp crematorium, but after protests from the survivors, held a funeral for 21 former prisoners on 3 May.Шаблон:Sfn Some of Flossenbürg's eastern subcamps, located east of the demarcation line, were liberated by the Red Army.Шаблон:Sfn
- Liberation of Flossenbürg
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Former prisoners welcome the United States Army.
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Survivors suffering from typhus
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German civilians remove corpses from the main camp.
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Funeral for prisoners who died after liberation
Flossenbürg Trial
Investigation of Nazi war criminals at Flossenbürg began on 6 May 1945, when the United States Army appointed eleven investigators.Шаблон:Sfn SS- Hauptsturmführer Friedrich Becker, the head of the labor department at Flossenbürg, had signed most of the transport lists and was considered the most important perpetrator by the American prosecutors;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Koegel had committed suicide by hanging shortly after being captured by the Americans in 1946.Шаблон:Sfn After a year of pretrial investigation,Шаблон:Sfn the United States charged Becker and fifty other defendantsШаблон:Sfn on 14 May 1946.Шаблон:Sfn The defendants, who were tried before a United States military court at Dachau between 12 June 1946 and 22 January 1947, all pleaded not guilty.Шаблон:Sfn Thirty-three of the defendants were low-ranking SS members, sixteen were former prisoner functionaries, and two were civilians.Шаблон:Sfn Charges against seven were dropped and five were found not guilty. Of the remainder of the defendants, fifteen received death sentences, eleven life sentences, and the remainder jail terms of varying length.Шаблон:Sfn
After the trial, two of the prosecution witnesses were tried for perjury following a petition by the nephew of a defendant.Шаблон:Sfn One was convicted and the other acquitted, leading to judicial review of the charges against the defendants, but a War Crimes Board of Review found that the perjury had not affected the outcome of the trial.Шаблон:Sfn Two of the defendants who had received death sentences had their sentences reduced on appeal. The remaining death sentences were carried out on 3 and 15 October 1947 or 1948.Шаблон:Sfn Between December 1950 and December 1951, the remaining twenty-six prisoners had their sentences reviewed. Most were commuted to time served or a shorter term. The last prisoner was paroled in 1957 and had his sentence remitted on 11 June 1958.Шаблон:Sfn
Commemoration
After liberation, Flossenbürg was used to hold Axis Disarmed Enemy ForcesШаблон:Sfn and later as a displaced persons camp.Шаблон:Sfn During the following decades, much of the camp was built over or repurposed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn For example, the former prisoner laundry and kitchen were used commercially until the 1990s.Шаблон:Sfn The Flossenbürg camp quarry is on land owned by the Bavarian state government but is currently leased to a private company. The lease expires in 2024, and the Green Party is attempting to prevent the lease from being renewed so that the quarry can be incorporated into the memorial.Шаблон:Sfn
The first memorial on the site was set up in 1946, and the cemetery was added during the 1950s. A small exhibition was opened in 1985, and a permanent museum opened in what had been the laundry room in 2007. A second exhibition has existed since 2010 in the prisoner kitchen.Шаблон:Sfn A list of the names of more than 21,000 prisoners who died at the camp is available on the museum's website.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
- Шаблон:Portal inline
- List of Nazi Concentration Camps
- Buchenwald
- Auschwitz
- Bergen-Belsen
- Treblinka
- Ravensbruck
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